View Article

  • A Review On Modern Approaches Towards Anticoagulant Therapy Of Venous Thromboembolism
  • Photo Anurag Sanghave* Photo Anjali Mali Photo Gajanan Sanap

  • Department of pharmacy , Late Bhagirathi Yashwantrao Pathrikar College of Pharmacy, Pathri , Phulambri , Chatrapati Sambhajinagar , Maharashtra , India.

Abstract

A common and possibly fatal condition is venous thromboembolism (VTE), a disease entity that includes pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Currently, there are several medicines that may be used to effectively treat acute viral transmission disease and prevent its recurrence. The subcutaneous administration of fondaparinux or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), followed by a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), was the accepted protocol of therapy for a number of years. For the treatment of VTE, the so-called direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) were just recently brought into clinical practice. In comparison to VKA, DOAC appears to have a better risk-benefit profile. Moreover, because DOAC are taken at set dosages and don't require periodic monitoring, they greatly simplify the management of VTE. Therapeutic anticoagulation should be administered to patients with objectively confirmed DVT or PE for a minimum of three months. Each patient should have their requirements assessed individually, with the decision to continue therapy mostly based on risk factors identified by the thrombotic event's features and patient-related variables. Treatment of VTE is more difficult in some patient groups than in the general population (e.g., elderly patients, cancer patients, and pregnant women), and special considerations must be made for these patients. An overview of the current approaches to treating acute VTE and secondary prophylaxis is the goal of this study. Specifically, issues pertaining to the start of VTE therapy, the length of anticoagulation, and certain patient populations will be covered.

Keywords

venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, anticoagulation, secondary prevention.

Reference

  1. Abildstrom, S. Z., et al. "Trends in incidence and case fatality rates of acute myocardial infarction in Denmark and Sweden." Heart 89.5 (2003): 507-511.
  2. Ferrie, Jean, et al. "Trends in acute myocardial infarction prognosis and treatment in southwestern France between 1985 and 1990 (the MONICA Project-Toulouse)." The American journal of cardiology 75.17 (1995): 1202-1205.
  3. Ellekjær, Hanne, et al. "Epidemiology of stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996: incidence and 30-day case-fatality rate." Stroke 28.11 (1997): 2180-2184.
  4. Kyrle, Paul A., and Sabine Eichinger. "Deep vein thrombosis." The Lancet 365.9465 (2005): 1163-1174.
  5. Næss, Inger Anne, et al. "Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population?based study." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis 5.4 (2007): 692-699.
  6. Goldhaber, Samuel Z., and Henri Bounameaux. "Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis." The Lancet 379.9828 (2012): 1835-1846.
  7. Büller, Harry R., et al. "Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial." Annals of Internal Medicine 140.11 (2004): 867-873.
  8. Buller, H. R., M. Sohne, and S. Middeldorp. "Treatment of venous thromboembolism." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3.8 (2005): 1554-1560.
  9. Middeldorp, Saskia, Martin H. Prins, and Barbara A. Hutten. "Duration of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8 (2014).
  10. Schulman, Sam, et al. "Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England journal of medicine 361.24 (2009): 2342-2352.
  11. Hokusai-VTE Investigators. "Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism." New England journal of medicine 369.15 (2013): 1406-1415
  12. Agnelli, Giancarlo, et al. "Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 369.9 (2013): 799-808
  13. Agnelli, Giancarlo, et al. "Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 369.9 (2013): 799-808
  14. van Es, Nick, et al. "Direct oral anticoagulants compared with vitamin K antagonists for acute venous thromboembolism: evidence from phase 3 trials." Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology 124.12 (2014): 1968-1975.
  15. Van der Hulle, T., et al. "Effectiveness and safety of novel oral anticoagulants as compared with vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta?analysis." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 12.3 (2014): 320-328.
  16. Kucher, Nils, et al. "Massive pulmonary embolism." Circulation 113.4 (2006): 577-582.
  17. Konstantinides, Stavros V., et al. "2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolismThe Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS)." European heart journal 35.43 (2014): 3033-3080.
  18. Konstantinides, Stavros, et al. "Wytyczne ESC dotyczace rozpoznawania i post?powania w ostrej zatorowo?ci p?ucnej w 2014 roku." Kardiologia Polska 72.11 (2014): 997-1053.
  19. Chan, Chee M., Christian Woods, and Andrew F. Shorr. "The validation and reproducibility of the pulmonary embolism severity index." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 8.7 (2010): 1509-1514.
  20. Donzé, Jacques, et al. "Prospective validation of the pulmonary embolism severity index." Thrombosis and haemostasis 100.05 (2008): 943-948.
  21. Vanni, S., et al. "Comparison of two prognostic models for acute pulmonary embolism: clinical vs. right ventricular dysfunction?guided approach." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9.10 (2011): 1916-1923.
  22. Aujesky, Drahomir, et al. "Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 172.8 (2005): 1041-1046.
  23. Guyatt, Gordon H., et al. "Introduction to the ninth edition: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines." Chest 141.2 (2012): 48S-52S.
  24. Ruíz-Giménez, Nuria, et al. "Predictive variables for major bleeding events in patients presenting with documented acute venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry." Thrombosis and haemostasis 100.07 (2008): 26-31.
  25. Gage, Brian F., et al. "Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF)." American heart journal 151.3 (2006): 713-719.
  26. Harenberg, J., et al. "Anticoagulation in patients with impaired renal function and with haemodialysis." Hämostaseologie 35.01 (2015): 77-83.
  27. Bounameaux, H., and P. De Moerloose. "Is laboratory monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy necessary? No." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis 2.4 (2004): 551-554.
  28. Harenberg, Job. "Is laboratory monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy necessary? Yes." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2.4 (2004): 547-550.
  29. Agnelli, Giancarlo, et al. "Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 368.8 (2013): 699-708.
  30. Einstein Investigators. "Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 363.26 (2010): 2499-2510.
  31. Einstein–PE Investigators. "Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism." New England journal of medicine 366.14 (2012): 1287-1297.
  32. Boon, G. J. A. M., et al. "Management and treatment of deep vein thrombosis in special populations." Expert review of hematology 11.9 (2018): 685-695.
  33. Einstein–PE Investigators. "Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism." New England journal of medicine 366.14 (2012): 1287-1297.
  34. Agnelli, Giancarlo, et al. "Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England Journal of Medicine 369.9 (2013): 799-808.
  35. Hokusai-VTE Investigators. "Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism." New England journal of medicine 369.15 (2013): 1406-1415.
  36. Schulman, Sam, et al. "Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism." New England journal of medicine 361.24 (2009): 2342-2352.
  37. Hakeam, Hakeam A., and Nasser Al-Sanea. "Effect of major gastrointestinal tract surgery on the absorption and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)." Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 43 (2017): 343-351.
  38. Kearon, Clive, et al. "Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report." Chest 149.2 (2016): 315-352.
  39. Horner, Daniel, et al. "The anticoagulation of calf thrombosis (ACT) project: results from the randomized controlled external pilot trial." Chest 146.6 (2014): 1468-1477.
  40. Lagerstedt, ClaesI, et al. "Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis." The Lancet 326.8454 (1985): 515-518.
  41. Pinede, Laurent, et al. "Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis." Circulation 103.20 (2001): 2453-2460.
  42. Schwarz, Thomas, et al. "Therapy of isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis: a randomized, controlled study." Journal of vascular surgery 52.5 (2010): 1246-1250.
  43. Franco, L., et al. "Anticoagulation in patients with isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: a meta?analysis." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 15.6 (2017): 1142-1154.
  44. Righini, Marc, et al. "Anticoagulant therapy for symptomatic calf deep vein thrombosis (CACTUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." The Lancet Haematology 3.12 (2016): e556-e562.
  45. Ho, Prahlad, et al. "Retrospective review on isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT)—a benign entity or not?." Thrombosis research 142 (2016): 11-16.
  46. Connors, Jean M. "Testing and monitoring direct oral anticoagulants." Blood 132.19 (2018): 2009-2015.
  47. Van Ryn, Joanne, et al. "Dabigatran etexilate–a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity." Thrombosis and haemostasis 103.06 (2010): 1116-1127.
  48. Hawes, E. M., et al. "Performance of coagulation tests in patients on therapeutic doses of dabigatran: a cross?sectional pharmacodynamic study based on peak and trough plasma levels." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 11.8 (2013): 1493-1502.
  49. Hillarp, Andreas, et al. "Effects of the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban on commonly used coagulation assays." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9.1 (2011): 133-139.
  50. Seiffge, David J., et al. "Intravenous thrombolysis in patients with stroke taking rivaroxaban using drug specific plasma levels: experience with a standard operation procedure in clinical practice." Journal of Stroke 19.3 (2017): 347.
  51. Schmitz, E. M. H., et al. "Determination of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban by ultra?performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC?MS/MS) and coagulation assays for therapy monitoring of novel direct oral anticoagulants." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 12.10 (2014): 1636-1646.
  52. Forbes, Heather L., and Thomas M. Polasek. "Potential drug–drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants in elderly hospitalized patients." Therapeutic advances in drug safety 8.10 (2017): 319-328.
  53. Sakuma, Masahito, et al. "Venous Thromboembolism Deep Vein Thrombosis with Pulmonary Embolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis Alone, and Pulmonary Embolism Alone." Circulation Journal 73.2 (2009): 305-309.
  54. Sandler, D. A., and JF1292084 Martin. "Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis?." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82.4 (1989): 203-205.
  55. Jang, M. J., S?M. BANG, and D. Oh. "Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Korea: from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9.1 (2011): 85-91.
  56. Huerta, Consuelo, et al. "Risk factors and short-term mortality of venous thromboembolism diagnosed in the primary care setting in the United Kingdom." Archives of internal medicine 167.9 (2007): 935-943.
  57. Molina, Joseph Antonio D., et al. "Venous thromboembolism at the National Healthcare Group, Singapore." ANNALS Academy of Medicine Singapore 38.6 (2009): 470.
  58. Liao, Shenyang, et al. "Incidence of venous thromboembolism in different ethnic groups: a regional direct comparison study." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 12.2 (2014): 214-219.
  59. White, Richard H., et al. "Effect of ethnicity and gender on the incidence of venous thromboembolism in a diverse population in California in 1996." Thrombosis and haemostasis 93.02 (2005): 298-305.
  60. Zakai, N. A., and L. A. McClure. "Racial differences in venous thromboembolism." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 9.10 (2011): 1877-1882.
  61. Lee, L. H. "Clinical update on deep vein thrombosis in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 31.2 (2002): 248-252.
  62. Kakkar, Nandita, and Rakesh K. Vasishta. "Pulmonary embolism in medical patients: an autopsy-based study." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 14.2 (2008): 159-167.
  63. Dickens, P., et al. "Fatal pulmonary embolism:: A comparative study of autopsy incidence in Hong Kong and Cardiff, Wales." Forensic science international 90.3 (1997): 171-174.
  64. Margaglione, Maurizio, and Elvira Grandone. "Population genetics of venous thromboembolism." Thrombosis and haemostasis 105.02 (2011): 221-231.
  65. Ageno, Walter, et al. "Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis." Circulation 117.1 (2008): 93-102
  66. Lee, Woo-Suk, et al. "The incidence of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis after knee arthroplasty in Asians remains low: a meta-analysis." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 471 (2013): 1523-1532.
  67. Jun, Z. J., et al. "Prevalence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations in Chinese patients with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism." Clinical & Laboratory Haematology 28.2 (2006): 111-116.
  68. Shen, Ming-Ching, Jen-Shiou Lin, and Woei Tsay. "Protein C and protein S deficiencies are the most important risk factors associated with thrombosis in Chinese venous thrombophilic patients in Taiwan." Thrombosis research 99.5 (2000): 447-452.
  69. Ho, Chao?Hung, et al. "Causes of venous thrombosis in fifty Chinese patients." American journal of hematology 63.2 (2000): 74-78.
  70. Angchaisuksiri, Pantep. "Venous thromboembolism in Asia–an unrecognised and under-treated problem?." Thrombosis and haemostasis 106.10 (2011): 585-590.
  71. Peng, Y. Y., et al. "Aetiologies and prognosis of Chinese patients with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities." QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 91.10 (1998): 681-686.
  72. Mutirangura, Pramook, Chanian Rüengsethakit, and Chumpol Wongwanit. "Epidemiologic analysis of proximal deep vein thrombosis in Thai patients: malignancy, the predominant etiologic factor." International Journal of Angiology 13.02 (2004): 81-83.
  73. Nakamura, Mashio, et al. "Current venous thromboembolism management and outcomes in Japan–nationwide the japan venous thromboembolism treatment registry observational study–." Circulation Journal 78.3 (2014): 708-717.
  74. Chung, Lien-Hsiang, et al. "Deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty in asian patients without prophylactic anticoagulation." Orthopedics 34.1 (2011)
  75. Wu, Po-Kuei, et al. "Population-based epidemiology of postoperative venous thromboembolism in Taiwanese patients receiving hip or knee arthroplasty without pharmacological thromboprophylaxis." Thrombosis research 133.5 (2014): 719-724.
  76. Piovella, F., et al. "Deep-vein thrombosis rates after major orthopedic surgery in Asia. An epidemiological study based on postoperative screening with centrally adjudicated bilateral venography." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis 3.12 (2005): 2664-2670.
  77. Kanchanabat, B., et al. "Systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of postoperative venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery in Asian patients without thromboprophylaxis." Journal of British Surgery 98.10 (2011): 1356-1364.
  78. Wells, Philip S., et al. "Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis." New England Journal of Medicine 349.13 (2003): 1227-1235.
  79. Righini, M., et al. "D?Dimer for venous thromboembolism diagnosis: 20 years later." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis 6.7 (2008): 1059-1071.
  80. Huisman, Menno V. "Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography." JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 295.2 (2006).
  81. Matsuo, Hiroshi, et al. "Evaluation of D-dimer in screening deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized Japanese patients with acute medical diseases/episodes." Annals of Vascular Diseases 9.3 (2016): 193-200.
  82. Matsuo, Hiroshi, et al. "Evaluation of D-dimer in screening deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized Japanese patients with acute medical diseases/episodes." Annals of Vascular Diseases 9.3 (2016): 193-200.
  83. Prisco, Domenico, and Elisa Grifoni. "The role of D-dimer testing in patients with suspected venous thromboembolism." Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis. Vol. 35. No. 01. © Thieme Medical Publishers, 2009.
  84. Wang, Kang-Ling, et al. "Management of venous thromboembolisms: part I. The consensus for deep vein thrombosis." Acta Cardiologica Sinica 32.1 (2016): 1.
  85. Yamada, Norikazu, et al. "Oral rivaroxaban for Japanese patients with symptomatic venous thromboembolism–the J-EINSTEIN DVT and PE program." Thrombosis journal 13 (2015): 1-8.
  86. Anderson, David R., et al. "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial." Jama 298.23 (2007): 2743-2753.
  87. Goodacre, Steve, et al. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis." BMC medical imaging 5 (2005): 1-13.
  88. Stein, Paul D., et al. "Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism." New England Journal of Medicine 354.22 (2006): 2317-2327
  89. Chatterjee S, Chakraborty A, Weinberg I, et al. Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism and risk of all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311:2414–21. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.5990.
  90. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:146–53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa025313.
  91. Schulman S, Kakkar AK, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis. Circulation. 2014;129:764–72. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.00445
  92. Carrier M, Righini M, Le Gal G. Symptomatic subsegmental pulmonary embolism: what is the next step? J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:1486–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04804.x
  93. Goy J, Lee J, Levine O, Chaudhry S, Crowther M. Sub-segmental pulmonary embolism in three academic teaching hospitals: a review of management and outcomes. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:214–8. doi: 10.1111/jth.12803.
  94. Raskob GE. Importance of subsegmental pulmonary embolism. Blood. 2013;122:1094–5. doi: 10.1182/blood2013-06-508440.
  95. den Exter PL, van Es J, Klok FA, et al. Risk profile and clinical outcome of symptomatic subsegmental acute pulmonary embolism. Blood. 2013;122:1144–9. quiz 1329. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-497545.
  96. O'Connell C. Incidentally found pulmonary embolism: what's the clinician to do? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015;2015:197–201. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.197
  97. Lee AYY, Kamphuisen PW, Meyer G, et al. Tinzaparin vs warfarin for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in patients with active cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:677–86. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9243.
  98. Vedovati MC, Germini F, Agnelli G, Becattini C. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with VTE and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2015;147:475–83. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0402.
  99. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D) J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:2017–23. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034.
  100. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thrombo-embolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:496–520. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01461.
  101. Kim SA, Yhim HY, Bang SM. Current management of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: focus on direct oral anticoagulants. J Korean Med Sci. 2019;34:e52. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e52.
  102. Scott G, Mahdi AJ, Alikhan R. Superficial vein thrombosis: a current approach to management. Br J Haematol. 2015;168:639–45. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13255.
  103. Di Nisio M, Wichers I, Middeldorp S. Treatment of lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis. JAMA. 2018;320:2367–8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.16623.
  104. Maddox RP, Seupaul RA. What is the most effective treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis? Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67:671–2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.10.018.
  105. Beyer-Westendorf J, Schellong SM, Gerlach H, et al. Prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with superficial-vein thrombosis given rivaroxaban or fondaparinux: the open-label, randomised, non-inferiority SURPRISE phase 3b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4:e105–13. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30014-5
  106. Debourdeau P, Farge D, Beckers M, et all International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:71–80. doi: 10.1111/jth.12071.
  107. Barco S, Atema JJ, Coppens M, Serlie MJ, Middeldorp S. Anticoagulants for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related thrombosis in adults and children on parenteral nutrition: a systematic review and critical appraisal. Blood Transfus. 2017;15:369–77. doi: 10.2450/2016.0031-16.
  108. Baumann Kreuziger L, Jaffray J, Carrier M. Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of catheterrelated thrombosis in children and adults. Thromb Res. 2017;157:64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.07.002.
  109. Kahale LA, Tsolakian IG, Hakoum MB, et al. Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD006468. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006468.pub6.
  110. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e195S–e226S. doi: 10.1378/chest.141.5.1369b.
  111. De Stefano V, Martinelli I. Splanchnic vein thrombosis: clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment. Intern Emerg Med. 2010;5:487–94. doi: 10.1007/s11739-010-0413-6.
  112. Riva N, Ageno W. Approach to thrombosis at unusual sites:splanchnic and cerebral vein thrombosis. Vasc Med. 2017;22:529–40. doi: 10.1177/1358863X17734057
  113. Smalberg JH, Arends LR, Valla DC, Kiladjian JJ, Janssen HL, Leebeek FW. Myeloproliferative neoplasms in Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120:4921–8. doi: 10.1182/blood2011-09-376517.
  114. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S–e96S. doi: 10.1378/chest.141.5.1369b.
  115. DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G American Association for the Study Liver Diseases, author. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729–64. doi: 10.1002/hep.22772.
  116. Ageno W, Riva N, Schulman S, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of splanchnic vein thrombosis: results of an international registry. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1474–80. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3184.
  117. Rosendaal FR. Risk factors for venous thrombotic disease. Thromb Haemost (1999) 82(2):610–9.
  118. Kher A, Bauersachs R, Nielsen JD. The management of thrombosis in pregnancy: role of low-molecular-weight heparin. Thromb Haemost (2007) 97(4):505–13.
  119. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuunemann HJ. Executive summary: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest (2012) 141(2 Suppl):7S–47S. 10.1378/chest.1412S3
  120. Klaassen IL, van Ommen CH, Middeldorp S. Manifestations and clinical impact of pediatric inherited thrombophilia. Blood. 2015;125:1073–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-536060.
  121. van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Büller HR, Hirasing RA, Heijmans HS, Peters M. Venous thromboembolism in childhood: a prospective two-year registry in The Netherlands. J Pediatr. 2001;139:676–81. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.118192.
  122. Tait RC, Walker ID, Perry DJ, et al. Prevalence of antithrombin deficiency in the healthy population. Br J Haematol. 1994;87:106–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04878.x.
  123. Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e737S–e801S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2308.
  124. Monagle P, Cuello CA, Augustine C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 Guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of pediatric venous thrombo-embolism. Blood Adv. 2018;2:3292–316. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024786.
  125. Raffini LJ, Scott JP. Thrombotic disorders in children. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, Schor N, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2016:2394–7
  126. Male C, Thom K, O'Brien SH. Direct oral anticoagulants: what will be their role in children? Thromb Res. 2019;173:178–85. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.06.021

Photo
Anurag Sanghave
Corresponding author

Department of pharmacy , Late Bhagirathi Yashwantrao Pathrikar College of Pharmacy, Pathri , Phulambri , Chatrapati Sambhajinagar , Maharashtra , India.

Photo
Anjali Mali
Co-author

Department of pharmacy , Late Bhagirathi Yashwantrao Pathrikar College of Pharmacy, Pathri , Phulambri , Chatrapati Sambhajinagar , Maharashtra , India.

Photo
Gajanan Sanap
Co-author

Department of pharmacy , Late Bhagirathi Yashwantrao Pathrikar College of Pharmacy, Pathri , Phulambri , Chatrapati Sambhajinagar , Maharashtra , India.

Anurag Milind Sanghave , Anjali Mali, Gajanan Sanap, A Review On Modern Approaches Towards Anticoagulant Therapy Of Venous Thromboembolism, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci., 2023, Vol 1, Issue 12, 453-473. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10396652

More related articles
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face ...
Wadavkar Rahul Abasaheb , Waghmare.k.p, Garje.s.y, Sayyed.g.a, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Effervescent Floatin...
RAM PRASAD KHOTEJA, Aarti Kori , Shivanand Patil , ...
Navigating Apoptosis: Exploring The Potential Of H...
Chetana Shewale, Prithviraj Deoda, Sakshi Ingale, Dr. Chandrashek...
View more
A Review On Recent Developments In Ultraviolet Spectroscopy...
Lalit R. Gaikwad , Rupesh D. Gaikwad , Jagruti V. Gavit , Vaibhavi S. Kadam , Lina H. Thakare, ...
Dapagliflozin Analysis In Diabetes Mellitus: A Critical Review Of Analytical App...
Abhijeet Singh Rana, Kajol, Ankit Sharma, Arti Devi, ...
Cyclodextrin Based Nanosponges: A Novel Approach For Targeted Drug Delivery...
Kanika, Chinu Kumari, Dev Prakash Dahiya, Nikhil Rana, Rahul Sharma, Abhilash Rai, Abhishek Soni, ...
View more
Download PDF
Related Articles
A Comprehensive Review On Hydrogel...
Najreen bee , Nazneen Dubey, Rupanshi Sahu , Bharti choudhary, ...
Bilateral Facial Nerve Palsy: A Case Report of Electroacupuncture Intervention ...
Syam Kumar C. P., Prabu Narasimman, Geethanjali Sankar, Annamalai D, ...
Herbal Cosmetic: An Best Approach For Treating Skin Disorders...
Dhanashri B. Lakhe, Smita Aher, R. S. Bachhav, ...
Innovative Strategies in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Exploring the Potential of Dru...
Deep Lokraj Selokar, Suraj Nirwan, Gajanan Sormare, Dinesh Biyani, Dhiraj Dhabade, Milind Umekar, ...
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face ...
Wadavkar Rahul Abasaheb , Waghmare.k.p, Garje.s.y, Sayyed.g.a, ...
More related articles
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face ...
Wadavkar Rahul Abasaheb , Waghmare.k.p, Garje.s.y, Sayyed.g.a, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Effervescent Floating Sustained Release Tablet Of ...
RAM PRASAD KHOTEJA, Aarti Kori , Shivanand Patil , ...
Navigating Apoptosis: Exploring The Potential Of Herbal Medicine As Caspase Indu...
Chetana Shewale, Prithviraj Deoda, Sakshi Ingale, Dr. Chandrashekar Upasani, Dr. Aman Upaganlawar, ...
View more
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face ...
Wadavkar Rahul Abasaheb , Waghmare.k.p, Garje.s.y, Sayyed.g.a, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Effervescent Floating Sustained Release Tablet Of ...
RAM PRASAD KHOTEJA, Aarti Kori , Shivanand Patil , ...
Navigating Apoptosis: Exploring The Potential Of Herbal Medicine As Caspase Indu...
Chetana Shewale, Prithviraj Deoda, Sakshi Ingale, Dr. Chandrashekar Upasani, Dr. Aman Upaganlawar, ...
View more

Copyright © 2024 IJPS. All rights reserved