Wound healing is a complex, multifactorial process that involves a series of stages, including haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Effective wound healing is essential for restoring tissue integrity and function, preventing infection, and minimizing scarring. Despite the advances in medical treatments, wound management remains a challenge due to factors such as chronic conditions, infections, and delayed healing. Thus, there has been a growing interest in exploring natural products with wound-healing properties as an alternative or adjunct to conventional therapies. Among the natural substances gaining attention for their therapeutic potential is Tectona grandis, commonly known as teak. Teak is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia, and its various parts, including leaves, bark, and wood, have been used in traditional medicine for their purported medicinal properties. The leaves of Tectona grandis, in particular, have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, making them a promising candidate for wound healing. The formulation of a wound healing cream containing Tectona grandis extract can offer an effective means of utilizing the therapeutic potential of the plant while providing a convenient and accessible dosage form. Creams, as semi-solid dosage forms, are ideal for topical application as they are easily spreadable and provide a protective barrier to the wound site. Additionally, they allow for controlled release of the active ingredients, ensuring prolonged therapeutic effects. The extract of Tectona grandis contains various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, which are believed to contribute to its healing properties. These compounds have been shown to promote tissue regeneration, reduce inflammation, and combat microbial infections, all of which are essential in the wound healing process. The application of such a cream to wounds may not only speed up the healing process but also minimize complications such as infections, which are common in open wounds. The formulation of a wound healing cream involves the careful selection of excipients that enhance the stability, efficacy, and ease of application of the product. Key factors such as the concentration of the plant extract, the type of base used for the cream, and the addition of preservatives and stabilizers must be considered to ensure that the final product is safe, effective, and user-friendly. Additionally, the cream must be evaluated for its physical characteristics, such as texture, spread ability, and stability, which are critical for its practical use. In recent years, several studies have focused on the use of herbal extracts in wound healing, with promising results. However, there remains a need for further research and development to optimize formulations, ensure consistency in quality, and validate the efficacy of these products through clinical trials. The present study aims to explore the formulation and evaluation of a wound healing cream containing Tectona grandis extract. The objectives of this study are to prepare an effective cream formulation, characterize its physical and chemical properties, and assess its wound healing potential through various in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods. This research is significant as it could provide an alternative to synthetic wound healing agents, which often come with side effects such as irritation or delayed healing. The natural approach provided by Tectona grandis could not only enhance the healing process but also reduce the risk of complications associated with traditional pharmaceutical wound care products. Through this study, we aim to contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of Tectona grandis in wound healing, as well as to offer a practical and novel product for use in clinical settings. In conclusion, the formulation and evaluation of a wound healing cream containing Tectona grandis extract hold great promise in the field of wound care. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of this plant, it may be possible to develop an effective, natural, and safe alternative for wound treatment. Further investigations into the extract’s healing capabilities, combined with robust formulation and evaluation techniques, could lead to a new, accessible solution for improving wound healing outcomes [1-5].

Taxonomical Classification: 

Table 1: Taxonomical Classification of Tectona grandis

Local Names

Bengali - Segun, Saigon 

Burmese - Kyun 

English - teak wood, Indian oak, teak tree 

Filipino - dalanang, djati 

French – tack 

German - tiek, Teak(holz) Baum 

Gujarati - sagach, saga 

Hindi - saigun, sagwan, sagun 

Indonesian - kulidawa,deleg,jati 

Italian - teck 

Javanese - deleg, kaladana 

Malay - Jati 

Nepali - teak, Saguna 

Sanskrit - bar Daru, bhumisah, Saka, dwardaru, kharchchad 

Sinhala - takku,teaku 

Spanish – teca 

Swahili - msaji,mtiki 

Tamil - tekku,tekkumaram,tek 

Thai - sak, mai-sak  Trade name – teak

Plant Profile: 

Taxonomy And Nominclature 

Plant name- Tectona grandis 

Teak, known for its sturdy and durable qualities, is celebrated under various names across different languages. In Hindi, it goes by the names "Sagwan" or "Sagaun", while in Bengali, it is referred to as "Segunngachh". Gujarati speakers call it "Sag", "Saga", or "Sagach". In the southern Indian state of Kerala, Malayalam speakers use terms like "Tekka", "Maram", "Teku", and "Sagun" to describe this majestic tree. Even in Sanskrit, the ancient language of India, teak is recognized as "Anila", "Arna", or "Arjunapama".12 Teak, scientifically classified as Tectona grandis, is a member of the plant kingdom. Within this kingdom, it belongs to the sub-kingdom Tracheobionta and the super-division Spermatophyta. Further down the taxonomic hierarchy, teak falls under the division Eudicots and the class Magnoliopsida. Its sub-class is Asteriidae, and its order is Lami ales. Teak is part of The Verbenaceae family [6,7].

Cultivation and Collection

This enormous deciduous tree that is between 10 and 20 meters tall. Its branchlets have four angles and are heavily covered in a yellowish-grey tomentum. The opposite leaves measure30– 50 cm, represents the width of the boards, 15–20 cm, represents the thickness of the boards with a triangular base. They are ovate-elliptic to oval. The leaves of teak trees are notably large, typically 4-sided, and shed for a period of about 3 to 4 months during the year, often in response to changes in climate or seasonality, bisexual, tiny flowers are pale in colors.14 as many as a few thousand flower buds can be seen in each of their huge panicles, which appear in groups of a few over the 2- 4-week flowering period. The calyx is 2.5–3 cm long in the flower, but it becomes larger and is bladder-like in the fruit, measuring up to 2–2.5 cm. Fruit is a spherical, rigid, and woody drupe with four chambers; it is covered in a coating that resembles an inflated bladder and is originally light green in colour. before turning brown as it ages. No more than four seeds per fruit. Brown, oblong seeds with a bony endocarp surround the plant.15The stem of the teak tree tends to be cylindrical when young but develops a fluted and sometimes buttressed appearance at the base as it matures. The bark of the tree is typically brown or grey, fibrous in texture, and displays shallow, longitudinal fissures.16Teak trees have a superficial root system, generally not extending deeper than 50 cm into the soil. However, their lateral roots can spread quite extensively, reaching up to 15 meters away from the stem. This allows the tree to acquire a substantial area for nutrient absorption and stability [8,9].

Traditional Uses

It can be used as a depurative, anthelmintic, astringent, and to help with constipation. It is useful for helps with burning feelings, diabetes, leprosy, bronchitis, hyperacidity, dysentery, burning sensations, difficult labours, and skin disorders. the bark of the teak tree is used to address digestive disorders, including diarrhoea and dysentery. The medicinal properties of leaves include cooling, homeostasis, purification, anti-inflammatory, and vulnerability. They are beneficial for inflammatory conditions, pruritus, stomatitis, indolent ulcers, haemorrhages, and haemoptysis. Teak leaves are often employed to reduce fever and inflammation due to their febrifuge and anti-inflammatory properties [10].

During pregnancy, laxative, cooling, acrid, and sedative to the uterus, effective for treating dysentery, leukoderma, and piles. The best oil for headaches, biliousness, and searing sensations is that which is taken from the wood, especially when the pain is localized over the liver.21 there are advantageous for anuria and urine retention. They are bitter, dry, and caustic, and they treat biliousness, urine discharge, and bronchitis. According to the Unani medical system, oil produced from the blossoms is beneficial for scabies and encourages hair development. teak extracts are used to alleviate skin issues like eczema, itching, and rashes due to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities [11].

Pharmacological Activities:

Anti-Inflammatory: The study Aim to investigate the both aqueous and methanolic extract of Tectona grandis leaves possess analgesic properties the rationale behind this investigation stemmed from the existence of phenolic compounds and tannins, as identified in the preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts. The results revealed that animals administered with METGF exhibited significantly longer reaction times, particularly at doses of 100mg/kg and200 mg/kg, compared to the control group. These findings suggest that METGF25 demonstrates promising effects in prolonging reaction times in both the hot plate and acetic acid methods, indicating its potential as an analgesic agent. This study set out to determine Tectona grandis Linn. floral methanol extract possesses acute Anti-Inflammatory qualities (METGF) in relation to inflammation induced by carrageenan. the study concluded that the extract had a beneficial effect, especially in the second phase of inflammation, furthermore, the study suggests that the observed the effect of the methanol extract of Tectona grandis Linn. flowers may be attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory mediators released by the extract. These inflammatory mediators have a significant part in the inflammatory response and are involved in processes such as vasodilation, immune cell recruitment, and tissue damage [12].

Hypoglycaemic activity: The primary focus of the study is to investigate the Hypoglycaemic activity of the methanolic extract obtained from the roots of Tectona grandis. The study uses alloxan-induced diabetic rats as an experimental model. It is compared with that of Glibenclamide, a known antidiabetic drug. The research shows that there is a notable hypoglycaemic effect from the methanolic extract at 500 mg/kg. This suggests a dose-dependent relationship, where higher doses of the extract lead to more pronounced effects on lowering blood glucose levels. The aim of study to investigate the Tectona grandis linn leaf extract was investigated for its Antibacterial properties. The outcomes also demonstrate the effectiveness of leaf extracts in preventing the growth of pathogenic fungus as well as gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Thus, more research will be needed to ascertain the applications of Tectona grandis Linn as an antibacterial agent [13,14]

Antioxidant activity: The aim of study to investigate the Antioxidant activity of the plant Tectona grandis extracts obtained from the leaves, bark, and wood. The ability of the extracts to scavenge free radicals is analysed using 1,2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydra Zyl (DPPH). DPPH is a common method used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. The antioxidant status of the extracts is also checked using DPP (possibly referring to another method) and ABTS+ free radical assays. The results indicate that the ethyl acetate extract of wood exhibits the maximum activity against both DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals. Importantly, the activity of this wood extract is reported to be higher than the standards quercetin and Trolox. Quercetin and Trolox are commonly used as reference standards in antioxidant studies [15]. 

Hepatoprotective activity: The study aimed to conducted the Hepatoprotective activity of preliminary phytochemical analysis on the Tectona grandis leaves, confirming the existence of specific bioactive compounds like saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, and flavonoids, the group of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) showed an increase in the concentrations of liver enzymes and serum bilirubin. Elevated amounts of bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and other enzymes are indicative of liver damage. sit is compared with the standard drug silymarin (administered at 100 mg/kg), produced a significant decrease in the elevated levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin compared to the control group. Silymarin is a known hepatoprotective agent commonly used in liver disorders. The findings indicate that in rats with CCl4-induced liver injury, Tectona grandis leaves demonstrate significant hepatoprotective action [16].

Antibacterial activity: The study assessed the Antibacterial activity of the extracts against four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella paratyphoid, and Proteus mirabilis. The activity was determined using a disc diffusion assay. A carrier-soaked disc served as a negative control. The results were compared with the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which is commonly used to treat bacterial infections. The antibacterial activity was expressed as the diameter of the inhibition zone, which is the area around the disc where bacterial growth is inhibited. Larger inhibition zones generally indicate stronger antibacterial activity. the chloroform extract of the leaf was found to be outstanding, showing good activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14 mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (8 mm) at the highest concentration tested (500 ?g). The methanol extract of the leaf and the ethyl acetate extract of the wood also demonstrated fairly good activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia) bacterial species [17].  

Anti- Anaemic activity: The aim of study was Anti- Anaemic activity motivated by the traditional oral report that Tectona grandis Linn. is used in the treatment of anaemia in Togo. The results show that the oral administration of the ethanol extract at both doses significantly increases the concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), the number of red blood cells (RBCs), haematocrit, and the rate of reticulocytes, particularly 7 days after phenyl hydrazine administration. The study suggests that the Tectona grandis leaf extract could stimulate the process of erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, leading to an increase in the number of young red blood cells (reticulocytes) [18].

Anthelmintic activity: The purpose of the study was to assess the ethanolic extract's Anthelmintic activity. of Tectona grandis fruits and leaves. Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuman was used as the model organism for assessing anthelmintic activity. The effectiveness of the ethanolic extract was assessed by measuring the time of paralysis and time of death of the earthworms. the study compared the anthelmintic activity of the crude ethanolic extract with that of the standard reference drug, piperazine citrate. The results indicate that the crude ethanolic extract of Tectona grandis fruits shows significant anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. The term "significant activity" suggests that the extract demonstrated a notable effect in comparison to the standard drug [19,20]. 

Diuretic activity: The primary aim of the study was to assess the Diuretic activity of the aqueous extract of Tectona Grandis leaves. the evaluation involved measuring two main parameters- urine volume and urine electrolyte levels to determine the diuretic effects of the extract. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in urine volume and urine electrolyte excretion. This increase occurred in a dose-dependent manner, meaning that higher doses of the aqueous extract lead to a more pronounced diuretic effect. the study compared with the two standard diuretics drug, furosemide, and hydrochlorothiazide. the study suggests that the aqueous extract of Tectona grandis leaves demonstrated acute diuretic activity in Wistar rats [21,22].

Botanical Profile of Tectona Grandis:

Tectona grandis, commonly known as teak, is a tropical hardwood species native to Southeast Asia, primarily found in countries such as India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Indonesia. It is a member of the Liliaceae family and is renowned for its high-quality wood, which is highly valued for its durability, strength, and resistance to decay. Teak is considered one of the most economically important species in the world due to its extensive use in furniture making, shipbuilding, construction, and other industries. Teak is a large deciduous tree that can reach a height of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 130 feet) and a diameter of 1.5 meters (5 feet) or more. The trunk is straight and cylindrical, with a rough, greyish-brown bark. The leaves are large, ovate to elliptic, and are arranged opposite one another on the branches. These leaves have a rough texture and are often covered with fine hairs. The trees are known for their wide canopy, which provides significant shade, making them ideal for forest ecosystems [23]. The flowers of Tectona grandis are small, white or purple, and borne in dense panicles. These flowers are not particularly showy but are important for reproduction. Teak is a wind-pollinated species, and its fruit is a small, four-winged nut that contains seeds. The tree begins to flower when it reaches 20 to 30 years of age, and seed production typically peaks around 40 years. However, teak plantations can be managed to harvest wood much earlier, typically around 2030 years, depending on environmental conditions and management practices. Teak thrives in tropical climates with well-distributed rainfall and temperatures between 25°C and 35°C (77°F to 95°F). It prefers well-drained soils, often found in hilly or mountainous areas. Although it is native to Southeast Asia, teak has been successfully introduced in many other parts of the world, including Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean, where it has been planted in plantations for commercial timber production. The tree requires a sunny environment for optimal growth, and it is relatively drought-resistant once established, though it still requires adequate water during its early growth stages [24].

The wood of Tectona grandis is highly prized for its natural oils, which make it resistant to pests, termites, and fungal decay. These oils also give the wood its characteristic golden-brown to dark brown colour, and the grain is typically straight, though it can occasionally be interlocked. The wood’s natural properties make it an excellent choice for outdoor furniture, flooring, boat building, and decking, as it can withstand harsh weather conditions. The durability and strength of teak have also made it a favourite in the construction of buildings and luxury items, particularly in tropical and coastal regions [25].

Tectona grandis plays an important role in local ecosystems as well. Its large leaves provide habitat for various species of insects, birds, and mammals. The tree's deep roots help prevent soil erosion, particularly in hilly regions where it is often planted for conservation purposes. Moreover, teak plantations contribute significantly to local economies by providing employment and supporting industries such as furniture and paper production. However, overharvesting and deforestation have been significant concerns. Teak trees are slow-growing, and unsustainable logging practices have led to depletion of natural teak forests, particularly in countries like Myanmar and Thailand. To address this, many countries have instituted strict regulations regarding teak harvesting and the establishment of teak plantations. Sustainable management practices, such as controlled harvesting and the promotion of plantation-based teak farming, have become important strategies to ensure that teak remains a viable resource for future generations [26].

Mechanism Of Wound Healing: 

Wound healing is a complex, highly coordinated process that involves a series of biological events aimed at repairing damaged tissue and restoring the integrity of the skin or other tissues. It can be broken down into four distinct but overlapping phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Each phase is essential for the restoration of the tissue and prevention of further damage or infection:

1. Haemostasis Phase: The initial response to tissue injury involves the immediate constriction of blood vessels, a process known as vasoconstriction, which helps limit blood loss. Platelets are activated and aggregate at the wound site, forming a clot. The clot is composed of platelets, fibrin, and other plasma proteins, which not only stop bleeding but also serve as a scaffold for incoming cells during later stages of healing. Additionally, the clot helps to release growth factors and cytokines, signalling the onset of the next phase.
2. Inflammatory Phase: The inflammatory phase begins immediately after the injury and typically lasts for a few days. Its primary purpose is to prevent infection and clear the wound of debris, pathogens, and damaged tissue. During this phase, blood vessels dilate to allow immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, to migrate into the wound. Neutrophils are the first responders and help to clean the wound by phagocytosing bacteria and dead cells. Macrophages play a crucial role by releasing cytokines and growth factors that coordinate tissue repair and stimulate the next phase of healing. In addition to immune cells, the inflammatory phase is characterized by the formation of exudate, a fluid composed of proteins and immune cells, which helps protect the wound and provides a medium for cellular migration.
3. Proliferative Phase: The proliferative phase is marked by tissue formation and growth. It typically begins around 3-5 days after injury and lasts for several weeks. This phase is crucial for tissue regeneration and the restoration of skin integrity. One of the first processes in this phase is angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This ensures that the growing tissue receives an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Fibroblasts then migrate to the wound site, where they synthesize extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, which provides structural support. These fibroblasts are responsible for the formation of granulation tissue, a soft, red tissue that fills the wound bed. Concurrently, epithelial cells proliferate and migrate across the wound, covering the new tissue and closing the gap. Fibroblasts also stimulate the deposition of collagen, which increases the strength of the healing tissue.
4. Remodelling Phase: The final phase of wound healing, remodelling, can last for months or even years after the injury. During this phase, the collagen deposited in the proliferative phase is reorganized, cross-linked, and aligned along tension lines to provide optimal strength to the newly formed tissue. Type III collagen, which is initially deposited, is gradually replaced by stronger type I collagen. Over time, the tensile strength of the tissue increases, but the healed wound typically never reaches the full strength of the original, uninjured tissue. This phase also involves the maturation of the newly formed capillaries and the resolution of the granulation tissue. Scar tissue, although stronger than the initial tissue, remains less functional and more prone to injury compared to normal tissue. The remodelling phase continues until the wound reaches a steady state, where the structural integrity of the tissue is restored. Throughout the wound healing process, several factors can influence the rate and success of healing. These include the severity of the injury, age, nutritional status, presence of infection, underlying diseases (such as diabetes or vascular disorders), and medications that may interfere with healing. Proper wound care and timely medical intervention are crucial in ensuring optimal healing, particularly in chronic wounds that fail to progress through the typical phases of healing. Moreover, recent advancements in regenerative medicine, including the use of growth factors, stem cells, and tissue engineering, have opened new avenues for accelerating wound healing and improving outcomes for individuals with challenging or non-healing wounds [27-29].

Table 2: - Phases of Wound Healing (Haemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodelling)

Each of these phases is crucial for the proper repair and healing of a wound. Disruption in any phase can lead to chronic wounds, excessive scarring, or complications such as infection. 

Formulation Of Wound Healing Cream:

Wound healing is a complex process that involves the regeneration of tissues and the restoration of skin integrity. To accelerate this natural healing process, wound healing creams are widely used in both medical and cosmetic applications. The formulation of such a cream is aimed at providing an effective combination of ingredients that promote faster wound healing, reduce inflammation, prevent infection, and improve skin regeneration. The formulation of a wound healing cream begins with the selection of suitable ingredients that can provide therapeutic benefits. These creams typically contain active compounds known for their ability to enhance tissue repair, prevent infection, and alleviate pain or discomfort associated with wounds. The base of the cream, often a combination of water and emollients, serves as a carrier for the active ingredients and helps in maintaining the moisture balance of the skin, which is vital for wound healing. Common emollients include oils like olive oil, coconut oil, and shea butter, which help in creating a barrier to prevent moisture loss, keeping the wound environment optimal for healing [30].

Active Ingredients in Wound Healing Cream

A crucial aspect of wound healing cream formulation is the choice of active ingredients. One of the most widely used active compounds is hydrocortisone, a corticosteroid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It helps in reducing swelling and redness around the wound area, allowing the healing process to proceed without interruption. Additionally, antiseptic agents like silver sulfadiazine or iodine-based compounds are incorporated to prevent bacterial infections, which are common in open wounds. Silver ions, in particular, are recognized for their antimicrobial action, making them essential in wound care formulations [31]. Another key ingredient is vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that helps in the repair of damaged skin tissue. Vitamin E has been shown to accelerate wound closure and improve the appearance of scars once the wound has healed. Additionally, aloe vera is often included in wound healing creams due to its soothing and cooling properties. Aloe vera not only promotes hydration but also possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, which further facilitate the healing of minor cuts and burns [32].

Formulation Process and Considerations

The formulation of the cream involves several key steps. First, the base ingredients are carefully measured and mixed to create a stable emulsion. The oil phase (oils, emulsifiers, and fats) is blended with the water phase (water, glycerine, and other hydrophilic ingredients) at a controlled temperature. Emulsifiers, such as acetyl alcohol or polysorbates, are included to ensure the uniform mixing of oil and water phases, creating a smooth, homogenous product that can be easily applied to the skin [33]. Once the base is prepared, the active ingredients like honey, tea tree oil, or arnica extract are introduced. These ingredients are known for their healing properties and are often added in their purest forms to maintain their potency. Honey has been used for centuries as a wound dressing due to its natural antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and moisture-retaining properties. Similarly, tea tree oil is known for its ability to fight infections while providing soothing effects on inflamed tissues [34]. After the active ingredients are incorporated, the cream is thoroughly mixed and tested for consistency, texture, and pH levels. The pH of a wound healing cream should ideally match that of human skin, around 5.5, to avoid irritation or adverse reactions. Once the formulation reaches the desired consistency, it undergoes stability testing to ensure that the cream will maintain its potency over time and not separate or degrade under normal storage conditions [35].

Final Product and Applications

The final wound healing cream should be easy to apply and non-greasy, allowing for quick absorption into the skin. It should be formulated to be hypoallergenic, making it suitable for use on sensitive skin without causing irritation or further damage. Packaging is also an essential consideration; the cream should be packed in airtight containers to protect its active ingredients from degradation due to exposure to light and air. Additionally, the container should be easy to use, allowing for hygienic and convenient application, especially in the case of wounds that may require frequent dressing changes [36].

The cream is typically used for the treatment of minor cuts, abrasions, burns, insect bites, and other skin injuries. Its effectiveness in promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and preventing infection makes it a popular choice in both over-the-counter and prescription wound care treatments. However, it is essential that patients consult with a healthcare professional before using such creams on larger or more severe wounds, as specialized medical care may be required [37].

Physiochemical Evaluations (pH, Viscosity, Spread ability, Stability Studies):

Physicochemical evaluations are crucial in assessing the quality and performance of formulations, particularly in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. pH measurement determines the acidity or alkalinity of a formulation, which is essential for ensuring stability and compatibility with skin or mucosal tissues. Viscosity, the measure of a formulation's resistance to flow, plays a vital role in the product's texture, ease of application, and spread ability. Spread ability refers to how easily a product spreads when applied to a surface, which is important for user satisfaction and the uniform distribution of active ingredients. Stability studies are conducted to evaluate the formulation’s ability to maintain its properties, such as appearance, pH, and effectiveness, over time under various environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and light exposure. These evaluations help ensure the safety, efficacy, and consumer acceptability of the product throughout its shelf life [38-40].

Table 3: - Physiochemical Evaluations (pH, Viscosity, Spread ability, Stability Studies)