View Article

Abstract

The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids - which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems, it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. It is been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This review discusses the types and various applications of human organoids as models and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments.

Keywords

Human organoids, stem cells, Drosophila melanogaster, E.coli, Caenorhabditis elegans

Reference

  1. Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, et al. Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature. 2009; 459: 262- 265.
  2. Peng W, Datta P, Wu Y, et al. Challenges in bio-fabrication of organoid cultures. Cell Biology and Translational Medicine. Vol 3. New York: Springer, Cham; 2018: 53- 71.
  3. Qian X, Nguyen HN, Song MM, et al. Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Cell. 2016; 165: 1238- 1254.
  4. Ovando-Roche P, West EL, Branch MJ, et al. Use of bioreactors for culturing human retinal organoids improves photoreceptor yields. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018; 9: 156.
  5. Qian X, Su Y, Adam CD, et al. Sliced human cortical organoids for modeling distinct cortical layer formation. Cell Stem Cell. 2020; 26: 766- 781.e9.
  6. Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin C-A, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 2013; 501: 373- 379.
  7. Rossi G, Manfrin A, Lutolf MP. Progress and potential in organoid research. Nat Rev Genet. 2018; 19: 671- 687.
  8. Ootani A, Li X, Sangiorgi E, et al. Sustained in vitro intestinal epithelial culture within a Wnt-dependent stem cell niche. Nat Med. 2009; 15: 701- 706.
  9. Wilmer MJ, Ng CP, Lanz HL, Vulto P, Suter-Dick L, Masereeuw R. Kidney-on-a-chip technology for drug-induced nephrotoxicity screening. Trends Biotechnol. 2016; 34: 156- 170.
  10. Wang Y, Shao Z, Zheng W, et al. A 3D construct of the intestinal canal with wrinkle morphology on a centrifugation configuring microfluidic chip. Biofabrication. 2019; 11:045001.
  11. Yu F, Zhuo S, Qu Y, et al. On chip two-photon metabolic imaging for drug toxicity testing. Biomicrofluidics. 2017; 11:034108.
  12. Yu F, Deng R, Tong WH, et al. A perfusion incubator liver chip for 3D cell culture with application on chronic hepatotoxicity testing. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 1- 16.
  13. Bhatia SN, Ingber DE. Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 760- 772.
  14. Yu F, Hunziker W, Choudhury D. Engineering microfluidic organoid-on-a-chip platforms. Micromachines. 2019; 10: 165.
  15. Hassan S, Sebastian S, Maharjan S, et al. Liver-on-a-chip models of fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2020; 71: 733- 740.
  16. Zhang T, Lih D, Nagao RJ, Xue J. Open microfluidic coculture reveals paracrine signaling from human kidney epithelial cells promotes kidney specificity of endothelial cells. Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol. 2020; 319(1): F41- F51.
  17. Kitsara M, Kontziampasis D, Agbulut O, Chen Y. Heart on a chip: micro-nanofabrication and microfluidics steering the future of cardiac tissue engineering. Microelectron Eng. 2019; 203: 44- 62.
  18. Huh D, Matthews BD, Mammoto A, Montoya-Zavala M, Hsin HY, Ingber DE. Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip. Science. 2010; 328: 1662- 1668.
  19. Honrado C, McGrath JS, Reale R, Bisegna P, Swami NS, Caselli F. A neural network approach for real-time particle/cell characterization in microfluidic impedance cytometry. Analy Bioanal Chem. 2020; 412(16): 3835- 3845.
  20. Zhao Y, Kankala RK, Wang S-B, Chen A-Z. Multi-organs-on-chips: towards long-term biomedical investigations. Molecules. 2019; 24: 675.
  21. Bovard D, Sandoz A. How to build your multiorgan-on-a-chip system: a case study. Organ-on-a-Chip. USA: Academic Press: Elsevier; 2020: 463- 506.
  22. Zhang YS, Aleman J, Shin SR, et al. Multisensor-integrated organs-on-chips platform for automated and continual in situ monitoring of organoid behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017; 114: E2293- E2302.
  23. Maschmeyer I, Lorenz AK, Schimek K, et al. A four-organ-chip for interconnected long-term co-culture of human intestine, liver, skin and kidney equivalents. Lab Chip. 2015; 15: 2688- 2699.
  24. Xinaris, C. et al. 2015. Organoid Models and Applications in Biomedical Research, Experimental Nephrology and Genetics: Review, 130, pp. 191-199.
  25. Broutier, L. et al. 2017. Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening, Nature Medicine, 23, pp. 1424-1435.
  26. Nakamura, T. & Sato, T. 2018. Advancing Intestinal Organoid Technology toward Regenerative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology, 5, pp. 51-60.
  27. Noordhoeck, J. et al. 2016. Intestinal organoids and personalized medicine in cystic fibrosis: a successful patient-oriented research collaboration, Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 22, pp. 610-616.

Photo
Dr. Pittu Vishnu Priya
Corresponding author

Joginpally B.R Pharmacy College, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 075.

Photo
Keshineni Shravani
Co-author

Joginpally B.R Pharmacy College, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 075.

Photo
Pabbathi Sai Divya
Co-author

Joginpally B.R Pharmacy College, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 075.

Photo
AVSSS Gupta
Co-author

Joginpally B.R Pharmacy College, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 075.

Keshineni Shravani, Pabbathi Sai Divya, Dr. Pittu Vishnu Priya, AVSSS Gupta, Organoids As Promising Tools In Therapy, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci., 2023, Vol 1, Issue 8, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8278936

More related articles
An Approach Of Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) T...
Somashekhar M Metri, Ashwini Paschapur, Anushree Suga, Trupti A H...
Exploring The Multifaceted Mechanisms Of Amphetami...
Arnab Roy, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Abrarul Haque, Pratik Mondal, Gaut...
A Review of Dapagliflozin Effect On Disease Condit...
P. Shaheera, G. Anjani Tejaswi, A. Navyasree, M. Bala Tripur Sund...
Study Of Diabetic Complication Of Urinary Tract Infection: A Review...
Aditi S. Sarda, Pratiksha R. Gawande , Nilima M. Bhoskar, Pravin K. Bhoyar, Somesh M. Bawane, ...
Related Articles
Panorama In Immunotherapeutic Approaches For Cancer...
Salunke Yashraj Rajendra , Sakshi Anil Unde, Vaishnavi Vitthal Vane, Bhagat Devika Babasaheb, Mahek ...
Advancements in Understanding the Neuromuscular Junction: Implications for Muscl...
Arnab Roy, K. Rajeswar Dutt, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Sudarshan Rawani, Gangadhar Singh, Suraj Kumar, Ami...
A Case Report On Bartter Syndrome...
Amal A, Sreehariharan J. M., Ajima K. S., Shaiju S. Dharan, Dhanya Dharman, ...
Benzothiophene: Assorted Bioactive Effects...
Sreeja S. , Vani V. , Akshay Kumar A. , B. Gopika, Devatharun V. R. , Fevin John, Thrisha Cherian, ...
An Approach Of Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) Tools For In-silico Evaluation ...
Somashekhar M Metri, Ashwini Paschapur, Anushree Suga, Trupti A Hunnura, Hanamant B Sannakk, ...
More related articles
An Approach Of Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) Tools For In-silico Evaluation ...
Somashekhar M Metri, Ashwini Paschapur, Anushree Suga, Trupti A Hunnura, Hanamant B Sannakk, ...
Exploring The Multifaceted Mechanisms Of Amphetamines And Their Impact On Neurot...
Arnab Roy, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Abrarul Haque, Pratik Mondal, Gautam Mahto, Balraj Kumar, Nisha Kumar...
A Review of Dapagliflozin Effect On Disease Conditions Like Diabetes Mellitus, H...
P. Shaheera, G. Anjani Tejaswi, A. Navyasree, M. Bala Tripur Sundari, P. Seetharamaiah, ...
An Approach Of Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) Tools For In-silico Evaluation ...
Somashekhar M Metri, Ashwini Paschapur, Anushree Suga, Trupti A Hunnura, Hanamant B Sannakk, ...
Exploring The Multifaceted Mechanisms Of Amphetamines And Their Impact On Neurot...
Arnab Roy, Mahesh Kumar Yadav, Abrarul Haque, Pratik Mondal, Gautam Mahto, Balraj Kumar, Nisha Kumar...
A Review of Dapagliflozin Effect On Disease Conditions Like Diabetes Mellitus, H...
P. Shaheera, G. Anjani Tejaswi, A. Navyasree, M. Bala Tripur Sundari, P. Seetharamaiah, ...