Research Paper On : Formulation And Evolution Ginger Powder Tablet For Anti-Inflammatory Activity

One of the most popular plants in Asia, Australia, and many other nations is Zingiber officinale.  Z. Officinale has been empirically used to treat rheumatism, headaches, colds, coughs, and digestive issues (digestion, flatulence, constipation, and nausea). Advanced scientific methods have been used to study Z officinale extensively for its therapeutic qualities in recent decades, and several bioactive chemicals have been extracted from various plant sections. According to reports, the factory is the plant is reported for antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, nephroprotective activity, hepatoprotective activity, larvicidal activity, analgesic activity anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory activities, LALLH activity and More than seventy pharmacology studies of 2 afficinale rhizomes have been reported. Most of the secondary metabolites of herbs are commercially important and find use in a number of pharmaceutical compounds. Flavonoids and phenolics are the most important groups of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds in plants. Shogaol and gingerol are the most common bioactive compounds found in ginger, and have various pharmacological benefits. The present review is focused for the taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, secondary metabolite extraction, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, side effect and taxicity of Z. Officinale var Roscoe

1. Limitations of Conventional Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Common NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, diclofenac) can cause gastrointestinal irritation, cardiovascular risks, and renal issues with long-term use.There is a growing demand for safer, natural alternatives with fewer side effects.

2. Potent Anti-inflammatory Properties of Ginger

Ginger contains active compounds like gingerols, shogaols, and paradols, known for their strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic activities. It has shown effectiveness in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies for conditions like arthritis and muscle pain.

3. Need for Standardized Dosage Forms

Traditional forms (teas, powders, raw ginger) lack dose precision and stability. A tablet dosage form offers better accuracy, patient compliance, shelf life, and controlledrelease.

4. Enhancing Bioavailability

Gingerol compounds have limited solubility and bioavailability when taken orally in raw form.Formulating into tablets with appropriate excipients and delivery systems (e.g., sustained-release, phytosomes) can enhance absorption and efficacy.

Objective :

1.To formulate oral tablets containing standardized ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for anti-inflammatory use.

2. To evaluate the physicochemical properties of the formulated tablets, including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, and drug content uniformity.

3. To assess the in vitro drug release profile of the ginger extract tablets.

4. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the formulated tablets using suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models (e.g., protein denaturation assay or carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats).

5. To compare the efficacy of the ginger extract tablets with standard anti-inflammatory drugs to establish potential therapeutic equivalence or superiority.

6. To ensure the stability of the formulation under different storage conditions as per ICH guidelines (optional but recommended for comprehensive studies).

Drug content profile:

Ginger

Kingdom     : plantae

Division.      :Magnoliophyta

Class.           :Liliopsida

Order.         : Zingiberales

Family.        :Zingiberaceae

Genus.        :Zingiber

Species.      : Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe

Biological source :The biological source of ginger is the rhizome ( underground stem) of the plant Zingiber officinale.

Morphological characteristics:

Colour:  Light yellowish – brown to pale .

Test: warm, pungent,and slightly sweet .

Odour: strong, spicy, aromatic .

 Chemical constituent :

1. Volatile oils (responsible for aroma)

Zingiberene (major compound), Β-Bisabolene,Camphene ,Cineole, Citral, Limonene ,Farnesene

2. Non-volatile pungent compounds (responsible for taste)

Gingerols (especially [6]-gingerol – the most active in fresh ginger) Shogaols (formed from gingerols when dried or cooked) Zingerone (formed during heating or drying) Paradols.

3.Other Constituents

Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Amino acids,Polysaccharides, Lipids, Vitamins (B3, B6, C), Minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc

Medicinal Uses:

1.Digestive aid: Helps relieve nausea, indigestion, and bloating.

2.Anti-inflammatory: Contains compounds like gingerol that help reduce inflammation and pain (e.g., arthritis).

3.Cold and flu relief: Used to soothe sore throats, reduce congestion, and boost immunity.

4.Menstrual pain relief: Known to reduce menstrual cramps in some people.

5.Anti-nausea: Effective against motion sickness, morning sickness, and post-surgery nausea.

Ginger function in maintaining anti-inflammatory activity

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has potent anti-inflammatory properties due to its rich bioactive compounds, primarily gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. These compounds help modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing chronic inflammation and associated diseases.

Mechanisms of Action in Anti-Inflammation

1.Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes

Ginger suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, which produce inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This is similar to how NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) work but with fewer side effects.

2.Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Ginger decreases the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which contribute to chronic inflammation in diseases like arthritis and cardiovascular conditions.

3.Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway

NF-κB is a key regulator of inflammation. Ginger compounds prevent its activation, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.

4.Antioxidant Activity

Ginger scavenges free radicals (ROS) that cause oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This helps in preventing cellular damage and aging-related inflammation.

5.Modulation of Immune Response

It helps balance immune responses, preventing excessive inflammation that can lead to autoimmune diseases.

Conditions Where Ginger Maintains Anti-inflammatory Activity

Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis – Reduces joint pain and stiffness.

Cardiovascular Diseases – Lowers inflammation that contributes to heart disease.

Diabetes – Reduces insulin resistance and inflammation.

Gastrointestinal Disorders – Helps in gastritis, IBS, and colitis.

Neuroinflammation – May reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s and cognitive decline.

Material and method:

Material :

The main instruments and reagents

Main equipment: constant temperature drying oven, ultrafine grinder, vibrating sieve machine, mixer, constant temperature and humidity chamber, electronic balance, tablet handness tester, crushing tester, intelligent disintegration tester, and rotary tablet machines

 Reagents : Lactose, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, pvp ( polyvinylpyrrolidone), Talc.

Production process:

1.After collecting the fresh ginger after to peel the fresh ginger root using a vegetable peeler of knife. Slice the ginger thinly to help it dry faster. Preheat your oven to the lowest setting typically around 38°C. Spread the ginger slices on a baking sheet and place them in the oven let the dry to several hours (4 – 6 hours ) checking regularly to avoid burning. Alternatively you  can use a dehydrator if you one. Once the ginger slices are completely dried and brittle, place them in a blender, coffee grinder.grind the dried ginger into a fine powder

Formulation of Table :

Anti-inflammatory tablet containing ginger extract were prepared by weight granulation method. The powder evaluated for angle of repose , bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index.

Method :

Step 1: Mixing

•Weigh and sieve ginger extract and Lactose to ensure uniform particle size.

• Mix thoroughly in a blender for uniform distribution.

Step 2: Wet Granulation

• Prepare a binding solution by dissolving PVP in water.

• Slowly add the solution to the mixture until a cohesive damp mass is formed.

Step 3: Drying

• Dry the wet granules at 40-50°C until the moisture content is <3%.

Step 4: Sieving

• Pass the dried granules through a 20-40 mesh sieve to obtain uniform granules.

Step 5: Lubrication

• Add magnesium stearate and talc to the dried granules and mix gently to avoid over-blending.

Step 6: Compression

• Compress the granules into tablets using a tablet compression machine with appropriate tooling.

Formulation Table:

1.Bulk Density : Bulk density is the ratio of the mass by the volume of an untapped powder sample. The bulk density is measured in g/ml. The bulk density depends on both the density of the powder particles and the arrangement of the powder particles.

The bulk density influences preparation, storage of the sample.

The mathematical re-presentation is given below-

Bulk  density =Weight of the drug  / Bulk volume

Tapped density = Weight of the granules / Tapped volume .

3) Angle of Repose: It gives an idea of the flow ability of granules or a bulk solid. There is some factor which responsible for the flow ability of powders such as particle size, shape surface area, etc. The flow ability of the powder depends on the different environments and can be changed easily.

The angle of repose was calculated by the following formula :-

Θ=tan?¹(h/r)

Where,

Θ=angle of repose ,

h= Height of the formed cone,

r =  Radius of the circular base.

4) Carr’s Index: - It is an indicator of the compressibility of a powder. It is one of the most important parameters to characterize the nature of granules.

Car’s index (%)=(Tapped density – Bulk density/Tapped density) x 100.

5.Hausner ratio: Hausner Ratio (HR) is an indirect index of case of powder movement. It was calculated

HR=pt / pb

Where,

HR-Hausner Ratio

Pt= tapped density and pb = bulk density.

Lower Hausner ratio (<1.25) designates better movement proper than higher ones (>1.25). by the following formula,

Characterization of blend formulation:

Evaluation Test Of Tablet :

The Nutritional tablet of ginger  were evaluated for following parameters

1.Hardness

Hardness was determined by using Monsanto hardness tester. Hardness of these tablets from each batch of different formulation was tested

Operating Procedure :-

1)Place the sample tablet in the vertically holding edges of the anvil of Monsanto Hardness Tester.

2)Adjust the pointer at zero position on the scale by rotating the screw in forward direction.

3)Now rotate the screw till break point of the tester.

4)The breakage of tablet shows hardness on the scale.

5)Repeat the procedure 5-6 times for average reading. Record the observation.

2.Friability

Procedure of friability apparatus:-

1)Deduct tablets & weigh accurately required number of tablets

2) Then place the tablets in drum & allow it to rotate for 100 times resolutions

3)After completion of 100 revolutions, remove the tablet weigh

4) If then calculate of observation of test.

Note: A maximum loss of weight not greater than 1% is acceptable

3.Thickness:-

Micrometer was used to measure the thickness of the tablet a done in case of conventional tablets 10 tablets were aimlessly selected to perform the process. Thickness was measure by Vernier-calliper scale in triplicate manner

4.Weight Variation:

Weight variation test is also known as uniformity of weight, it is the official quality control test which is performed to ensure that each tablet dosage form has the accurate amount of drug .The test is conducted by weighing 20 tablets individually on an analytical balance computing the average weight, and comparing the individual weights of the tablet to the  average,

5) Disintegration Test :-Disintegration test was performed by introducing one tablet in each tube and then suspending the basket assembly in a beaker containing purified water and operating the apparatus until tablet disintegrates complete.

Result:-

In the present work. Evalution of Nutritional tablet of gingerstudies were carried to find out nutritional benefits of ginger  nutritional tablet The hardness of tablet was determined and found in the range of 5 kg/cm2. The Disintegration time of tablet was found to be 13 min. The friability of nutritional tablet was found to be 0.73%. The thickness was found to be 4mm. The formulation of nutritional tablets containing ginger  was successful, with the tablets exhibiting desirable characteristics such as appearance, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration. The pre-formulation studies showed that the bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index, and Hausner ratio were within acceptable ranges, indicating good flow properties of the granules. The characterization of blend formulations also confirmed the suitability of the powder blend for tablet compression.

CONCLUSION:

The formulation and evaluation of ginger extract tablets demonstrated promising potential for anti-inflammatory activity. Standardized ginger extract, rich in active constituents like gingerols and shogaols, was successfully incorporated into a stable tablet dosage form using appropriate excipients to ensure desirable physicochemical properties. The optimized formulation showed satisfactory results in pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, disintegration time, friability, and uniformity of content. Pharmacological evaluation through in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory models indicated significant inhibition of inflammatory responses, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs, supporting the therapeutic efficacy of ginger extract. The findings affirm the potential of ginger as a natural, safe, and effective alternative in managing inflammatory conditions.

Preformulation study of drug :

Organoleptic properties :

The sample obtain was found to be light yellowish crystalline powder