Preparation And Evaluation of Kalanchoe Pinnata Herbal Tea for Kidney Stone Treatment

Herbal tea is a beverage made by steeping herbs, spices, flowers, or other plant materials in hot water. Unlike traditional teas (like black, green, or oolong), herbal tea is usually caffeine-free and doesn’t come from the Camellia sinensis tea plant.[1] Kalanchoe pinnata also known as the “miracle leaf” or “Bryophyllum,” is a plant that belongs to the Crassulaceae family. It is commonly found in tropical regions and is known for its medicinal properties. The plant contains alkaloids flavonoids, and some phenolic compounds tannins, microelements like magnesium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium. Kalanchoe pinnata leaves contain astragalin, 3,8-dimethoxy4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, friedelin, epigallocatechin-3-o- striate, luteolin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, quercitin-3L-rhamonsido-L-arabino furanoside, quercitin-3-O- Diarbinoside and kaempferol-3-glucoside.[2]  Kalanchoe pinnata also known as kalanchoe pinnata, is a succulent plants native to madagascar. It has used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. [3]  Kalanchoe is a medicinal plant largely used in folk medicine for the treatment of kidney stones, gastric ulcer, pulmonary infection, rheumatoid arthritis etc. kalanchoe pinnata has become naturalized in temperate regions of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, west Indies, Macaronesia, mascarenes, polynesia, and Hawaii.

In French Polynesia, kalanchoe pinnata has been declared a threat to biodiversity.

It is also widely distributed in the Philippines and it is Known as katakataka or kataka-taka which is also an adjective meaning astonishing or remarkable. In India it is cultivated in gardens and wild on the hills of North-Western India, Deccan and Bengal.[4]  Kidney stones, the formation of stones in the kidneys, is one of the oldest known and widespread diseases in the urinary tract. It is the third most common disorder among urinary diseases. The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and is related to genetics, diet, and low activity. Kidney stones are hard deposits made up of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.[5] The main types of kidney stones include: 1) Calcium stones – Most common type (about 80%). Usually made of calcium oxalate, sometimes calcium phosphate. 2) Uric acid stones – Form in people who lose too much fluid or have a high-protein diet. 3) Struvite stones – Often form after urinary tract infections (UTIs). Made of magnesium ammonium phosphate. 4)Cystine stones – Rare. Caused by a genetic disorder called cystinuria.[6] The development of kidney stones is not completely understood. Generally, it is believed that urolithiasis, the process of stone formation in the urinary tract, causes crystal aggregation, nucleation, and growth of insoluble particles.[7] The stones may cause various symptoms like a severe pain, urinary tract obstruction, infection. Treatment and management of kidney stones relies on surgical techniques and synthetic drugs like diuretics and lithotriptic agents, often come with undesirable side effects and high recurrence rates. This has spurred growing interest in alternative, plant-based remedies that are safer, cost-effective, and holistic.[8]

Advantages Of KP Herbal Tea:

1. Antiurolithiatic Properties: By preventing crystal aggregation and promoting stone breakdown, these properties help stop kidney stones from forming and growing.

2. Natural Diuretic: Encourages the production of urine, which can aid in the removal of minor stones and lower the chance of developing new ones.

 3. Packed with Antioxidants: Contains flavonoids and other substances that lower oxidative stress, which is linked to the formation of kidney stones. [9]

 4. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Assists in lowering urinary tract inflammation, which lessens stone-related pain and discomfort.

 5. Safe and Natural: Provides a chemical-free, plant-based substitute for traditional drugs with fewer adverse effects.

6. Cost-effective: Easily prepared and affordable compared to synthetic drugs and surgical treatments.

7. Other Health Benefits: In addition to kidney health, tea has long been used to treat wounds, coughs, ulcers, and strengthen the immune system. [10]

Scope Of Study:

Aim of Research:

The formulation, production, and assessment of herbal tea derived from Kalanchoe pinnata leaves which are commonly used in folk medicine to treat kidney stones are the main topics of this study. The study's scope comprises:

1. Gathering and verifying leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata from a trustworthy source.

2. Making a herbal tea infusion according to established procedures to guarantee quality and repeatability.

3. To find active ingredients such flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds that could support anti-urolithiatic (anti-kidney stone) action, the herbal tea is subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening.

4. Assessment of the tea's physicochemical characteristics, including its pH, flavour, colour, and scent.

The study is to investigate Kalanchoe pinnata potential as a safe and efficient herbal tea formulation and to substantiate the traditional claims about it as a natural treatment for kidney stones.

Objective of Research:

1. To gather and verify Kalanchoe pinnata leaves in order to prepare the herbal tea recipe.

 2. To establish a consistent process for making herbal tea with Kalanchoe pinnata.

 3. To evaluate the tea's diuretic and antioxidant properties, which might aid in the treatment of kidney stones.

 4. To assess the herbal tea formulation's palatability and safety for potential medical applications.

Plan Of Research:

1. Literature Review

2. Collection and Authentication of Plant Material

3. Preparation of Herbal Tea

4. Phytochemical Screening

5. Formulation Development

6. Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity

7. Antioxidant and Diuretic Studies (optional/if applicable)

8. Toxicity and Safety Assessment

9. Data Analysis and Interpretation

10. Conclusion and Recommendations

Benefits Of KP Herbal Tea:

1. Prevents Kidney Stone Formation

2. Promotes Stone Dissolution

3. Natural Diuretic

4. Anti-inflammatory Properties

5. Antioxidant Action

6. Supports Urinary Tract Health

7. Safe and Natural Remedy [11]

Herbal Ingredients:

1.Kalanchoe pinnata:

• Botanical Name: Kalanchoe pinnata (also known as Bryophyllum pinnatum)
• Family: Crassulaceae
• Common Names: Life plant, Miracle leaf, Air plant, Cathedral bells, Pattharchatta (Hindi), Panfuti (Marathi), Ranapala (Bengali) [12]
• Information: Kalanchoe pinnata is a succulent medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine. [13
• Uses:

• Anti-urolithiatic: Used to treat kidney stones
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antimicrobial
• Wound healing
• Antioxidant

Figure No 1

Benefits:

• Kidney Stone Removal (Anti-urolithiatic)
• Wound Healing
• Anti-inflammatory & Pain Relief
• Antimicrobial Action
• Respiratory Relief
• Antiulcer Properties
• Liver Protection (Hepatoprotective) [14]

2. Cardamom:

• Common Name: Elaichi / Cardamom
• Botanical Name: Elettaria cardamomum
• Family: Zingiberaceae (Ginger family) [15]

Figure 2. Cardamom

Uses:

• Flavoring Dishes
• For Digestion
• For Bad Breath
• For Cough & Cold
• For Detox

Benefits:

• Aids Digestion
• Freshens Breath
• Rich in Antioxidants
• Supports Heart Health
• Helps Detoxify the Body
• Improves Oral Health
• Boosts Metabolism
• Relieves Respiratory Issues
• Regulates Blood Sugar
• Enhances Mood [16]

3. Purified Water:

• Synonyms: Aqua, distilled water

Figure 3. Purified Water

Uses:

• Brewing Herbal Teas
• Enhancing Herbal Potency
• Cold Infusions or Detox Teas
• Herbal Concentrates & Syrups
• Herbal Steam Inhalation

Benefits:

• Preserves Herbal Properties
• Improves Taste and Aroma
• Prevents Contamination
• Enhances Nutrient Absorption
• Gentle on the Stomach
• Safe for Daily Use [17]

METHODOLOGY:       

Ingredients

Table No:1 Herbal Ingredients

Table No:2 Required apparatus

Table No:3 Function of herbal ingredients

Procedure:

1. Collection of Plant Material:

Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata will be collected from a clean, pesticide-free area.

2. Cleaning and Drying: Leaves will be washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove dirt and contaminants.

• Fresh leaves (if used) will be steamed immediately after harvesting to prevent oxidation.
• The leaves will then be dried using hot air or shade-drying to preserve phytoconstituents.
• Add 2 – 3 green cardamom crushed pods for flavor

3.Packaging:

• To protect from moisture, light, oxygen, and contamination.
• To ensure ease of use, transport, and storage.

A. Primary Packaging (Direct Contact with Tea)

• Contains measured quantities (1–2 g) of kalanchoe pinnata tea.
• Made from food-grade filter paper or biodegradable PLA mesh.

Aluminum Foil Pouches:

• Vacuum-sealed or nitrogen-flushed to prevent oxidation.
• Excellent barrier against moisture, oxygen, and light.

B. Secondary Packaging (Outer Packaging):

• Paperboard Boxes: Used to hold multiple sachets or jars.
• Provides additional protection and branding.

Labeled with:

Brand name, ingredients, batch number, expiry date, nutritional info, usage instructions, and storage conditions.

4.Preparation of KP herbal Tea:

Infusion method of extraction:

• 1 tea bag of kp herbal tea bag dip into 100ml of boiling purified water.
• The tea bag will be steeped for 1– 2 minutes with occasional stirring.
• Add honey or lemon (optional) if you prefer a milder or sweet flavor
• Consume once or twice daily while warm for best results.

Evaluation Test for KP Herbal Tea:

1. Organoleptic evaluation:

2. Phytochemical Screening

1. Alkaloids
2. Flavonoids
3. Tannins
4. Saponins
5. Glycosides
6. Phenols

1.Alkaloids:

A broad class of organic substances found in nature, alkaloids are mostly composed of basic nitrogen atoms, frequently found in heterocyclic rings.  Many of them have important pharmacological and toxicological effects, and they are mostly generated by plants and some microbes. [18]

Uses of Alkaloids:

• Pain Relief
• Neurological Effects
• Stimulants
• Anticancer Agents
• Antimalarials
• Cardiovascular Drugs

3. Flavonoids:

 Flavonoids are a group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants. These compounds exhibit diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. [19]

Flavonoids Contain:

• Quercetin
• Kaempferol
• Rutin
• Bryophyllin A

I. Quercetin:

• UPAC name: 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone
• Systemic IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
• Other names: 5,7,3′,4′-flavon-3-ol, Sophoretin, Meletin, Quercetine, Xanthaurine, Quercetol, Quercitin, Quertine, Flavin meletin [20]

Role of Quercetin in Kidney Stone Treatment:

1. Antioxidant Protection:

• Kidney stone formation causes oxidative stress in renal tissues due to crystal-induced injury.
• Quercetin neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to renal tubular cells.
• Helps preserve renal function and prevents crystal-induced nephrotoxicity. [21]

2. Inhibits Crystal Formation and Growth:

Interferes with the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals—the most common type of kidney stone.

Prevents crystals from sticking to kidney cells and forming larger stones.

3. Anti-inflammatory Action:

Lowers the production of inflammatory cytokines that are increased as a result of crystal deposition, including as TNF-α and IL-6. aids in shielding the kidneys from harm caused by inflammation when stones develop. [22]

4. Renal Protective Activity:

• Quercetin improves kidney function by stabilizing renal membranes and enhancing antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase, SOD).
• Promotes tissue repair in kidneys damaged by stones. [23]

Evidence from Studies:

Animal models (rats with calcium oxalate stones) treated with quercetin show:

• Decreased crystal deposition in kidneys
• Improved kidney histology
• Lower oxidative stress markers (MDA)
• Increased antioxidant enzyme levels

Quercetin also reduces pain and discomfort caused by stone movement through the urinary tract due to its anti-inflammatory effect. [24]

Kaempferol:

• IUPAC name: 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone
• Synthetic IUPAC name: 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
• Other names: Kaempherol; Robigenin; Pelargidenolon; Rhamnolutein; Rhamnolutin; Populnetin; Trifolitin; Kempferol; Swartziol [25]

Role of Kaempferol in kidney stones

1.?Inhibition of Crystal Formation:

The main ingredient in the majority of kidney stones, calcium oxalate crystals, are prevented from forming, growing, and aggregating by kaempferol.  It aids in preventing the clumping and attachment of these crystals to renal tissue. [26]

2.?Antioxidant Action:

Strong antioxidant kaempferol combats free radicals in renal tissues. This shields kidney cells from oxidative stress brought on by crystal deposition, a major contributor to the development of stones. [27]

3.?Anti-inflammatory Effect:

By blocking pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-6, it lessens renal inflammation and helps prevent kidney tissue damage from stone development. [28]

4.?Renal Protective Properties:

By boosting antioxidant enzymes like catalase and SOD (superoxide dismutase), kaempferol promotes kidney function.  It promotes faster healing in injured regions and preserves the integrity of kidney tissue. [29]

iii. Rutin:

IUPAC name: 3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy] flavone

Synthetic IUPAC name:

 4²S,4³R,4⁴S,4⁵S,4⁶R,7²R,7³R,7⁴R,7⁵R,7⁶S)-1³,1⁴,2⁵,2⁷,4³,4⁴,4⁵,7³,7⁴,7⁵-Decahydroxy-7⁶-methyl-2⁴H-3,6-dioxa-2(2,3)- [1] benzopyrana-4(2,6),7(2)-bis(oxana)-1(1)-benzenaheptaphane-2⁴-one

Other names: Ruto side (INN), Phytomelin, Sophorin, Birutan, Eldrin, Birutan Forte, Rutin trihydrate, Globularicitrin, Violaquercitrin, Quercetin rutinoside. [30]

Roles of Rutin in Kidney Stone Treatment:

1.?Prevents Crystal Adhesion and Aggregation:

Rutin inhibits calcium oxalate crystals’ capacity to adhere to the renal tubule lining. It might inhibit the production of big, harmful stones by interfering with crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation.

2.?Improves Diuresis (Urine Flow):

Rutin lowers the risk of stone formation by encouraging moderate diuretic action, which is particularly beneficial when combined with other herbs. [31]

Bryophyllin A

IUPAC name:

(1S,4R,5S,8R,9R,11R,12S,13R,14R,18S)-5,11-dihydroxy-9,16-dimethyl-8-(2-oxo-2H-pyran-5-yl)-15,17,20-trioxahexacyclo [14.3.1.1¹?, ¹?.0¹, ¹³.0?, ¹².0?, ?] henicosane-13-carbaldehyde

Roles of Bryophyllin An in-Kidney Stone Treatment:

• Anti-urolithiatic Activity
• Antioxidant Properties
• Anti-inflammatory Effects
• Diuretic Action
• Renal Protective Effect
• Inhibition of Crystal Nucleation and Aggregation [32]

3.Tannins:

Tannin in Kalanchoe pinnata refers to a naturally occurring group of polyphenolic compounds found in its leaves and stem.  These substances support the plant's therapeutic qualities and are a component of its defence mechanism.

Potential Effects of Tannins in Kidney Stones:

1.Anti-lithic (Anti-stone) Potential:

• According to certain research, plants that contain tannins may help avoid kidney stones by:
• Preventing the most prevalent kind of kidney stone, calcium oxalate crystallisation.
• Serving as antioxidants and lowering oxidative stress, which is a factor in the development of stones. [33]

2.Diuretic Action:

Certain herbs high in tannins have moderate diuretic properties that can help cleanse the kidneys and lower the risk of kidney stones.

3.Binding with Minerals:

Tannins can bind to minerals like calcium and iron. This may reduce calcium availability and, in theory, reduce calcium stone formation — but it might also reduce nutrient absorption, which could be harmful if not balanced. [34]

Pharmacological Effects of Kalanchoe Pinnata On Kidney Stones: 

Antiurolithiatic Activity: The potential of Kalanchoe pinnata to both prevent and facilitate the breakdown of kidney stones (urolithiasis), particularly calcium oxalate stones, has been investigated.

Mechanisms of Action:

Inhibition of stone nucleation and aggregation:

Calcium oxalate crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation are inhibited by phytochemicals found in K. pinnata, such as flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides. This stops new stone formation and decreases the size of existing stones. [35]

Diuretic effect:

By increasing urine production, the plant aids in the removal of tiny crystals and keeps them from remaining in the urinary tract. The chemicals that cause stones, such as calcium and oxalates, are diluted by increased urine volume. [36]

Antioxidant activity:

Crystal adhesion can be promoted by oxidative stress, which damages renal epithelial cells.  Flavonoids and phenolic substances found in K. pinnata scavenge free radicals and protect renal tissue.

Alkalinizing effect on urine:

It may slightly raise urinary pH, which can inhibit uric acid and cystine stone formation.

Renoprotective Activity:

K. pinnata helps repair damaged renal tissue due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant components.  [37]

Key Phytochemicals Involved:

• Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol): Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, crystal growth inhibitors.
• Saponins: Inhibit crystal aggregation and promote dissolution.
• Tannins & glycosides: Contribute to diuretic and antiurolithiatic actions.
• Phenolic compounds: Antioxidant and protective to renal epithelial cells. [38]

Flavouring Agents (Optional):

Honey:

1. Enhances Taste:

• balances Kalanchoe pinnata's earthy or somewhat bitter taste.
• adds sweetness naturally without the need of manufactured sugar.

2. Reduces Throat Pain:

particularly beneficial if the tea is used to treat sore throats, colds, or coughs. [39].

A lemon:

1.  Enhances Flavor:

Gives Kalanchoe pinnata a bright, zesty taste that counteracts its harshness.

2. Enhances Vitamin C:

Makes the immune system stronger.

Promotes wound healing and healthy skin.

3.  Facilitates Digestion:

Reduces bloating and increases the production of stomach acid.

Safety And Toxicity:

Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid use due to potential uterine stimulant effects. May interact with medications, especially diuretics, antihypertensives, or drugs metabolized by the liver.

Why Intake Kalanchoe Pinnata Herbal Tea:

1.Support for the Immune System: Increases immunity because of bioactive chemicals and antioxidants.

• Used historically to both prevent and treat illnesses.
• Urinary and Kidney Health: Helps eliminate toxins and extra fluid by acting as a natural diuretic.
• Used in traditional medicine to treat urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
• Aid for Digestion: Relieves acid reflux, gastritis, and ulcers. Improves gut health and facilitates digestion.
• Control of Blood Sugar: May aid in controlling blood sugar levels in those who have diabetes or prediabetes (further study is needed).

Pharmacological Effect:

Alkaloids:

• Analgesic pain alleviation
• Impacts on the nervous system
• Advantages for the heart
• Potential antimalarial and anticancer effects

Regarding K. Pinnata tea:

• Modify the pathways that cause pain and inflammation to support kidney health.
• May help improve circulation and renal perfusion, among other systemic benefits.

2.Flavonoids:

• Antioxidant: Counteract oxidative stress, which is connected to the development of stones.
• Anti-inflammatory: Lower cytokines that cause kidney inflammation, such as TNF-α and IL-6.
• Antiurolithiatic: Prevents the formation, development, and aggregation of crystals.
• Renoprotective: Promote tissue healing and safeguard renal tubular cells.
• Diuretics: Help flush away crystals by increasing urine production.

3.Tannins:

• Antilithic: May stop calcium oxalate from crystallizing.
• Diuretics: Encourage the flow of urine and kidney cleaning.
• Antioxidant: Decrease oxidative stress in the kidneys.
• Although excessive usage may decrease nutritional absorption, mineral binding: Bind calcium, perhaps preventing the development of stones.

4.Saponins:

• Inhibit crystal aggregation: Stop crystals from adhering and expanding.
• Promoter of dissolution: Aids in the breakdown of pre-existing kidney stones.
• Diuretics and anti-inflammatory drugs: increase urine production and lessen urinary tract irritation.

5.Glycosides

• Contribute to diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Support renal detoxification and urinary health.

6.Phenols

• Potent antioxidants: Destroy free radicals in the kidneys.
• Protective: Prevent damage to the epithelium and preserve the integrity of kidney cells. [40]

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The formulated Kalanchoe pinnata (KP) herbal tea was evaluated for its organoleptic properties, phytochemical constituents, and potential therapeutic benefits. The following observations were recorded:

Phytochemical Screening:

Preliminary analysis confirmed the presence of key phytoconstituents:

• Alkaloids
• Flavonoids (including quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin)
• Tannins
• Saponins
• Glycosides
• Phenols

Functional Properties (based on phytochemical roles and literature review):

Antiurolithiatic Activity: Flavonoids and saponins present in KP inhibit crystal nucleation, aggregation, and growth of calcium oxalate stones.

Antioxidant Effects: Quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin demonstrated strong antioxidant potential, supporting renal protection.

Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Actions:

Observed from the traditional use and confirmed by phytochemical presence, supporting urinary flow and reducing inflammation.

Organoleptic Evaluation: