Formulation and Evaluation of Alum Toner Spray for Anti-Acne Activity

Abstract

Alum, also known as fitkari, is a naturally occurring compound that has been recognized for its role in skin health. It assists in lightening dark spots, minimizing scars, and reducing fine lines due to its astringent and antibacterial properties. Transdermal sprays (TS) have emerged as a superior alternative to traditional transdermal drug delivery systems because of enhanced safety and user compliance. The increasing global demand for multifunctional skincare products with minimal side effects underscores the relevance of innovative ingredients such as alum. Chemically, alum is denoted as KAl(SO4)?·12H2O and comprises key elements like potassium, aluminium, and sulfate. Its diverse applications range from skincare to medicinal and industrial use. This research highlights the formulation of an alum-based toner spray and evaluates its physicochemical and dermatological properties.

Keywords

Introduction

Potassium alum is a double salt commonly used in various traditional applications, including personal hygiene and wound healing. In dermatology, alum has gained traction for its pore-tightening and oil-controlling benefits. Its astringent action makes it a viable option for addressing acne-related concerns. When incorporated into toners, alum assists in minimizing sebum accumulation and provides a gentle antimicrobial effect, promoting a balanced skin microbiome [1,2,3].

Alum: Characteristics and Function

Alum is an inorganic salt characterized by its crystalline form and solubility in water. It contains aluminium, potassium, and sulfate ions and typically exists as a hydrated crystal. Despite the presence of aluminium, the actual transdermal absorption is negligible, making it safe for topical use. The compound exerts its effects by causing temporary contraction of skin tissue, leading to reduced pore size and improved skin texture. Its antiseptic and bacteriostatic capabilities also make it a suitable ingredient in various personal care products [4].

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alum

Alum crystals are colorless, odorless, and highly soluble in hot water. They exhibit a slightly acidic pH and form octahedral crystals upon crystallization. The compound has a melting point of approximately 92.5°C and a boiling point near 200°C, with a density of 1.725 g/cm³. Its acidity is evident through its reaction with litmus paper, which it turns red.

Applications of Alum

Alum is widely employed across several industries. It serves as a coagulant in water purification, an acidulant in food processing, and a mordant in dyeing. In medicine, it is used in mouthwashes and vaccines due to its antimicrobial and adjuvant properties [5]. In skincare, it is primarily valued for its astringent, soothing, and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Skin Benefits of Alum

Alum has historically been used for treating minor wounds and skin issues. Although comprehensive clinical data are limited, its antibacterial efficacy against strains like Staphylococcus aureus is documented. A laboratory investigation demonstrated that alum reduced bacterial growth in vitro, though further in vivo studies are needed for conclusive evidence [6,7,8].

Role of Toners in Skincare

Toners are aqueous solutions designed to refine skin texture, reduce pore appearance, and remove residual impurities. They may also deliver active ingredients that enhance skin hydration and soothe inflammation. Depending on the formulation, toners can be alcohol-based or alcohol-free, each catering to specific skin types [9].

Advantages of Spray Formulation

Transdermal spray formulations offer superior benefits compared to creams, gels, and patches. They enable dose flexibility, improve safety, and enhance patient compliance. Additionally, sprays are less likely to cause skin irritation and do not require direct contact during application, thereby maintaining hygiene [10,11,12].

Mechanism of Action

Upon spraying, the formulation forms a quick-drying film that adheres to the skin, allowing for sustained release of the active ingredients. The presence of penetration enhancers facilitates drug absorption by temporarily modifying the stratum corneum. The use of volatile solvents like ethanol accelerates drying, leaving behind a concentrated layer of actives for prolonged effect [13,14,15].

Formulation Trial 1

Ingredients and Roles:

Procedure: Water is heated and alum powder is dissolved with stirring to ensure homogeneity. After cooling, glycerin and rose water are added. The final volume is adjusted with distilled water, and the mixture is transferred to a spray bottle.

Observation: The formulation appeared stable with no phase separation.

Stability Test Result: Stable across temperature and light exposure.

Usage Instructions

1. Wash face with lukewarm water and cleanser.
2. Apply toner by spraying or using a cotton pad.
3. Allow the solution to dry naturally.
4. Use as needed.

Evaluation Parameters

CONCLUSION

The alum-based toner spray formulation demonstrated promising results in terms of stability, user-friendliness, and skin compatibility. Its antibacterial and astringent properties make it an effective skincare solution for individuals prone to acne and oily skin. The transdermal spray method enhances ease of application and ensures sustained contact with the skin, making it a superior alternative to conventional delivery forms.

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