Abstract

Acne is a common skin problem associated with the microbial infection and need anti-microbial agent for the treatment. Herbal product containing essential oil as anti-microbial agent are undoubtedly a growing trend. Clove oil is reported to have anti-microbial activity against acne causing microorganisms such as propionibacterium acnes , staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus, and candida albicans. Hence theb present study was undertaken with aim to formulate develop Antiacne craem by using clove oil .the essientialoil was extracted by steam distillation method and cram formulation Bureaue of indian standard guidelines BIS guidelines and for Antimicrobial activity against the microorganism responsible for acne by agar well diffusion technique. Also all the anti-acne cream formulation where subject stability studies and subjective evaluation of the panelof human volunteers. The result showed that the anti-acne cream(F3) containing clove oil is effective against microorganisms respossible for acne. Clove oil is a effective anti-acne agent hence can prove to be incorporating in anti-acne preparation.

Keywords

Introduction

       
           
       
Fig. Clove Plant

Classification of Acne :

       
           
       
Literature survey :

       
           
       
 Fig 3 Clove Plant              

A] stearic acid :

Stearic acid is an emulsifier , emollient and lubricant that can soften skin and help to keep product from separating stearic acid used in hundreds of personal care product moistueiser , suncream and makeup cream

Formula – C18H63O2

Molar mass- 28.489 /mol

Melting point – 69.’C

Apperances- white solid

Odur- pungent oily

Densiy- 0.408 glcm

B] Acetyl alcohol –

This medication is used as moisturiser to treat for prevent dry rough itchy skin and minor skin infection

Formula – C16H3HO

Molar mass – 242.44 gm/mol

M.P -49.3C

Apperances- White crystal

Odur – very faint wax

Density – 0.811 glcm

C] Beez wax –

Is used in cosmetic industry within acne for dry skin for line and wrinkles emulsified solution and increses water holding capacities of cream

Formula- C15H31CO2C30H61

Molar mass- 61-65’Cc

M.P- 64.5’C

Apperances – white colour

Density- 0.95

D] glyserine monosterat-

It is use as thikining of emulsifing and preservative agent and emulsifing agent for oil waxes and solvent a protective coting for hygroscopic powders a solidifiers a d controls release agent in  pharmaeutcals and resin lubricant

Formula- C21H42O4

Molar mass-358.57 gl/mol

m.p- 55’C

apperances – white waxy powder

E] Mineral oil-

They are used in chemical industry . it is highly purified ingredient used in body lotion, cold cream andc many other personal care product , due to it ability to help to reduce water loss from skin. It moisturise

Formula – C16H10N2Na20Z52

Molar weight- 452.363

m.p -  -24’C

Apperance-  colourless liquid

Physical state- oil

Density – 0.85

F] Propyl paraben-

It is used in pharmaceutical industry. Propyl paraben function as preservative in cosmetic an personal care product antimicrobial. Further by limiting the growth of bacteria and fungi prsevaties like isobutylpropen help keeps us from infection and other diseses

Formula – C10H12O3

Molar weight- 180.2 gm/mol

m.p- 95-98’C

apperances- olourless crystals white powder

density-106 gm/cm

5.MATERIAL AND METHODS

• Collection and authentication of clove: Dried flower buds of Clove, were collected from the local market of Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.
• Extraction of clove oil:
• 1) Dried flower buds of Clove, were subjected to size reduction and then subjected to steam distillation for the separation of volatile constituents.
• 2) It was done by the distillation of 100 g of Clove with water (300 ml) by using 3)Clevenger’s apparatus . Distillation was continued for 5 h and the oil thus obtained was dried over anhydrous silica gel by using desiccator to remove any traces of moisture and stored in a refrigerator at 4 C until use.
• eugenol acetate (2–17%) and caryophyllene as its main constituents.
• 4) Among the other constituents present, the most important is methyl-n-amyl ketone, to which the oil owes its fresh and fruity aroma.
• 5)Other substances present in traces are methyl salicylate, methyl benzoate, methyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, furfural, methyl furfural, dimethyl furfural, a-pinene, methyl-n-heptyl ketone, methyl-n-amyl carbinol (2-heptanol), methyl-n-heptyl carbinol and vanillin

• 6) The Cloves are acrid, bitter, aromatic and refrigerant; used widely as culinary spice and as condiments in adding taste and aroma to food preparations. Clove bud oil is reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, insec
• 7)Clove bud oil is reported to have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties and are used traditionally as flavouring agent and antimicrobial agent in food products. Clove oil is also reported as an anti-carcinogenic agent due to its antioxidant properties
• 8) The high levels of eugenol content in Clove essential oil are responsible for strong antimicrobial activity.
• 9) This phenolic compound can denature proteins and reacts with cell membrane phospholipids changing their permeability.

       
           
       
6. Formulation of antiacne cream by using clove oil:

1]antiacne cream base was formulated by using formulation given in table 1:

All ingredients of phase a were taken in beaker beaker was kept on water bath till the temperature reached 75’C. stirring it well by mechanical stirrer Emulsification of cream was proced. The cream was allowed to cool down and transfer to suitable container.

Formulation table:1

7. Evalution parameter:

1] Ph:4.0-9.0

2]total fatty substances content ,% by mass : min. 5%

3]microbial content limit : not more than 1000cfu/g

4]Thermal stability: no oil separation

8. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Acne is a common skin disorder which required antimicrobial agents for its treatment common microorganism associated with acne skin conditions are Propionibacterium associated with acne skin conditions are staphylococcus epidermis, it is reported that clove oil possesses analgesic, antimicrobial and aromatic properties, despite these properties, the common spice clove is nit popular in cosmetic. It is a normal experiences that werener any formulation is to be developed containing essential oil, the stability of product possess chanllenge. Thus the stability of antiacne creams was studied by observing changes in parameters like odour ,color,pH, viscocity and particle size undrr extrem conditions and antiacne creams were found to be substaintially stable.

9. CONCLUSION:

In India there are many medicinal plants which are used from ancient times for skin care. Acne is a common skin problem associated with the microbial infections and many other causes also. Acne is not health threatening disorder but it definitely cast negative impact on one’s personal self-image. The demand for more and more cosmetics from plant sources is continuously increasing. The prolonged chemical-based treatments and the high rate of recurrence suggest the opportunity for alternative options. Despite of having reported antibacterial and antifungal properties, Clove oil is not popular as Antiacne agent for incorporation in cosmetic formulations may be because of inadequate documentation and nonavailability of any scientific evidence regarding their activity in cosmetic formulations. So this study was undertaken with the aim to formulate, develop and evaluate Antiacne cream by using three different concentrations of clove oil. From the results of the present study it can be concluded that Antiacne cream containing 1% Clove oil (C-6) was acceptable in view of improvement in acne skin condition and contains all good characters of skin cream. Clove oil is effective Antiacne agent hence can prove to be beneficial for incorporating in Antiacne preparations. The optimDeclaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

REFERENCES

1. E.A. Tanghetti, The role of inflammation in pathology of acne, J. Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology 6 (9) (2013) 27–35.
2. B. Cosgrave, J. Cohen, R. Marlowe, K. Phillips, L. Radford, Vogue Beauty, Carlton Publisher, 2009, p. 95.
3. L. Fox, C. Csongradi, M. Aucamp, J. Plessis, M. Gerber, Treatment Modalities for Acne. molecules 2016; 21(8):1063.
4. F. Khorvash, F. Abdi, H.H. Kashani, F.F. Naeinin, T. Narmani, Staphylococcus aureus in acne pathogenesis: a case-control study, North American J. Med. Sci. 4 (11) (2012) 573–576.
5. Dr. P. Behl, Practice of Dermatology, 5th ed., 1982, 418-420.
6. Siripornvisal S. Antifungal, Activity of ajowan oil against fusarium oxysporum, KMILTL Sci. Tech. J. 10 (2) (2010) 45.
7. H.A. Walters, M.S. Roberts, Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic and Cosmetic Development. Informa Healthcare, London, 2008, 437.
8. G. Singh, S. Maurya, P. Marimuthu, H.S. Murali, A.S. Bawa, Antioxidant and antibacterial investigations on essential oils and acetone extracts of some spices, Natural Product Radiance, 2007; Vol. 6(2); 2007; 114-121.
9. G. Singh, P. Marimuthu, H.S. Murali, A.S. Singh, Antioxidative and antibacterial potential of essential oils and extracts isolated from various spice materials, J. Food Saf. 25 (2005) 130–145.
10. Combat with Acne and Scarring with Essential oils, Cosmetics and Herbal News, Vol.8 (96), 2014, 62.
11. P. Arora, A. Nanda, K. Maninder, Screening of plant essential oils for antifungal activity against M. furfur, Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceutical Sci. 5 (2) (2013) 37–39.
12. K.G. Lee, T. Shibamoto, Antioxidant property of aroma extract isolated from clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr Et. Perry), J. Food Chem. 74 (2001) 443–448.
13. J. Briozzo, Antimicrobial activity of clove oil dispersed in a concentrated sugar solution, J. Applied Bacteriology 66 (1989) 69–75.
14. S.G. Deans, G. Ritchie, Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils, Int. J. Food Microbol. 5 (1987) 165–180.
15. K. Misar, S. Kulkarni, V. Meghre, A. Chandak, Study of clove oil as antibacterial agent against cosmetically important microorganisms, Kamla Nehru J. Sci. Technol. I (2015) 96–100.
16. H.M. Kim, E.H. Lee, S.H. Hong, H.J. Song, M.K. Shim, T.Y. Shin, Effect of syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rat, J. Ethnopharmacol. 60 (1998) 125–131.
17. C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit, S.B. Gokhale, Pharmacognosy. Nirali Prakashan. Vol. II. 46th ed. Dec. 2010; p.1.84 - 1.86.
18. L. Cai, C.D. Wu, Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum processing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens, J. Nat. Prod. 59 (1996) 987–990.
19. Varier’s P.S. Indian Medicinal Plants: Vol. 2; Orient Longman Ltd. 1995; p.221. Petroch
20. A. Basma, A. Majeed, A. Hassan, B. Kurji, Extraction of oil from Eucalyptus camadulensis using water distillation method, Iraqi J. Chem. em Eng. 14 (2) (2013) 7–12.
21. S.S. Agrawal, M. Paridhavi, Herbal Drug Technology. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, 2nd Ed. 2012, p. 336 -337.
22. D. Atofan, M.M. Zamfirache, A.R. Andro, I. Boz, M. Coisin, C. Padurariu, Improved techniques for obtaining volatile oils concerning their quantitative and qualitative analysis from Lamiaceae taxons, J. Biologic vegetala. II a. 2010; p.39-43.
23. D.G. Williams, in: The Chemistry of Essential Oils, Micelle Press, England, 1996, pp. 124–127.
24. Indian Pharmacopoeia; Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; Publisher - The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Vol. I; 6th ed. 2010; 174.
25. A.Y. Waghale Practical Chemistry, Central Techno Publication, 4th ed., 1998, p.86-87.
26. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission; Vol. I, 6th ed., 2010, 143.
27. P.K. Gupta, S.K. Gupta, Pharmaceutics and Cosmetics; Pragati Prakashan.1st Ed. 2010; p. 132-135.
28. Sharma P.P. Cosmetic Formulation, Manufacturing & Quality Control. Vandana Publication Pvt. Ltd. Delhi; 3rd ed. 2005; p. 163-165.
29. Indian Standard; Skin Creams – Specifications; IS 6608:2004; Bureau of Indian Standards; 2nd Revision; 2004; p. 2-5.
30. Stability Testing of Cosmetics -2017. Availableat: www.makingcosmetics.com/Stabilty-Testing-of-Cosmetics_ep_59.html.
31. S. Kulkarni, V. Meghre, Practical Cosmetic Microbiology, Dennet & Company, India, 1st Ed., 2011, 82-83.
32. R. Ananthanarayan, C.K. Panikar J., Textbook of Microbiology, Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd., 7th ed., 2005, 39-43.
33. Opinion concerning guidelines on the use of human volunteers in compatibility testing of finished cosmetic products. Available From URL: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out101en. pdf.
34. M.N. Bhuiyan, J. Begum, N.C. Nandi, F. Akter, Constituents of the essential oil from leaves and buds of clove (Syzigium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston). African J. Plant Sci. 2010;Vol. 4(11); p. 451-454.
35. S. Muruganandan, K. Srinivasan, S. Chandra, S.K. Tandan, J. Lal, V. Raviprakash, Anti-inflammatory Activity of Syzigium cumini bark. Flitoterapia. 2001; 72; p. 369-375.
36. A. Velluti, V. Sanchis, A.J. Ramos, S. Marin, Inhibitory effect of cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, oregano and palmarose essential oils on growth of fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium proliferatum in maize grain, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 89 (2003) 145–154um concentration of Clove oil to be used as Antiacne ageing cream.