Review On Efficacy of Orange Peels as a Mosquito Repellents

Abstract

Control of mosquitoes is something of utmost importance in the present day with rising number of mosquitoes borne illnesses. Deforestation and industrialized farming are also two of the factors causing an alarming increase in the range of mosquitoes. Specialty products like mosquito repellent used to combat mosquitoes are required. Each of the products used for mosquito control have varying degrees of effectiveness. Carbon dioxide and lactic acid present in sweat in warm- blooded animals act as an attractive substance for mosquitoes. The perception of the odor is through chemo-receptors present in the antennae of mosquitoes. Insect repellents work by masking human scent; a number of natural and chemical mosquito repellents were studied in this review that work to repel mosquitoes. Chemical mosquito repellents has a remarkable safety profile , but they are toxicity against the skin & nervous system like rashes, swelling, eye irritation, and worse problems, though unusual --including brain swelling in children, anaphylactic shock, and low blood pressure. Hence it was concluded that natural mosquito repellents were preferred over chemical mosquito repellents. Mosquito-borne illnesses are still a concern to world health, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. An efficient defense against mosquito bites and the spread of these diseases is the use of mosquito repellents. Chemical-based mosquito repellents can be harmful to human health, especially to children and pregnant women. The use of natural plant-based components is a potential approach in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly mosquito repellents, which has gained popularity in recent years.Mosquito are among the most common and widely distributes insects. It has earned a worldwide reputation as torturers of man and also diseases carries. Mosquito are classified as one of the deadliest pests known to man. The activity of mosquito is affected by climate, light and temperature. The current study is mainly carried out for the development of mosquito repellent cotton fabric using “orange peel” extracts.[1].

Keywords

Introduction

Most plants have compounds that help protect them from attacks by phytophagous (plant-eating) insects. These compounds fall into the following categories: poisons, growth regulators, repellents, and feeding deterrents. Repellants made from plants are easily biodegradable and provide no toxicity risk to humans or domestic animals. Natural items are safe for human consumption, unlike synthetic ones. Thus, now is the time to begin a thorough investigation into environmentally safe biological materials for insect pest control. Several researchers have noted that phytochemials formed from plant resources have deterrent properties and can function as larvicidal, insect development regulators, repellents, and ovipositional attractants. In many regions of the world, plant items have long been used to either kill or repel mosquitoes. Research on phytochemicals as insect repellents is desperately needed[1].Natural plant remedies have been used for ages to repel or eliminate mosquitoes in various parts of the world. Investigating phytochemicals as insect repellents is urgently needed. Citrus fruits like oranges are members of the Rutaceae family. They are a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber, along with other essential elements. Oranges are usually round or oval in shape, with rough, leathery skin that might be orange or yellow-orange in color. The inside fruit might be segmented, juicy, sweet, or sour, depending on the variety. The outer, colorful coat of orange skin that shields the fruit within is called an orange peel. They are abundant in flavonoids, essential oils, and other nutrients. Depending on the orange variety and peel thickness, orange peels can be either sweet or bitter. While sweet orange peels are utilized for baking and other culinary applications, bitter orange peels are frequently used to make marmalades and other preserves[2].

Fig no.1 Orange Peels

Fig no.1 Orange Peels

Definition Of Mosquito Repellent:

Mosquito repellent are product that are used to keep mosquitoes away, which are insect that can spread diseases like malaria, dengue.

Mosquito Born Diseases:

Mosquitoes have been known to transmit a number of human diseases since ancient times. Mosquitoes, of which there are over 3,500 species, are found in areas outside of the world's tropical and subtropical zones. Anopheles (malaria, filariasis), Aedes (yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya), and Culex (West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis) are the main genera that spread human illnesses[3,4]. A female mosquito consumes blood several times during its life cycle in order to receive the proteins required for the development of its eggs[5]. It injects pathogen-containing saliva into the host during feeding, enabling the pathogens to finish a portion of their life cycle and proliferate inside the mosquito's salivary glands[6]. Because of this, the female mosquito is a powerful carrier of many human infections and blood-borne illnesses. Malaria continues to be one of the leading causes of death in India[7]. According to historical records, the 1950s had the highest frequency of malaria in the nation, with an estimated 75 million cases and 0.8 million fatalities per year[8].Most common diseases spread by mosquitoes are zika, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile virus, malaria and yellow fever[9].

Fig no. 2 Mosquito Born Diseases

Malaria

1)Chemical Methods

There are a number of natural and chemical mosquito repellents that works to repel mosquitoes. The synthetic chemical repellent, DEET is most effective. It is essentially a poison that masks the natural odor and carbon monoxide that is released from the human body[10].

Advantages of chemical methods:

• Synthetic repellents : It containing DEET or picaridin are more effective than repellents with "natural" active ingredients.
• Natural repellents : Non-sticky; non-toxic and Environmentally friendly; safer on sensitive Skins and some can be used on children as Young as 3 months; reduced irritation; Harmless to most plastics and fabrics.

Disadvantages of chemical methods:

• Synthetic repellents: It cause rashes, swelling, eye irritation and worse problems, though they’re Unusual including brain swelling in Children, anaphylactic shock, low blood Pressure, and one report of death. DEET must be used with caution, especially with children.
• Natural repellents: It is more expensive; may need more frequent re-application to maintain full protection. Cannot apply directly on the skin, if applied can cause rashes on skin.

2)Non-Chemical Methods

Non-Chemical Methods rely on physical or mechanical barriers and devices to prevent or control mosquito populations without using harmful chemicals. This method is safer for human health and environment as compared to chemical methods[11].

Advantages of Non chemical methods:

• Non chemical method do not involve any harmful chemicals that can cause respiratory problems,skin irritation and other side effects.They are generally safer for use around children,pets.
• They do not harm beneficial insects or pollute waterways,it support healthy ecosystem

Disadvantages of Non chemical methods:

• In areas with high mosquito borne disease risks, physical and mechanical methods alone may be insufficient to control the population
• Physical barriers like screens must be maintained and Mechanical traps need to be set up and emptied, which can be labor intensive.

3)Biological Methods

By growing some fish species that feeds on mosquito larvae in water bodies.

“Village Pharmacy”

• In India, a homemade mosquito repellent Is proving particularly effective against the Anopheles mosquito which spreads malaria. It’s made from low-cost neem oil from the Amazing neem tree (Azadirachta indica, the “Village Pharmacy”) mixed with coconut oil In concentrations of 1-2%.Neem is also Proving effective against malaria itself, not Just the mosquito that carries the parasite. One active component of the plant, gedunin, Is said to be as effective as quinine on Malaria infected cell cultures[10].

• Other oils showing good repellent Qualities are eucalyptus, cinnamon, castor, Rosemary, cedar, and peppermint. It is Always a good idea to test them on a small Portion of skin to ensure you don’t react to Them[11].
• Garlic is a very good repellent. You can Ingest it and it will eventually work its way Into your system, thus the mosquitoes stay Away. Or you can plant garlic all around Your property, giving you the herb in the Fall as it keeps the bugs away during the Summer. Lastly, you can purchase  Concentrated garlic oil, which is designed to Be sprayed around your yard[12].
• A small amount of citronella oil on your Pulse points is helpful.
• Cloves are another excellent repellent. Again, use the oil and dab it on your pulse Points, just be careful as it can cause skin Irritation.
• Lavender is a fantastic repellent. You can Either use the flowers and rub them on your Skin, or use the oil and place it on your Pulse points[14].
• There is a tremendous amount of Research being done on fennel, thyme, Celery extract, and neem (a tropical tree) in Combinations and alone.
• Place marigolds near your patio area. Not Only are they an eye-catching plant, but they Keep away mosquitoes.
• Geranium plant and oil will repel Mosquitoes if there are not a lot of them. A Good technique is to use both geranium and Marigolds to create a border around your Outside sitting area[15].
• Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Grown into a composite clump about 15” Across. We cut the tops every couple of Weeks because it shaded out the other herbs in the herb bed (lots of green stuff for The compost), but it quickly grew back. And We found it keeps the mosquitoes away.

Orange used in repel the mosquitoes

Important micronutrients, such as vitamins C and E, as well as carotenoids and flavonoids, are found in the human diet and are necessary for maintaining human health. Almost all plant material contains many dietary sources for these chemicals[18]. The presence of these functional food elements and antioxidant nutraceuticals or phytochemicals contributes to the nutritional value of foods[19]. Phytochemicals are found in edible fruits and vegetables, and when consumed, they may help to regulate human metabolism and avoid chronic and degenerative diseases[20]. Citrus fruits are the primary source of key phytochemical components and have long been prized for their nutritional and antioxidant characteristics[21]. Oranges' high vitamin and mineral content has been scientifically demonstrated to provide numerous health benefits. Furthermore, other biologically active, non-nutrient compounds found in citrus fruits, such as phytochemical antioxidants and soluble and insoluble dietary fibres, are now recognised as beneficial in lowering the risk of cancer, as well as many chronic diseases such as arthritis, obesity, and coronary heart disease[22]. Orange itself is boon as its repellent activities against various insects such as cockroaches, beetle mosquitoes, etc. The seeds and powder of its peels is used in various ways in controlling pests in storage. Its seeds and peels contain certain compounds which varied the level of bitterness and these compounds have been tested against insects and proved to be effective[23]. The beneficial roles of orange are as follows:

• Antibacterial activity
• Source of vitamin C
• Antifungal activity
• Antioxidant activity
• Anti-Obesity activity
• Activity in cardiovascular system
• Protective of UV activity
• Relaxant, Sedative and Anxiolytic activities
• Insecticidal activity

Importance of Orange in the economy:

Orange (Citrus sinensis) is one of the world’s major fruit crops with global availability and popularity in human diets. Albert Lasker invented orange juice as the solution for the solution for orange overproduction, years later people start invented orange juice as a commercial product and start to sell it. The largest producer of orange juice in the world is Brazil, followed by the U.S.A., India, China and Spain.Citrus sinensis has a world production of 49.6 million metric tons for the year 2016-2017 (USDA, 2017).

CONCLUSION:

Mosquitoes continue to be a major hazard to global health since they are carriers of many infectious diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where their survival and reproduction are encouraged. Mosquito populations and their range of activity have rapidly increased due to environmental factors including deforestation and mechanized farming, as well as the growing spread of diseases carried by mosquitoes.The best way to repel mosquitoes, when compared to synthetic methods, is to use natural repellents. However, because natural repellents can evaporate completely, they may need to be reapplied more frequently to maintain full protection. This can be addressed by creating different dosage forms of volatile oil, such as lotions, ointments, and creams, using different water-removable bases.In light of these drawbacks, research on safer, more environmentally friendly, and natural mosquito control methods is becoming more and more important.Because they are sustainable, non-toxic, and biodegradable, plant-based repellents present a promising alternative.  An inventive and environmentally responsible method is the use of natural substances, such orange peel extract, to create cotton garments that repel mosquitoes.  In addition to lowering health hazards, these natural formulations also lessen reliance on dangerous synthetic chemicals.Thus, the creation and use of plant-based insect repellents can be seen as a safe, sustainable, and successful approach to preventing mosquito-borne illnesses in the contemporary world.

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