Rosehip (Rosa Canina L.): A Systematic Review of The Plant, Traditional Uses, And Pharmacological Aspects

Abstract

The fruit of the genus Rosa, commonly known as "rose hip," has been traditionally used in medicine to address various health issues, including kidney stones, gastrointestinal problems, hypertension, and respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and colds. This review highlights the ethnopharmacological uses and phytochemical properties of rose hip. Rose hips contain approximately 129 compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, contributing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. Rosehip powder and extracts have also demonstrated benefits for arthritis. The genus Rosa, which includes over 100 species, belongs to the Rosaceae family. Rosehip is valued for its micronutrient content and has a long history of use in folk medicine to treat various conditions, including its roles as a laxative and diuretic. This review discusses rose hip's traditional applications and clinical potential, emphasizing its historical significance and the scientific support for its benefits in pharmacological research.

Keywords

Introduction

       
           
       
Figure 2 Chemical Compounds of Rose Hip

Uses

Roses are widely used to create perfumes, air fresheners, and various scented products. The calming and mood-enhancing effects of rose aroma have been scientifically proven. In addition to their therapeutic uses, roses are also popular in culinary applications. Rose petals are transformed into syrups, essences, jams, and flavorings.  The rose hip, which is the most acidic part of the plant, can be enjoyed fresh, dried, or preserved and has a fruity flavor reminiscent of cranberries. Crushed rose hips are commonly used to make herbal tea. Rose oil is also used to flavor candies, syrups, and desserts. Furthermore, rose hips are rich in vitamin C, which supports our immune system and contains antioxidants and antibacterial properties. The hips are high in vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E. Crushing rose petals releases natural rose water, essences, and oils. Rose petal tea aids in bile production and helps cleanse the gallbladder. The scientific name “Rosa” encompasses not only the physical attributes and diversity of this beloved flower but also reflects centuries of human admiration and cultivation. From ancient civilizations to modern gardens, roses have left a lasting impact on human culture. Their scientific name, Rosa, reminds us of the intricate beauty and complexity of this remarkable plant genus. Next time you encounter a rose, take a moment to appreciate its scientific identity, Rosa, and the rich history and natural wonder it represents. From wild roses to carefully cultivated varieties in our gardens, the rose continues to captivate our hearts and minds, highlighting the enduring power of nature’s creations. Rose hips can be eaten raw, like berries, but care should be taken to avoid the hairs inside the fruit, which can cause skin irritation. Some rose species are grown specifically for the ornamental value of their hips. For example, Rosa moyesii produces large, red bottle-shaped fruits, while Rosa macrophylla 'Master Hugh' has the largest hips of any commonly available rose. Rose hips are often used in herbal tea, typically blended with hibiscus. Oil can also be extracted from the seeds. In Sweden, a popular dish called nyponsoppa is made from rose hip soup. Rhodomel, a type of mead, is created using rose hips. Additionally, rose hips are a key ingredient in pálinka, the traditional Hungarian fruit brandy, which is popular in Hungary, Romania, and other countries with Austro-Hungarian heritage. They are also the main ingredient in Cockta, the fruity national soft drink of Slovenia. Dried rose hips are sold for crafts and home fragrance purposes, while the Inupiat mixes rose hips with wild redcurrants and highbush cranberries to boil them into a syrup. [3,4,5]

Pharmacological aspects of rose hip

1. Gastrointestinal System

Several pharmacological studies have explored the gastro-protective effects of rose hip, particularly the fruit of r. Canina. Some findings indicate that r. Canina fruit has anti-ulcerogenic activity, proving to be more effective at a dose of 2070 mg/kg than the reference compound misoprostol at 0.4 mg/kg in rats. The carotenoids found in the rose hip can protect gastric mucosa in cases of peptic ulcer disease and gastroduodenal mucosal inflammation. An in vitro study demonstrated that carotenoids from rose hip exert an anti-h. Pylori effect, with a mic50 range of 8.2 to 11 µg/ml, is comparable to that of metronidazole. However, the hydroalcoholic crude extract of r. Canina did not exhibit a significant anti-ulcer effect. [1,6]

2. Antioxidant Properties

Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activities of rose hip. These activities are attributed not only to its high vitamin C content but also to its rich supply of polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, vitamin E, and carotenoids. The total phenolic content of r. Canina fruit is approximately 609.19 mg of gallic acid per 100 grams, while the total carotenoid content is about 18.07 mg of ?-carotene per 100 grams. Additionally, the ascorbic acid content is 27.49 mg per 100 grams. Rosehip has an impressive ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), achieving an effectiveness of about 87.26%, which is significantly higher than that of BHA (0.03%) and bht (0.14%). Furthermore, the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (teac) of this fruit is approximately 416 µmol Trolox per gram of fresh weight, which is close to that of BHA (462 µmol Trolox per gram of fresh weight) and much higher than bht (0.35 µmol Trolox per gram of fresh weight). [1,2,4]

3. Skin And Hair

One of the most common uses of rose hip in modern medicine is its incorporation into cosmetic products, such as creams and soaps. A clinical study found that the topical application of seed and shell powder from r. Canina fruit significantly improved crow's-feet wrinkles and increased skin moisture and elasticity. In other clinical trials, r. Canina seed oil demonstrated the ability to prevent epithelitis following radiotherapy and reduce erythema in surgical scars. Additionally, some studies indicated that proanthocyanidins from rose hip methanolic extract could prevent melanogenesis in guinea pig skin and mouse melanoma cells, and showed beneficial effects on skin-whitening factors when consumed orally. Furthermore, quercetin derived from rose hip can inhibit melanogenesis by blocking both the expression and activity of the enzyme tyrosinase. [1,2,5.6]

4. Joints And Muscles

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that rose hip possesses anti-arthritis and analgesic properties. These effects have been particularly noted in individuals with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicated that treatment with r. Canina hip powder resulted in improvements in pain scores and reduced use of "rescue medication" compared to a placebo. However, the authors noted that the included studies (which comprised 287 patients: 145 receiving the powder and 142 receiving placebo, with a median trial duration of 3 months) were sponsored by the manufacturer. [1,2,7]

5. Anti-Cancer Properties

Due to its high content of antioxidant compounds such as phenols, ?-carotene, glutathione, tocopherol, ascorbate, and anthocyanins, rose hip has gained attention as a potential anticancer plant. Notably, an extract from r. Canina has shown effectiveness in preventing the growth of tumor cell lines, including those associated with colon, breast, lung, cervical, and hepatocellular carcinomas while exhibiting no toxicity towards non-tumor primary liver cultures. [1,2,8]

6. Heart And Arterials

clinical and experimental studies have shown that the administration of rose hip can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Rosehip is rich in antioxidants, particularly ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, which possess anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. In a hypercholesterolemic mouse model, a rose hip lowered plasma cholesterol levels and reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation. When rose hip extract was administered to mice fed a high-fat diet, it increased fecal cholesterol content and boosted liver expression of the older gene, along with selected genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Additionally, it lowered blood pressure, and oxidized LDL levels, total cholesterol, and the volume of atherosclerotic plaques. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the administration of r. Canina powder (40 grams for 6 weeks) was found to reduce cardiovascular risk markers in obese, non-diabetic individuals. [1,2,9]

7. Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Rose hip extract has demonstrated neuroprotective properties, particularly in the context of brain ischemia. Research indicates that the fruit extract of r. Canina may have potential anti-Alzheimer activity. The primary mechanisms behind rose hip's neuroprotective effects appear to be its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, current research is limited, as only two studies involving rat models have reported results, both utilizing intraperitoneal administration. Therefore, further investigations and clinical trials are essential to enhance our understanding of the neuroprotective effects of rose hip and its constituents. [1,2,9]

8. Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Rosehip extract and several of its bioactive compounds have been shown to reduce inflammation. Various molecular mechanisms have been proposed for the anti-inflammatory effects of rose hip, including the inhibition of the nf-kappa B signaling pathway. This inhibition may help attenuate pro-inflammatory enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), while also decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, il-1beta, il-6, and ccl5. Galactolipids may play a significant role in the anti-inflammatory activity of r. Canina fruit. However, it is important to note that only preclinical studies have been conducted. In these studies involving rats, the administered dose ranged from 100 to 500 mg/kg. [1,2,10]

Toxicity and side effects

Aside from two reported cases of allergic contact dermatitis to rosehip oil, no significant toxicity has been associated with this plant. Some minor side effects, such as loose stools, flatulence, and mild gastrointestinal discomfort, were observed in certain clinical trials involving rose hip powder. [1,2]

CONCLUSION

This review evaluates the folklore applications, phytochemicals, and pharmacological properties of rose hip. Rose hip contains various constituents, including anthocyanins, phenolic derivatives, and vitamins. This plant has been used in traditional medicine worldwide for various purposes, such as acting as a laxative, diuretic, and treatment for colds and pain. While several pharmacological activities, including anti-arthritis, anti-obesity, and antioxidant effects, have been reported for rose hip in preclinical studies, further research is needed to address existing gaps in our understanding of its pharmacological effects and bioactive components.

REFRENCES

1. Zahra Ayati, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri, Mahin Ramezani, Elahe Delshad, Amirhossein Sahebkar and Seyed Ahmad Emami1, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological profile of rose hip: a review. Current pharmaceutical design, 2018, 24, 1-24
2. Wealth of India, 1998. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products and Raw Materials, vol. X. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
3. Ziegler S, Meier B, Sticher O. Fast and selective assay of L-Ascorbic acid in rose hips by RP-HPLC coupled with electrochemical and/or spectrophotometric detection. Planta Med 1986; 52(05): 383-7.
4. Albert mr (1998). "novelty shop "itching powder". Australasian journal of dermatology. 39 (3): 188–9. Doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1998.tb01281.x. Pmid 9737050. S2cid 9033914.
5.  Rise, Graham (2022). "hipster roses". The Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
6. Urbuz i, ustün o, yesilada e, sezik e, kutsal o. The anti-ulcerogenic activity of some plants is used as a folk remedy in Turkey. J ethnopharmacol 2003; 88(1): 93-7.
7. Inés Mármol, Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego  , Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta and María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi, Review Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18, 1137
8. Dubtsova gn, negmatulloeva rn, bessonov vv, et al. Vopr pitan 2012; 81(6): 84-8.
9. Fecka i. Qualitative and quantitative determination of hydrolyzable tannins and other polyphenols in herbal products from meadowsweet and dog rose. Phytochem anal 2009; 20(3): 177-90.
10. Guimaraes r, barros l, dueñas m, et al. Characterization of phenolic compounds in wild fruits from northeastern Portugal. Food chem 2013; 141(4): 3721-30.
11.  Hvattum e. Determination of phenolic compounds in the rose hip (rosa canina) using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and diode-array detection. Rapid commun mass spectrom 2002; 16(7): 655-62.
12. Hodisan t, socaciu c, ropan i, neamtu g. Carotenoid composition of rosa canina fruits determined by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J pharm biomed anal 1997; 16(3): 521-8.
13.  Horvath g, molnár p, radó-turcsi e, et al. Carotenoid composition and in vitro pharmacological activity of rose hips. Acta biochim pol 2012; 59(1): 129-32.
14. Ercisli s. Chemical composition of fruits in some rose (Rosa spp.) Species. Food chem 2007; 104(4): 1379-84.
15. Ahmad n, anwar f, gilani ah. Rose hip (rosa canina l.) Oils a2 - greedy, victor r. Essential oils in food preservation, flavor, and safety chapter 76. San Diego: Academic Press 2016; pp. 667-75.
16. Barros l, carvalho am, ferreira ic. Exotic fruits as a source of important phytochemicals: improving the traditional use of rosa canina fruits in Portugal. Food res int 2011; 44(7): 2233-6.
17. Na?pal jd, lesjak mm, šibul fs, et al. Comparative study of biological activities and phytochemical composition of two rose hips and their preserves: rosa canina l. And rosa arvensis huds. Food chem 2016; 192: 907-14.
18. Jiménez s, jiménez-moreno n, luquin a, laguna m, rodríguezyoldi mj, ancín-azpilicueta c. Chemical composition of rose hips from different rosa species: an alternative source of antioxidants for the food industry. Food addit contam part a 2017; 34(7): 1121-30.
19.  Na?pal jd, lesjak mm, šibul fs. Phytochemical composition and in vitro functional properties of three wild rose hips and their traditional preserves. Food chem 2018; 241: 290-300.
20.  Mármol i, sánchez-de-diego c, jiménez-moreno n, ancínazpilicueta c, rodríguez-yoldi mj. Therapeutic applications of rose hips from different rosa species. Int j mol sci 2017; 18(6): 1137.
21. Cunja v, mikulic-petkovsek m, weber n, et al. Fresh from the ornamental garden: hips of selected rose cultivars rich in phytonutrients. J Food Sci 2016; 81(2): c369-79.
22. Chrubasik c, roufogalis b, müller-ladner u, chrubasik s. A systematic review on the rosa canina effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother res 2008; 22(6): 725-33.
23. Sevindik e. Characterization of bioactive compounds in rose hip species from east Anatolia region of Turkey. Ital j Food Sci 2016; 28(2): 314-25.
24. Adamczak a, grys a, buchwald w, zielinski j. Content of oil and main fatty acids in hips of rose species native in poland. Dendrobiology (pozn) 2011; 66: 55-62.
25. Roman i, st?nil? a, st?nil? s. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of rosa canina l. Biotypes from spontaneous flora of transylvania. Chem cent j 2013; 7(1): 73.