Womens College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Kolhapur.
The medicinal plant Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a member of the Caesalpiniaceae family. This prickly shrub is found all across the world, but it is particularly common in tropical areas of India, including Kerala, Sri Lanka and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A plant is the mother of all medicines. The plant C. bonducella is found throughout India and grows well in warm tropical regions. Deep roots, a woody-hard stem, and compound, glossy, oval-shaped leaves that alternate on either side of the branch characterize this evergreen. Research on medicinal plants is becoming more popular worldwide as a result of the conviction that "green medicine" is less expensive and safer than manufactured drugs. There have been reports of characteristics that include antihelmintic, antiestrogenic, antimalarial, antispasmodic, Ca++ antagonistic, antiproliferative, antipsoriatic, antitumor, anxiolytic, larvicidal, immunomodulatory, antiamyloidogenic, antihyperlipidemic, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifilarial properties. Trace metal levels were found to be similar to those seen in regularly ingested legume seeds. The oil's high linoleic acid content indicated that it may be used to make paints, varnishes, cosmetics, liquid soaps, soaps, and other items, including biodiesel. We looked into how C. bonducella seed oil affected both acute and long-term ammation. Triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins have all been found in Caesalpinia bonducella seeds according to phytochemical study. In terms of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) pharmacognostic characteristics, chemical ingredients, a synopsis of its many pharmacological effects, and traditional uses, this review aims to cover the body of existing material.
"Fever nut" is another name for the Caesalpinia bonducella L. plant (fig. 1), which is a member of the Caesalpiniaceae family. The enormous prickly shrub C. bonducella is native to South Ceylon, India, and Burma in particular at the ocean's edge and as much as 2,500 feet in hilly areas. It is known that the shell, seed, and twigs of C. bonducella contain alkaloids. (1) In addition to the amazing glycoside bonducin, which is the active chemical, seeds are also known to contain terpenoids and saponins. (2) A mixture of unsaturated acids, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoceric, linolenic, starch, fatty oil, sucrose, and phytosterols are all known to be present in the shell. The substance of proteins and amino acids varies. (3) Using the extraction procedure, a phytochemical study of C. bonducella leaves that had been powdered was conducted. Additionally, the plant is claimed to possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-cataract, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-microbial, anti-atifilaria, and anticonvulsive qualities. The ancient Indian traditional medical system known as Ayurveda mentions the plant Caesalpinia bonducella L. The species' name, "Bonducella," originates with the Arabic term "Bonduce," meaning "little ball" and describing the seed's globular form. In Ayurveda, the medication is known as "kuberakshi," which translates to "eyes of Kuba," the Hindu deity of riches, is explained by the seeds' grey color and eyeball-like appearance. (5
Type of Plant: Evergreen-leafed shrub
Tap origins and profound roots
Elliptical Ovate, Bipinnately Compound, Hard Wooded Stem Type: Alternate Leaf Arrangement Leafy green in color Surface: lustrous
Sort of Seed: Dicot
Odor: Unique Flavor: Bitter
Elevation of Plant: Moderate (10–20 m)
Plant Feature 15 m at most
The plant utility includes decorative, beach, hillside, forest, and prickly plants.
Habit of Growth: Shrub Vine Season: Commercial, Industrial, Medicinal, Flower and Garden (6)
Taxonomic Position:
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Kingdom: Plantae
Magnoliopsida division
Angiospermae is the class
Placement: Fabales
Family: Caesalpiniaceae/Fabaceae
The species belongs to the genus Caesalpinia Bonducella.
VERNACULAR/REGIONAL NAME Singh and Raghav state that this plant has been referred to by the following regional and colloquial names.
Name in Hindi: Sagar Gota, Kantkarej, and Kantikaranja. In English, the name is: Nicker seed, Sanskrit names for these items include Prakirnah, Tirini, Valli, Varini, Vitapakaranja, Name in Urdu: Akitmakit Name in Persian: Khayahe-i-iblas
Name in Bengali: Nata
Name in Marathi: Gajaga
Names in Kannada: Kirigejjuga, Gajjiga, and Gajikekayi
Names in Malayalam: Kajanchikkur, Kazhanji, Kalanci, Ban-karetti, and Kaka-moullou
Name in French: Bois
Name in Telugu: Gaccakayai Multiage
Name in Tamil: Kazharchikkaai, Kalachakra, Kalichikai, Kazarci, Avil, Kalarciver, Kalarcik Koluntu, Kalarcipparuppu
Among the guna traits are Lokhu (bright) and Ruksha (dry)and Taste: tikta (also known as tikshna, or sharp). (sour), kashaya (alkaline) Veerya (power): Heat (Ushna) Tridosha is calmed by Dosha.
Vipak: Katu (7)
The Seeds:
The hard-coated, greenish or gray seeds have a slight compression on one side as a result of the nearby seeds being squeezed tightly. There are vertical cracks on the round, black seeds. The testa, which has three layers and is between 1 and 1.25 millimeters thick, is found to be separated from the kernels of dried seeds. It displays the hilum and micropyle closed to each other. Hilum is usually encircled by a dark area and has a pale residue to funicle. Micropyle is located close to the edge among a shadowy area. Its seed coat is a fairly light shade of blue, ranging from grayish to dull green. (8)
The Seeds:
Columnar, vertical luminal cells were arranged in many layers in the seeds of the C. bonducella plant.when viewed under a microscope. Whereas parenchyma cells are dark, have thick bone walls, and contain starch grains, columnar palisade cells are powdery. (9)
Styptic, purgative, and anthelmintic, the seed is said to reduce inflammation and be helpful in treating leprosy, colic, malaria, hydrocele, and skin conditions. An external treatment for hydrocele and orchitis is created in Madras (Chennai) using powdered seeds and castor oil. (10) When it comes to treating hydrocele, the seeds are thought to be antiblennorrhagic, anthelmintic, ferifuge, tonic, and particular. Convulsions and paralysis are treated using the oil extracted from the seeds. It is thought that the ground seeds are vesicant in Guinea. (11) It was discovered that the powdered seeds had weak antiperiodic effects when given to malaria patients in an equal mixture with pepper powder. They did no good in malignant malaria. When a snake bite occurs, the seeds are ingested after being ground in water. Snake venom cannot be countered by the seeds Powdered seeds and long peppers combined with honey provide a positive expectorant effect. Burned arecanut and alum-soaked seeds make a wonderful dentifrice for gum boils, spongy gums, etc. Roasted seeds are utilized as an anti-diabetic in the West Indies
It is a perennial plant, C. bonducella that grows within vines. that can thrive both in open and shaded environments. usually found in the Himalayas up to 1,000 meters above sea level, and on the Indian plains on waste lands or along the ocean. Additionally, outhern, eastern, and western India's deltaic areas are home to it. found in the warmest parts of India, Sri Lanka, and Burma, particularly along the coast.
The following are the standardization parameters for C. bonducella: solubility in alcohol, the amount of extractive value in water, ethanol, Taste, color, odor, LOD, total ash value, sulphated ash, water insoluble, acid insoluble, ethyl acetate extractive value, hexane extractive value, and foreign matter (see table 1). (13)
|
Sr. No. |
Parameter |
Phytochemical properties |
|
1 |
Flavor |
Astringent |
|
2 |
color |
pale brown |
|
3 |
Smell |
A distinctive scent |
|
4 |
A foreign issue (%) |
0.979 |
|
5 |
Drying-related loss (%) |
8.83 |
|
6 |
Total amount of ash (%) |
3.37 |
|
7 |
Ash that is insoluble in acid (%) |
0.49 |
|
8 |
Dissolvable in Water (%) |
1.69 |
|
9 |
Sulfurous ash (%) |
4.37 |
|
10 |
Alcohol solubility (%) |
26.8 |
|
11 |
Hexane's extraction value (%) |
4.3 |
|
12 |
The extract's worth in chloroform (%) |
2.58 |
|
13 |
Ethyl acetate's extraction value (%) |
0.92 |
|
14 |
worth of ethanol extraction (%) |
2.92 |
|
15 |
The importance of water extraction (%) |
6.7 |
All among the main chemical components are found in the whole Caesalpinia bonducella plant, including phenols, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, amino acids, phytosterols, isoflavones, and steroidal saponin. (14)
1. Immobilization and Paralysis of Parasites:
-Neuromuscular Blockade: According to certain research, extracts from Caesalpinia bonducella may include substances that cause parasitic worms to experience neuromuscular blockadeThis impact paralyzes and immobilizes the worms, facilitating the process of remove them in the body of the host. The Contractile Device: Flavonoids and alkaloids, two bioactive substances found in Caesalpinia bonducella, may disrupt the worms' ability to move and survive inside their host. (15)
2Metabolic Pathway Inhibition:
Energy Metabolism: It has been demonstrated that specific phytochemicals found in Caesalpinia bonducella disrupt the helminths' energy metabolism. For example, they might prevent important enzymes from producing energy, including oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis. Compounds in Caesalpinia bonducella have the potential to interfere with parasites' nutritional intake processes, denying them the essential nourishment they require to survive and reproduce (16)
3. Cuticle and internal structure damage:
Physical Disruption: According to certain research, extracts from Caesalpinia bonducella may physically harm helminths' internal structures and cuticle, or outer covering. This Reference: 98-106.102 in Ijppr.Human, 2024, Vol. 30 (7) Rajani P. Bawane et al HumanJournals.com/ijppr harm affects their physiological and structural soundness functioning, in the end resulting toward their ejection or perishment. Balance Osmotic: Caesalpinia bonducella contains substances that might disrupt the parasites' osmotic equilibrium, resulting in cell enlargement or dehydration that could be harmful to their ability to survive. (17)
4. Receptor Binding and Interaction with Surface Receptors:
Caesalpinia bonducella's bioactive substances may interact with certain ion channels or surface receptors found on parasitic worm membranes. Compounds from Caesalpinia bonducella can interfere with signaling pathways necessary for the worms' survival and reproduction by attaching to these receptors. (18)
5.Bioactive compounds' synergistic effects:
multi-target effects: The combined effects of a number of Caesalpinia bonducella bioactive compounds are frequently credited with the plant's anthelmintic action. By acting on many molecular targets within the parasites, these substances may increase overall efficacy and lower the risk of resistance development. (19)
Numerous pharmacological investigations were inspired by the discovery of a variety of phytochemicals in different plant components. However, there is still a lack of research and documentation on the plant. More thorough scientific research may uncover a wealth of undiscovered phytochemicals that hold great promise for opening up new directions and methods in the field of clinical treatments. 46 Different plant components have been described as having important qualities in a variety of scholarly books( Refer to Table 3).
Table 3: Novel Medicinal Investigations Into Flowers leaves, Seeds, And S.NO. Uses Of Plant Parts (20)
|
Sr. No. |
Plant part |
Uses |
References |
|
1 |
The seeds |
Reduces inflammation |
21 |
|
2 |
The seeds |
The antibacterial |
22 |
|
3 |
every component |
Immunomodulators |
23 |
|
4 |
The seeds |
Both antidiabetic and hypoglycemic |
24 |
|
5 |
Blooms |
Pain reliever |
25 |
|
6 |
The leaves |
Stress caused by antioxidants |
26 |
|
7 |
The seeds |
Drugs that treat depression |
27 |
|
8 |
The seeds |
Antipyretic medication |
28 |
|
9 |
The seeds |
A remedy for asthma |
29 |
|
10 |
The leaves |
Protective of the liver |
30 |
|
11 |
Young foliage and branches |
Anti tumor |
31 |
|
12 |
The leaves |
Against the feedant |
32 |
|
13 |
The seeds |
Avoiding diabetes |
33 |
|
14 |
The seeds |
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties |
34 |
|
15 |
The leaves |
Protective of the kidneys |
35 |
|
16 |
The seeds |
Low level diabetes |
36 |
|
17 |
The seeds |
Low level diabetes |
36 |
|
18 |
The seeds |
Infertility |
37 |
|
19 |
The leaves |
Pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative |
38 |
|
20 |
The leaves |
Parasiticides |
39 |
|
21 |
The seeds |
Antiulcer medication |
40 |
|
22 |
The seeds |
Antimycobacterial Action |
41 |
|
23 |
The seeds |
Prevention of cataract |
42 |
|
24 |
The leaves |
Antidiarrhea |
43 |
|
25 |
The seeds |
Inhibition of filaria |
44 |
|
26 |
The leaves |
Contractile action of muscles |
45 |
|
27 |
The leaves |
Contractile action of muscles |
45 |
|
28 |
The seeds |
Antiestrogenic action |
46 |
|
29 |
The seeds |
Diuretic inhibitor |
47 |
|
30 |
The leaves |
In opposition to tumors |
48 |
|
31 |
The seeds |
A sedative |
49 |
|
32 |
The seeds |
anticonvulsant |
5 |
The granuloma pouch and formalin arthritis procedures were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in rats. The extract was found to be effective at a dose of 250 mg/kg in the granuloma pouch model, and it compared favourably to phenylbutazone. The seeds showed 50% inhibitory activity against carrageenan-induced oedema in the rat hind paw when given orally at 1000 mg/kg 24 hours and 1 hour prior to carrageenan injection (IP). The activity was comparable to that of phenylbutazone at a dose of 100 mg/kg (66.67% inhibition) (21).
2)Antimicrobial activity:
Sagar K. and colleagues revealed the antibacterial activities of α-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-ω-(2 hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) polymethylene from Caesalpinia bonducella (L.). Flem The antibacterial properties of bondenolide and seed extracts from Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb were reported by Simin K. etal.
The antibacterial properties of Caesalpinia bonduc (Lin.) Roxb seeds were reported by both in vivo and in vitro, Arif T. et al. (22)
3)Antidiabetic activity:
The antidiabetic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extract were evaluated in hyperglycemia produced by alloxan. The extract's antihyperglycemic effect might result from inhibiting the absorption of glucose. The drug may have antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic properties. Strong hypoglycemic effects were demonstrated by both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts in a model of chronic type 2 diabetes. Insulin production from isolated islets may be increased by both fractions. (33) Kalauni SK et al. have studied the structure-activity relationship and antimalarial characteristics of diterpenes of the cassane and norcassane classes from Caesalpinia crista. Linn T Z, et al. discovered that the diterpenes of the cassane and norcassane classes from Indonesia's Caesalpinia crista have antimalarial efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum growth. In addition to the known cassane diterpenes, three new cassane furanoditerpenoids (1-3) were discovered using Caesalpinia bonduc seed kernels. Excellent antimalarial efficacy was demonstrated by compounds 1-3 against the multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain. (51).
4)Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antispasmodic activity:
Caesalpinia bonducella possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, and Ca++ antagonist qualities, according to Khan HU et al. Saeed MA and Sabir AW discovered that Caesalpinia bonducella seeds had antibacterial activity.
5)Antidiarrhoeal activity:
In mice, the fruits were shown to have strong antidiarrheal properties. (43)
6)Antioxidant activity:
Nikhil Kumar and colleagues have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed chloroform extract. Mandal S. et al. assess the methanolic extract of Caesalpinia crista leaf's antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging capabilities. Phenolic and flavonoid components may be responsible for the 70% methanol extract of C. crista leaves' antioxidant and ROS-scavenger properties. Caesalpinia bonducella seeds' ethanolic extract has been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity and a total phenolic content by Shukla S. et al. According to the study's findings, C. bonducella shows a great deal of promise for application as a natural antioxidant. (27)
7)Immunomodulatory activity:
The effects of an aqueous extract of bonduc nut (Caesalpinia bonducella) seeds on immunomodulation in vivo are investigated by Shukla S. et al. The in vivo immunomodulatory effects of an aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming seeds were assessed in this study. In Indian traditional medicine, C. bonducella is a common herb. This study looked at how the humoral and cell-mediated immune system components in rats were impacted by the aqueous extract from C. bonducella seeds. In comparison to the control, the mean hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer rose by 93.03 +/- 4 and the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) changed by 0.56 +/- 0.058 mm following the administration of 400 mg/kg body weight of C. bonducella seed extract. According to the study's findings, C. bonducella extract shows promise as an immunostimulatory medication. Shukla S. et al. looked at the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds' immunomodulatory properties. Caesalpinia bonducella may have immunomodulatory qualities and be utilized therapeutically to prevent autoimmune illnesses, according to the study's findings. (23)
CONCLUSION:
C. bonducella is a large, evergreen shrub with stiff, woody stems and deep roots. This plant has ovate, complex elliptical leaves that alternate on either side of the branches and have a glossy surface. Several active metabolites found in various areas of C. bonducella have been reaffirmed in the study as having the ability to treat a variety of illnesses. Due to the presence of distinct bioactive metabolites, it has also been noted that different plant sections exhibit varying pharmacological activity. To fully explore all of the opportunities and potential that the rich plant has to offer, however, further scientific study and documentation are needed.In summary, the current study's findings demonstrated that Caesalpinia bonducella's crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts contain quinines, phenolic compounds, proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The proportions of terpenoids, phenolics, lipids and waxes, Q. Alkaloids, and N-oxides were found to be satisfactory. This review compiles the data from recent pharmacological research studies. The plant's seeds, bark, and roots exhibited antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, antispasmodic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. C. bonducella's flowers have analgesic properties. C. bonducella offers antimalarial properties in its seed kernels and anticancer, antiulcer, and antifilarial properties in its leaves. Even if the plant's wealth of powerful phytochemicals makes it medicinally rich, more research can still be done. This wild plant has a wealth of biomarker compounds with potential medical applications and a variety of pharmacological actions. However, there is still need for study into creating formulations for various illnesses and conditions, which could raise the plant's future industrial value.
REFERENCES
Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life sciences. 2004 Nov 26;76(2):137-49.
Mazza P. The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism. Bollettino chimico farmaceutico. 1994 Jan 1;133(1):3-18.
Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life sciences. 2004 Nov 26;76(2):137-49.
Mazza P. The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism. Bollettino chimico farmaceutico. 1994 Jan 1;133(1):3-18.
Rohini Jadhav*, Sujata Karande, Rajnandini Kamble, Dr. D. R. Jadage, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights into Caesalpinia Bonducella: A Comprehensive Review, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 5, 1069-1079 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15354236
10.5281/zenodo.15354236
