Moringa Oleifera: A Comprehensive Review of it’s Morphological, Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Properties

Abstract

Moringa Oleifera, also known as the Drumstick tree, is a common tree. It is one of fourteen species in the family Moringaceae. It is also known as the benzolive tree, horseradish tree, marango tree, mlonge tree, moonga tree, mulngay tree, saijhan tree, sajna tree, or ben oil tree. Because of its high nutritional value and medicinal uses, it is known as the "miracle tree." Moringa Oleifera is a herb with multiple uses, including as a food and alternative medicine. In addition to its compelling water purifying powers. This plant is widely used as a nutritional herb due to its valuable pharmacological actions such as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties. Alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins are all found in Moringa Oleifera, which is highly regarded in folklore and traditional medicine as a treatment for a variety of ailments. This tree contains K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe minerals. This review provides a brief overview about the morphology, phytochemistry and Pharmacological properties of the Drumstick tree.

Keywords

Introduction

Moringa Oleifera (M. oleifera) which is commonly known as Drumstick tree from the long, slender, triangular seed-pods is an angiospermic, fast growing, drought-resistant tree which belongs to family Moringaceae. Additionally known as the horseradish tree (derived the taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish), benzolive tree (from the oil which is derived from the seeds), kelor, marango, mlonge, moonga, mulangay, saijhan, sajna or Ben oil tree. [1]

Moringa oleifera is a deciduous tree that can reach a height of 10 meters and a spread of up to 3 meters. Its bark is smooth and grey, while its leaves are dark green, compound, and feathery.  The plant produces small, white flowers that are highly fragrant, followed by long, thin pods that contain edible seeds. Vitamins A, C, and E, minerals like calcium, iron, and potassium, and antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic acids are all found in abundance in Moringa Oleifera. [2] It has a wide cultivated and naturalized in tropical India, Africa, tropical America, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Malabar, Malaysia and the Philippine Islands.  It is cultivated and naturalized extensively in tropical Africa, tropical America, Sri Lanka, India, Mexico, Malaysia, Malabar, and the Philippines. [3]

Moringa oleifera thrives because of its nutrient-dense seeds, edible leaves, and flowers, which can be used as food, medicine, cosmetic oil, livestock feed, or other purposes. [4] Moringa Oleifera tree is also known as the ‘miracle tree’. Due to its capacity to treat more than 300 diseases, Africans used to refer to it as the "Never Die" or "Miracle Tree." [5]

Synonym [6]

• Guilandina moringa L
• Hyperanthera moringa (L.) Vahl
• Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Nom. Illeg.

Vernacular Names [7]

Vernacular names of Moringa Oleifera.

• Latin – Moringa Oleifera
• English – Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Ben tree
• Hindi – Saguna, Sainjna
• Marathi – Sevaga
• Gujarati – Suragava
• Sanskrit – Subhanjana
• Urdu – Sahajana
• Tamil – Morigkai
• Telugu – Mulaga, Munaga
• Malayalam – Murinna, sigru
• Oriya – Munigha, Sajina

Taxonomic classification [8]

• Kingdom - Plantae
• Subkingdom - Tracheobionta
• Super division - Spermatophyte
• Division - Magnoliophyta
• Class - Magnoliopsida
• Subclass - Dilleniidae
• Order - Capparales
• Family - Moringaceae
• Genus - Moringa
• Species – Oleifera

Morphology

Moringa oleifera is short, slender, deciduous, perennial tree, to about 10 m tall; rather slender with drooping branches; branches and stems brittle, with corky bark; leaves feathery, pale green, compound, tripinnate, 30-60 cm long, with many small leaflets, 1.3-2 cm long, 0.6-0.3 cm wide, lateral ones somewhat elliptic, terminal one obovate and slightly larger than the lateral ones; flowers fragrant, white or creamy-white, 2.5 cm in diameter, borne in sprays, with 5 at the top of the flower; stamens yellow; pods pendulous, brown, triangular, splitting lengthwise into 3 parts when dry, 30-120 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, containing about 20 seeds embedded in the pith, pod tapering at both ends, 9-ribbed; seeds dark brown, with 3 papery wings.  Main root is thick.  March and April are fruiting months.[3]

The tree prefers a height of 500 meters above sea level and thrives in loamy, well-drained sandy soils. Normally, the tree is small to medium in size, the leaves are naturally trifoliate, the flowers are born on an inflorescence 10–25 cm long and the fruits are usually trifoliate and commonly referred to as “pods” . The brown seeds have a semi-permeable hull, and each tree has a capacity of approximately 15,000–25,000 seeds per year. The branches are typically disorganized, the canopy is umbrella-shaped, and the trunk typically grows straight but occasionally forms poorly.[9]

Leaves

Dark green, tripinnately compound leaves consist of 4–6 pairs of leaflets per pinnate. The shape of leaves is obovate to elliptical with a size of 1–2 cm in length.[6]

Pods

Fruits are triangular capsules that are referred to as pods. When dry, they are pendulous, brown, and split in three along their length into 30 to 120 centimeters (1.8 centimeters) long segments. During their development, fruits contain approximately 26 seeds. When they reach maturity, immature pods turn brown. [10]

Flowers

The colour of the flowers can range from green to white and have pentamerous and zygomorphic symmetry. The tree bears 10-20 cm long inflorescences with numerous fragrant flowers.[6]

Seeds

Seeds are round 1cm in diameter with brownish semi – permeable seed hull with 3 papery wings hulls of seed are brown to black but can be white if kernels are of low viability.  Each tree can produce approximately 15,000 to 25,000 seeds annually, and viable seeds germinate within two weeks. Each seed averages 0.3 gm in weight.[10]

Phytochemistry

Numerous basic supplements have been found in Moringa oleifera for example nutrients, minerals, amino acids, B carotene, omega 3 and 6 unsaturated fats and cell reinforcements.

The chemical constituents of M. oleifera, including those in its leaves, seeds, roots, flowers, gum, barks and fruit pods, have been extensively studied and can be broadly divided into flavonoids, carbamates, glucosinolates, phenols, steroids and carotenoids.

The leaves contain almost all flavonoids, with quercetin and kaempferol serving as examples. They are mainly in the bound form of glucosides. 36 flavonoids have been isolated from M. oleifera and classified as flavonols and isoflavones.

Carbamates are bioactive compounds and are also present in M. oleifera.  To date, 45 phenols, including their esters and glycosides, have been isolated from the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera.  Beta-Carotenoids, as a micronutrient, exist in many plants and also play an important role in preventing diseases and improving immunity 4.

The leaves of Moringa oleifera contain a significant amount of omega 3 and 6 polyunsaturated unsaturated fats.[11]

M. oleifera contains an impressive array of bioactive compounds distributed throughout its various plant  parts.  The phytochemical profile plays a role in its nutritional value and medicinal properties, with significant variations observed based on geographical plant age, soil conditions, and location. [12]

Nutritional properties

All parts of the drumstick tree Moringa oleifera contain both beneficial and harmful nutrients. The leaves are rich in minerals such as calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and copper.  They also contain vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E, as well as vitamin A (also known as beta-carotene), B vitamins like folic acid, pyridoxine, and nicotinic acid. Tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, and reducing sugars are just a few of the natural plant chemicals found in the leaves. They also contain glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycosides, and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate, all of which have anti-cancer properties. Moringa leaves are low in calories, making them a healthy choice for people who are overweight.  Fiber, which aids in digestion and may help prevent colon cancer, is abundant in the pods. Young pods have about 20.66% protein and 46.78% fiber, according to research. Amino acids are found in approximately 30% of the pods, 44% of the leaves, and 31% of the flowers. Fatty acids like palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids are present in similar amounts in the young flowers and pods. [13]

Pharmacological properties

Antimicrobial Activity

The assorted extracts of Moringa’s morphological parts such as seeds cotyledon, seeds’ coat, stem bark, leaves, root bark are reported to possess antimicrobial potential (Arora et al., 2013).  Onsare et al. (2013) recently published preliminary research on the aqueous extract of pod husks’ antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and yeast strains.[14]

Moringa oleifera exhibits antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria in its leaves, roots, bark, and seeds. Using the disc-diffusion method, the plant exhibits in vitro activity against helminths, yeast, dermatophytes, and bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus are prevented from growing by the fresh leaves and an aqueous extract made from the seeds. [15]

Anti-inflammatory Activity

The most promising uses of Moringa extract is in the treatment of numerous types of acute and chronic inflammations. Can lead to chronic diseases like diabetes, respiratory problems, Obesity, arthritic disease, and cardiovascular disease. Moringa reduces inflammation by suppressing inflammatory enzymes and proteins in the body, and leaf extract has the potential to significantly reduce inflammation in the cells.[16] Methanolic and aqueous extract of root and bark, methanolic extract of leaves and flowers and ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera posses anti-inflammatory activity.  Using carrageenan-induced and the extract, in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity from hot water infusions of Moringa oleifera flowers, leaves, roots, seeds, stalks, or bark was pharmacologically evaluated.[17]

The body's defensive response to stimuli Is inflammation, which has been linked to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.  In LPS-stimulated cells, it has been demonstrated that Moringa Oleifera seed extracts reduce No, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta production. Mouse macrophages.  Which are signs that something is inflamed.[18]

Antidiabetic Activity

Hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar, is one of the most common symptoms of diabetes, a complicated metabolic condition. The number of people with diabetes is increasing around the world, making it a major health concern.  As a result, diabetes prevention and management have grown in importance, and numerous efforts are being made to lessen its effects. Diabetes affects approximately 439 million adults worldwide. In the past, antibiotics were sometimes used to treat complications linked to diabetes.  However, animal studies revealed that some of these antibiotics, like pentamidine, harm pancreatic cells. Streptozotocin, a different antibiotic, has the potential to harm these cells' mitochondria, break DNA, and lower the amount of cellular energy (ATP). Numerous plant-based compounds, including those in Moringa oleifera, have demonstrated promise for diabetes management, particularly type 2 diabetes. Strong anti-diabetic properties have been found in the dried leaf powder and various M. oleifera extracts (made with water, methanol, or ethanol from leaves, pods, seeds, stems, and root bark). Additionally, research indicates that streptozotocin-induced and type 1 diabetes can be managed with the assistance of the residue from the aqueous extract of M. oleifera. M. oleifera leaf extract has been shown in experiments with diabetic mice to not only have antibacterial properties but also to assist in repairing the structure of pancreatic cells in diabetic rats, supporting its potential as a natural treatment option. [19]

Anticancer Activity

Hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar, is one of the most common symptoms of diabetes, a complicated metabolic condition. The number of people with diabetes is increasing around the world, making it a major health concern.  As a result, diabetes prevention and management have grown in importance, and numerous efforts are being made to lessen its effects. Diabetes affects approximately 439 million adults worldwide. In the past, antibiotics were sometimes used to treat complications linked to diabetes.  However, animal studies revealed that some of these antibiotics, like pentamidine, harm pancreatic cells. Streptozotocin, a different antibiotic, has the potential to harm these cells' mitochondria, break DNA, and lower the amount of cellular energy (ATP). Numerous plant-based compounds, including those in Moringa oleifera, have demonstrated promise for diabetes management, particularly type 2 diabetes. Strong anti-diabetic properties have been found in the dried leaf powder and various M. oleifera extracts (made with water, methanol, or ethanol from leaves, pods, seeds, stems, and root bark). Additionally, research indicates that streptozotocin-induced and type 1 diabetes can be managed with the assistance of the residue from the aqueous extract of M. oleifera. M. oleifera leaf extract has been shown in experiments with diabetic mice to not only have antibacterial properties but also to assist in repairing the structure of pancreatic cells in diabetic rats, supporting its potential as a natural treatment option..[13]

Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidants are well-liked because they scavenge free radicals that cause oxidative stress, cell damage, and inflammation. The leaves, flowers, and seeds of Moringa oleifera contain antioxidants known as flavonoids, polyphenols, and ascorbic acid. According to studies, the plant has a high antioxidant capacity because it contains a lot of polyphenols. Tocopherols—tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, vanillin, kaempferol, quercetin, -carotene (-)-catechin, astragalin, and isoquercetin—and feluric, gallic, and ellagic acids—-sitosterol, myricetin, niazimycin, niacimicin A and B—provide this. [21]

Antiulcer Activity

Moringa oleifera’s antiulcer activity has also been studied.[22] There are studies that show that the extract of leaves and fruits of Moringa oleifera has ability to heal chronic gastric ulcers induced via acetic acid.[23] Natural medications have been found to be significant contributors to the treatment of liver fibrosis. In the search for an efficient anti-fibrotic agent, constant efforts and studies are being made on these natural drugs to treat liver fibrosis. [14]

Hepatoprotective Activity

The characteristics of protection against liver damage are reported in Moringa leaf extracts, and they also help in reducing liver fibrosis. Among the numerous flavonoids in Moringa (quercetin, kaempferol, isoquercetin, rhamnetin, etc.), quercetin in Moringa uh is thought to be responsible for the hepatoprotective effect. Methanolic Extract at low dose showed significant changes in the hepato-renal and hematological profile of the concentration of aminotransferase in the blood, plasma cholesterol, alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, and serum LPO levels.  On the other hand, a higher extract dosage altered blood total bilirubin and urea nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen levels and decreased clotting time .  The seeds were also effective against the liver fibrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride, as evidenced by a decreased serum aminotransferase activity and globulin levels .  Regular treatment with the for approximately 21 days, this plant extract significantly reduced dietary liver damage, and this effect was attributed to the alkaloid, quercetin, kaempferol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and benzyl  Glucosinolates present in this plant.[24]

Cardiovascular Activity

A group of diseases and disorders that have an effect on the heart and blood vessels, and it is the leading cause of death world-wide.  For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to cure cardiovascular disease of the arteries. This may be due to their antioxidant, vasodilator, adrenoceptor, and platelet activating factor (PAF) properties. In patients with, numerous surgical treatments for any of these plants’ cardiovascular functions have been investigated. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, thromboembolism, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral insufficiency, venous insufficiency, arrhythmia, among other conditions.[25]

Antiasthmatic Activity

The proposed mechanism for this effect was a direct bronchodilator effect combined with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions and inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity reaction, as demonstrated by various models of asthma. A guinea pig study that used an ethanol extract of the seeds to treat airway inflammation caused by ovalbumin revealed a significant increase in respiratory parameters and a decrease in interleukins in bronchoalveolar lavage. [26]

Moringa oleifera's seed kernels also had a significant impact on the treatment of bronchial asthma. In addition, a study in various human models demonstrated a significant reduction in the severity of asthma symptoms and concurrent improvement in respiratory functions.[27]

Wound healing Activity

Chin et al. wanted to create a standard foil dressing containing M. oleifera leaf extract that could be used to speed up wound healing. An extract of M. oleifera leaves was made for the study with lower concentrations of ethanol and water and absolute ethanol (99.8%). The leaf extract of M. oleifera was cold macerated in a variety of solvents. UHPLC analysis of the extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds following cold extraction. The aqueous extract was found to be the richest. Tests were then carried out on scratched skin. The aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves demonstrated the most effective healing properties. The study's authors claim that the high content of bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, rutoside, and vicenin-2 probably contributed to M. oleifera's healing properties.[28]

Neuroprotective Activity

M. oleifera contains a lot of polyphenols and flavonoids that protect the brain. After exposure during and after pregnancy, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can have neurotoxic effects at certain concentrations. Exposure to DEHP during pregnancy can have negative effects on brain weight and disrupt the development of the central nervous system in rats. SH-SY5Y cells were protected from DEHP-induced apoptosis and maintained mitochondrial membrane permeability and caspase-3 activation, thus realizing the neuroprotective effect of M. oleifera extract on DEHP injury. It was also discovered that M. oleifera extract can restore the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex by regulating and reducing the formation of ROS, prevent oxidative injury by regulating the expression of Nrf2/HO-1, and inhibit Glucosinolates, like niazimicin (NZ), the primary bioactive substance, are abundant in M. oleifera seeds. Abdelsayed et al. discovered that NZ in M. oleifera seeds can affect oxidative stress marker glutathione (GSH), inflammatory mediators malondialdehyde (MDA), neurotransmitters NF-kB and NO, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and brain fatty acid (FA) levels in AlCl3-induced dementia rats.[29]

Anti-atherosclerotic activity

After administering a crude extract of M. oleifera leaves to rats fed a diet high in fat, Ghasi et al. found that the rats' serum cholesterol levels dropped by as much as 14%. Consumption of M. oleifera fruits also reduces serum levels of very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein. M. oleifera leaf extract has also been reported to reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, in addition to these effects.[30]

Water Purification

One billion people in total It is estimated that Asia, Africa, and Latin America to rely on untreated sources of surface water for their need for water each day. There are two of these: It is estimated that millions die from contracted diseases. each year from contaminated water, using the majority of these fatalities took place among children younger than five years old. [31]

Moringa seeds have similar coagulation effects to alum and are extremely effective in high-turbidity water. It has been reported that M. oleifera can reduce turbidity by between 92% and 99%. The coagulation effectiveness of M. oleifera varies depending on the initial turbidity. When removing cadmium (Cd) from aqueous media, moringa seeds could be used as a less expensive biosorbent. The wood produces a pulp that can be used to make cellophane, viscose rayon grade pulp for textiles, newsprint, wrapping, printing, and writing papers.[3]

CONCLUSION

Moringa oleifera, also known as the drumstick or miracle tree, is a very useful plant with many health benefits. All parts of the tree leaves, seeds, roots, flowers, and pods are rich in vitamins, minerals, and natural compounds that help the body stay healthy. It has many medicinal properties such as reducing inflammation, fighting infections, protecting the liver, healing wounds, and preventing diseases like diabetes and cancer. Because it is full of nutrients and antioxidants, it is also used as a food supplement in many countries. Overall, Moringa oleifera is an important plant for both food and medicine and has great potential for future use in healthcare.

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