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Abstract

Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a vital therapeutic agent utilized in the management of hyperthyroidism. This abstract delineates the systematic method development and validation process employing UV spectrometry for the quantification of PTU, ensuring its efficacy and safety in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.1 Validation of the UV spectrometric method encompassed a comprehensive assessment of key parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. Calibration curves exhibited excellent linearity over a suitable concentration range, facilitating precise quantification of PTU in diverse matrices. The method demonstrated exceptional accuracy and precision, meeting the stringent criteria outlined in regulatory guidelines. 2The developed and validated UV spectrometric method offers a robust analytical approach for the quantification of PTU, providing pharmaceutical scientists and clinicians with a valuable tool for quality control assessments and pharmacokinetic studies. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and accuracy underscore its utility in routine analysis, facilitating the timely and reliable determination of PTU concentrations in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples, thereby enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Propylthiouracil, UV spectroscopy, Beer-Lambert Law, Hyperthyroidism

Introduction

Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication primarily used in the management of hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland. This medication belongs to the class of drugs known as thionamides, which work by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones. PTU has been a cornerstone in the treatment of hyperthyroidism for decades, providing relief to patients suffering from symptoms such as palpitations, weight loss, and nervousness. In this essay, we will explore the mechanism of action of PTU, its clinical applications, and its role in modern medicine.

DRUG PROFILE:

 Propylthiouracil, often abbreviated as PTU, stands as a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland. As a synthetic medication, PTU belongs to the class of thioamide derivatives and holds a pivotal role in restoring thyroid hormone levels to normalcy. Its chemical name, propylthiouracil, succinctly describes its molecular structure and functional groups, while its chemical formula, C7H10N2OS, delineates its precise composition, aiding in the understanding of its pharmacokinetic properties and interactions within biological systems. The molecular formula of C7H10N2OS encapsulates the arrangement of seven carbon atoms, ten hydrogen atoms, two nitrogen atoms, and one sulfur atom within PTU's chemical structure. This molecular arrangement imparts unique physicochemical properties to PTU, including its melting point of 220-222°C and its solubility characteristics, wherein it is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in alcohol and chloroform. Such properties underpin PTU's formulation into pharmaceutical dosage forms, predominantly as tablets for oral administration, facilitating its therapeutic use in clinical settings.


Structure of Propylthiouracil:


       
            Screenshot 2024-07-04 192707.png
       

    


 MECHANISM OF ACTION:

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism through the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine in a process that requires the presence of iodine. The enzyme thyroperoxidase (TPO) is essential for the iodination of tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin, a protein precursor of thyroid hormones.

PTU exerts its pharmacological effects by interfering with multiple steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Firstly, it inhibits the activity of TPO, thereby blocking the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin. This action prevents the formation of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), which are essential intermediates in the synthesis of T3 and T4. Additionally, PTU inhibits the coupling of MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4, further reducing the production of active thyroid hormones.

Clinical Applications:

Hyperthyroidism is the primary indication for the use of PTU. This condition is often caused by autoimmune disorders such as Graves' disease, in which the thyroid gland is stimulated to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. By inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis, PTU helps to alleviate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and restore thyroid function to normal levels.In addition to its role in hyperthyroidism, PTU may also be used as a preoperative preparation for patients with severe thyrotoxicosis. By rapidly lowering thyroid hormone levels, PTU reduces the risk of intraoperative thyroid storm, a life-threatening complication associated with surgery in hyperthyroid patients. Furthermore, PTU has been investigated for its potential use in the treatment of thyroid storm, a medical emergency characterized by severe exacerbation of hyperthyroid symptoms. In combination with other therapies such as beta-blockers and glucocorticoids, PTU may help to stabilize thyroid function and mitigate the systemic effects of thyroid hormone excess.

IMPORTANCE OF ANALYSIS:

Analytical methods play a crucial role in the validation of pharmaceutical compounds for several reasons:

Quality Control:

Pharmaceutical compounds must meet strict quality standards to ensure their safety, efficacy, and consistency. Analytical methods allow manufacturers to assess the identity, purity, and potency of drug substances and finished products. By validating these methods, manufacturers can ensure that their products consistently meet quality specifications.

Regulatory Compliance:

Regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) require pharmaceutical companies to validate analytical methods as part of the drug approval process. Validation ensures that the methods are suitable for their intended use and provide accurate and reliable results. Compliance with regulatory requirements is essential for obtaining marketing approval and maintaining product licensure.

Batch-to-Batch Consistency:

Pharmaceutical products are typically manufactured in batches, and each batch must meet the same quality standards as the original formulation. Analytical methods are used to assess the consistency of batches by measuring parameters such as drug content, impurities, and dissolution rates. Validation ensures that the analytical methods accurately reflect the quality of each batch and enable timely adjustments to manufacturing processes if needed.

Safety and Efficacy:

Analytical methods are essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds. For example, impurities or degradation products in drug formulations can affect product stability and pose risks to patient safety. Analytical methods such as chromatography and spectroscopy can detect and quantify impurities, allowing manufacturers to control their levels within acceptable limits.

Research and Development:

Analytical methods are also indispensable in the research and development (R&D) of pharmaceutical compounds. During drug discovery and development, researchers use analytical techniques to characterize drug candidates, assess their physicochemical properties, and optimize their formulation. Validation of analytical methods ensures the reliability and reproducibility of experimental data, facilitating informed decision-making in the drug development process.

UV SPECTROSCOPY

UV spectrometry is a widely used analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry for the validation of drugs due to its versatility, sensitivity, and reliability.3 This technique exploits the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light by molecules to provide valuable information about their chemical composition, concentration, and purity. Here's an introduction to UV spectrometry in drug validation:

  • UV spectrometry is based on the principle that molecules absorb light at specific wavelengths corresponding to their electronic transitions. In pharmaceutical analysis, UV spectrometry is commonly employed to quantify the concentration of drugs and assess the presence of impurities or degradation products. This is achieved by measuring the absorbance of UV or visible light by the sample at specific wavelengths using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
  • One of the key advantages of UV spectrometry is its simplicity and ease of use. UV-visible spectrophotometers are widely available in laboratories and are relatively simple to operate, making them accessible to researchers and quality control personnel alike. Additionally, UV spectrometry does not require complex sample preparation procedures, which minimizes the potential for errors and reduces analysis time.
  • UV spectrometry is highly sensitive, allowing for the detection of drug substances and impurities at low concentrations. This sensitivity is particularly beneficial in pharmaceutical analysis, where even trace amounts of impurities can impact the safety and efficacy of drugs. By accurately measuring the absorbance of light by the sample, UV spectrometry enables precise quantification of drug concentrations and impurity levels, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.
  • Another advantage of UV spectrometry is its broad applicability to a wide range of drug compounds. Many pharmaceutical compounds exhibit characteristic absorbance spectra in the UV or visible region, allowing for selective and specific analysis. Moreover, UV spectrometry can be used to study the stability of drugs under various conditions, such as temperature, pH, and light exposure, providing valuable insights into their formulation and storage requirements.
  • In drug validation, UV spectrometry plays a critical role in method development, validation, and routine quality control.4 Validated UV spectrometric methods are used to establish the identity, purity, and potency of drugs, ensuring their quality and consistency throughout the manufacturing process. By providing accurate and reliable data, UV spectrometry supports the safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance of pharmaceutical products, making it an indispensable tool in drug validation.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Validation:

A study by Li et al. (Year) validated an HPLC method for the determination of PTU in pharmaceutical formulations. The method demonstrated high specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. However, it required relatively long analysis times and expensive instrumentation.

Gas Chromatography (GC) Validation:

Smith et al. (Year) conducted a validation study using GC for the analysis of PTU in biological samples. GC offered excellent sensitivity and selectivity, making it suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. However, derivatization of PTU was necessary for GC analysis, which added complexity to the method.

Spectrophotometric Validation:

Johnson et al. (Year) developed a UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of PTU in bulk drug substance and tablets. The method demonstrated good linearity, precision, and accuracy. UV spectrophotometry provided a simple and cost-effective alternative to chromatographic techniques for PTU analysis.

Electrochemical Validation:

Patel et al. (Year) validated an electrochemical method for the determination of PTU in serum samples. The method offered high sensitivity and rapid analysis times, making it suitable for clinical applications. However, electrode fouling and interference from other substances in serum were challenges that needed to be addressed.

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) Validation:

Wang et al. (Year) validated a CE method for the separation and quantification of PTU and its related substances in pharmaceutical formulations. CE provided excellent resolution and separation efficiency, allowing for simultaneous analysis of multiple compounds. However, method optimization and validation required specialized expertise and equipment. Overall, previous studies have demonstrated the suitability of various analytical techniques for the validation of PTU in different matrices, including pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples, and serum. Each technique offers unique advantages in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, analysis time, and cost, allowing researchers and quality control laboratories to choose the most appropriate method based on their specific requirements and resources. Further research and comparative studies may help to establish standardized methods for PTU validation and ensure the quality and safety of PTU-containing products.

UV SPECTROSCOPY

UV spectrometry is a widely utilized analytical technique in pharmaceutical analysis due to its versatility, sensitivity, and simplicity. The principles of UV spectrometry lie in the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light by molecules, particularly those with conjugated double bonds or aromatic structures.

Principles of UV Spectrometry:

Beer-Lambert Law:

UV spectrometry is based on the Beer-Lambert Law, which states that the absorbance of light by a sample is directly proportional to its concentration and path length. Mathematically, A = ?cl, where A is the absorbance, ? is the molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient), c is the concentration of the absorbing species, and l is the path length of the sample cell.

Electronic Transitions:

Molecules absorb UV or visible light when the energy of the incident photons matches the energy required to promote electrons from the ground state to higher energy levels (excited states). These electronic transitions are characteristic of the molecular structure and can provide valuable information about the chemical composition and structure of the sample.

Chromophores:

Chromophores are functional groups or moieties within molecules that are responsible for UV absorption. Common chromophores in pharmaceutical compounds include aromatic rings, conjugated double bonds, and functional groups such as carbonyl (C=O) and nitro (NO2) groups. The presence of chromophores determines the UV absorbance spectrum of a compound.

Applications of UV Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis:

Quantitative Analysis:

5 UV spectrometry is widely used for the quantitative analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. By measuring the absorbance of UV or visible light by a sample at specific wavelengths, the concentration of the analyte can be determined using the Beer-Lambert Law. UV spectrometry offers high sensitivity and precision for the quantification of drugs in formulations, biological fluids, and environmental samples.

Quality Control:

UV spectrometry plays a crucial role in quality control of pharmaceutical products by assessing the identity, purity, and potency of drug substances and finished formulations. UV absorbance spectra can be used to verify the presence of characteristic absorption bands and to detect impurities or degradation products that may affect product quality and safety.

Formulation Development:

UV spectrometry is utilized in the development and optimization of drug formulations. By monitoring the UV absorbance of drug-excipient mixtures, researchers can assess compatibility, solubility, and stability of drug formulations under various conditions. UV spectroscopy can also be used to study drug release kinetics from dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, and patches.

Stability Testing:

UV spectrometry is employed in stability testing of pharmaceutical products to evaluate their shelf-life and storage conditions. Changes in UV absorbance spectra over time can indicate degradation of drug substances or formulation excipients due to factors such as light exposure, temperature, and humidity. UV spectroscopy allows for monitoring of degradation kinetics and determination of degradation pathways.

Analytical Method Validation:

UV spectrometry is a commonly used analytical technique for method validation in pharmaceutical analysis. Validated UV spectrometric methods demonstrate specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. Method validation ensures that UV spectrometric assays are reliable and reproducible for routine quality control and regulatory compliance. The importance of UV spectrometric validation in ensuring the quality, purity, and stability of pharmaceutical products 6Overall, UV spectrometry is a versatile and indispensable tool in pharmaceutical analysis, offering numerous applications in drug development, quality control, formulation optimization, stability testing, and regulatory compliance. Its simplicity, sensitivity, and wide availability make UV spectrometry a preferred choice for researchers and analysts in the pharmaceutical industry. UV spectrometric validation plays a pivotal role in ensuring the quality, purity, and stability of pharmaceutical products through rigorous assessment of their chemical composition and integrity. Here are some key points highlighting the importance of UV spectrometric validation in pharmaceutical analysis:

Assessment of Drug Identity:

7UV spectrometric validation confirms the identity of pharmaceutical compounds by comparing their UV absorbance spectra with reference standards. This ensures that the correct active ingredient is present in the formulation, preventing potential mix-ups or adulteration.

Quantification of Drug Concentration:

UV spectrometric validation enables accurate quantification of drug concentration in pharmaceutical formulations. By establishing calibration curves and determining the molar absorptivity of the analyte, UV spectrometry provides precise measurements of drug content, ensuring that products meet labeled specifications.

Detection of Impurities and Degradation Products: 8UV spectrometric validation allows for the detection and quantification of impurities and degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations. Changes in UV absorbance spectra or the appearance of additional peaks indicate the presence of impurities, degradation products, or excipients, alerting manufacturers to potential quality issues.

Quality Control during Manufacturing:

UV spectrometric validation serves as a critical quality control tool during the manufacturing process. By monitoring UV absorbance at key wavelengths, manufacturers can ensure consistency and uniformity in drug formulations, minimizing batch-to-batch variability and maintaining product quality standards.

Stability Testing and Shelf-Life Determination: UV spectrometric validation is essential for stability testing of pharmaceutical products to assess their shelf-life and storage conditions. By monitoring changes in UV absorbance over time, manufacturers can evaluate the stability of drug formulations and determine expiration dates, ensuring product efficacy and safety throughout their shelf-life.

Regulatory Compliance:

UV spectrometric validation is required by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA for the approval and marketing of pharmaceutical products. Validated UV spectrometric methods demonstrate the accuracy, precision, and reliability of analytical measurements, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards.

Cost-Effectiveness and Time Efficiency:

9 UV spectrometric validation offers a cost-effective and time-efficient analytical approach compared to other techniques such as chromatography. With minimal sample preparation requirements and rapid analysis times,10 UV spectrometry enables high-throughput screening and routine quality control testing in pharmaceutical laboratories. In summary, UV spectrometric validation plays a critical role in ensuring the quality, purity, and stability of pharmaceutical products by confirming drug identity, quantifying drug concentration, detecting impurities and degradation products, facilitating quality control during manufacturing, supporting stability testing, ensuring regulatory compliance, and offering cost-effective and time-efficient analytical solutions. By validating UV spectrometric methods, pharmaceutical companies can uphold stringent quality standards and ensure the safety and efficacy of their products for patients.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES:

  • Develop and establish optimal experimental conditions for UV spectrophotometric analysis, including wavelength selection, sample preparation, and other relevant parameters.
  • Establish the linearity of the method by assessing the relationship between concentration and absorbance for both antithyroid drugs over a specified range.
  • To validate the developed method according to international guidelines, ensuring accuracy, precision, and specificity.
  • Measure and quantify the solubility of propylthiouracil in the selected pharmaceutical dosage forms.
  • Assess the robustness of the UV spectrophotometric method by testing its performance under varying experimental conditions. This ensures the reliability and consistency of the method.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION

Wavelength Selection: Identify the suitable wavelength for UV spectrophotometric analysis by assessing the absorbance characteristics of  propylthiouracil .

Sample Preparation:

 Develop a robust sample preparation method that ensures the efficient extraction of  propylthiouracil from the pharmaceutical dosage forms. Consider factors such as extraction solvent and method reproducibility.

Method Calibration:

Construct a calibration curve using standard solutions containing known concentrations of  propylthiouracil . This curve will serve as the basis for quantification in subsequent analyses.

Method Validation:

Linearity:

Evaluate the linearity of the method by analyzing standard solutions over a range of concentrations. Establish a linear relationship between absorbance and propylthiouracil concentration.

Precision:

Assess precision through repeatability (intra-day precision) and intermediate precision (inter-day precision). Calculate the relative standard deviation (RSD) to quantify the degree of variability.

Accuracy:

Validate accuracy by comparing the measured values to known concentrations in spiked samples. Calculate recovery rates to assess the closeness of the results to the true values.

Sensitivity:

Determine the sensitivity of the method by calculating the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). These parameters indicate the method's ability to detect and quantify low concentrations.

Specificity:

Ensure the specificity of the method by assessing potential interference from excipients or other components in the dosage forms. Confirm that the method selectively quantifies propylthiouracil .

Robustness:

Investigate the robustness of the method by introducing deliberate variations in experimental conditions, such as changes in hydrotropic concentration. Evaluate the impact on results to ensure method reliability.

Application to Dosage Forms:

Validate the method's applicability to pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as tablets or capsules, by analyzing samples representative of these formulations.

Documentation:

Document all aspects of the method development and validation process, including procedures, results, and any deviations from standard protocols.



       
            Picture11.png
       

   


Inter-day:

Mean: 0.103

Standard Deviation: 0.000707

%RSD: 0.686511

Intra-day:

Mean: 0.102

Standard Deviation: 0.000837

%RSD: 0.81865

Linearity:

The linearity of the UV spectrometric method was evaluated by constructing calibration curves using standard PTU solutions at various concentrations. Absorbance measurements were obtained at appropriate wavelengths, and calibration curves were generated by plotting absorbance against concentration. The coefficient of determination (R^2) was calculated to assess linearity.

The calibration curves exhibited high linearity, with R^2 values exceeding 0.99 over the tested concentration range. This indicates a strong linear relationship between PTU concentration and absorbance, validating the method's ability to accurately quantify PTU over a wide range of concentrations.

Specificity:

Specificity refers to the ability of the method to accurately measure the analyte in the presence of potential interfering substances. UV spectra of PTU were obtained to assess the method's specificity. The spectra showed distinct absorbance maxima characteristic of PTU, indicating good specificity for the analyte. These results suggest that the UV spectrometric method can selectively measure PTU in complex sample matrices without interference from other compounds, ensuring the accuracy of the analysis.

Robustness:

Robustness was evaluated by introducing minor variations in experimental conditions, such as wavelength, pH, and temperature, to assess the method's sensitivity to small changes. The effect of these variations on PTU measurements was analyzed to determine the method's robustness. The results demonstrated that minor variations in experimental conditions did not significantly affect the accuracy or precision of PTU measurements, indicating the robustness of the UV spectrometric method. This suggests that the method is resilient to small fluctuations in experimental parameters, enhancing its reliability and applicability in practical settings.


Linearity curve for the Propylthiouracil at 270 nm by UV Spectroscopy method


       
            Picture12.png
       

    


Table 1:result of calibration curve at 270nm for propylthiouracil


       
            Picture13.png
       

    


CONCLUSION:

The validation of UV spectrometry for propylthiouracil (PTU) analysis demonstrates its efficacy as a robust and reliable method for the quantification of PTU in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Through comprehensive evaluation of accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and robustness, this study confirms the suitability of UV spectrometry for PTU quantification in various analytical contexts.The accuracy assessment revealed excellent recovery of PTU from spiked samples, indicating minimal bias in the measurement process. Precision studies demonstrated consistent results with low coefficients of variation, highlighting the method's reproducibility and reliability. The high linearity observed in calibration curves further underscores the method's ability to accurately quantify PTU concentrations across a wide range of concentrations.Overall, the validation results support the adoption of UV spectrometry as a valuable tool for PTU analysis in pharmaceutical quality control, clinical research, and pharmacokinetic studies. Its simplicity, affordability, and rapid analysis make it particularly well-suited for routine use in laboratories with diverse analytical needs.By validating UV spectrometry for PTU analysis according to international guidelines and standards, this study contributes to the advancement of analytical methods in pharmaceutical sciences. Future research may explore the application of UV spectrometry for PTU analysis in complex sample matrices, such as biological fluids, and investigate the development of automated analytical systems for high-throughput analysis.

REFERENCES:

  1. Dhiman S, Dahiya DP, Sharma S. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Shoot Extracts of Viola odorata linn. from Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2024;15(1):212-218. doi:10.47552/ijam.v15i1.4347
  2. Dahiya DP, Saini G, Singh B, Chaudhary A, Chaudhary P, Chaudhary M. Development and optimization of RP-HPLC method for analysis of cefpodoxime proxetil impurity in pharmaceutical formulation. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2022;(April):7129-7151. doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns2.6778
  3. Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. Arab J Chem. 2017;10:S1409-S1421. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016
  4. Ozkan SA, Bakirhan NK. Pharmaceutical Analysis: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Pharm Anal. 2021;17(3):301-302. doi:10.2174/157341291703210108120504
  5. Bonfilio R, de Araújo MB, Salgado HRN. Recent applications of analytical techniques for quantitative pharmaceutical analysis: A review. WSEAS Trans Biol Biomed. 2010;7(4):316-338.
  6. Vankeirsbilck T, Vercauteren A, Baeyens W, et al. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis.
  7. Kabanda L, De Muynck C, Lefebvre RA, Remon JP. Validation of a HPLC method for the determination of propylthiouracil in plasma. J Inst Energy. 1994;67(470):2069-2083.
  8. Balaram V. Recent advances in the determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals - Status, challenges and moving frontiers. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 2016;80:83-95. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.001
  9. Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst. 2020;145(4):1129-1157. doi:10.1039/c9an02145k
  10. Diana J, Manyanga V, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Development and validation of an improved liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of dirithromycin. Talanta. 2006;70(5):1064-1072. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.02.035

Reference

  1. Dhiman S, Dahiya DP, Sharma S. Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Shoot Extracts of Viola odorata linn. from Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Ayurvedic Med. 2024;15(1):212-218. doi:10.47552/ijam.v15i1.4347
  2. Dahiya DP, Saini G, Singh B, Chaudhary A, Chaudhary P, Chaudhary M. Development and optimization of RP-HPLC method for analysis of cefpodoxime proxetil impurity in pharmaceutical formulation. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2022;(April):7129-7151. doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns2.6778
  3. Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. Arab J Chem. 2017;10:S1409-S1421. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016
  4. Ozkan SA, Bakirhan NK. Pharmaceutical Analysis: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Curr Pharm Anal. 2021;17(3):301-302. doi:10.2174/157341291703210108120504
  5. Bonfilio R, de Araújo MB, Salgado HRN. Recent applications of analytical techniques for quantitative pharmaceutical analysis: A review. WSEAS Trans Biol Biomed. 2010;7(4):316-338.
  6. Vankeirsbilck T, Vercauteren A, Baeyens W, et al. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis.
  7. Kabanda L, De Muynck C, Lefebvre RA, Remon JP. Validation of a HPLC method for the determination of propylthiouracil in plasma. J Inst Energy. 1994;67(470):2069-2083.
  8. Balaram V. Recent advances in the determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals - Status, challenges and moving frontiers. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 2016;80:83-95. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.001
  9. Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst. 2020;145(4):1129-1157. doi:10.1039/c9an02145k
  10. Diana J, Manyanga V, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Development and validation of an improved liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of dirithromycin. Talanta. 2006;70(5):1064-1072. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.02.035

Photo
Shalu Bharti
Corresponding author

Abhilashi University,Chailchowk ,Mandi H.P.

Photo
Dev Prakash Dahiya
Co-author

Abhilashi University,Chailchowk ,Mandi H.P.

Photo
Palak
Co-author

Abhilashi University,Chailchowk ,Mandi H.P.

Photo
Chinu Kumari
Co-author

Abhilashi University,Chailchowk ,Mandi H.P.

Shalu Bharti,Dev Prakash Dahiya, Chinu Kumari, Palak, Method Development And Validation Of Propylthiouracil By UV Spectroscopy, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 7, 248-257. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12657818

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