Department Of Pharmacy, Delonix Society’s Baramati College OF Pharmacy, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra India 413102.
Punarnava is the ancient medicinal plant belongs to the Nyctaginaceae family. It is available in three different species B.diffusa, B.verticillata, T.portulaca there roots are more effective than other parts of the plant. Use of the boerhavia mentioned in various books.The plant is used to treat various disease like anaemia, cough & cold, heart disorder, diuretic, urethritis, night blindness, laxative etc. In 1908 first anatomical study was performed on Punarnava, there are two different methods are developed to determine anatomy of the plant. B. diffusa contain many phytosome which are use to treat various disease. The phytosomes are sterols, alkaloids, amino acid, protin, tannins, flavonoids, sugar, glycoside, saponins etc. It also shows the antioxidant property which is determined by the performing the various types of assays. Antioxidant are usefull for the skin, prevetn cell damage, prevent damage caused by oxidation. It plays important role to controlle many disesase and makes human healthy.
Punarnava is a contentious medication because its actual botanical identity is unknown and it is used to refer to a number of different taxa. It is a component of numerous traditional preparations with significant therapeutic value. Three distinct species are described in the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia: Trianthema portulacastrum, Boerhaavia verticillata, and Boerhaavia diffusa roots. This study examines the microscopic, macroscopic,and phytochemical analysis of these Punarnava species' roots in order to distinguish them and determine their quality standards.
Foliar:
Boerhavia diffusa L., also referred to as "Punarnava," is a member of the Nyctaginaceae family and has been utilized extensively in traditional medicine since forever. Within the pantropical taxonomic genus Boerhavia L., B. diffusa L. is distributed cosmopolitanly in both hemispheres.
Therapeutic Use of Drug Mentioned In Ancient Books:
THERA Although B. diffusa L. is botanically equivalent to the drug plant "Punarnava" because it contains the major active constituents "Punarnavines" and "Boerhavinones," there have long been taxonomic disputes over the plant's identification. Despite the presence of distinct active principles, other species of Boerhavia L. are frequently used (adulterated) as "Punarnava" in various parts of India because there aren't many noticeable morphological differences.
Fig:1
Use Of Drug Plant in Various Treatment:
Punarnava Used in Treatment of Hypertension:
One such consequence of the modern lifestyle is hypertension. Crucial The most prevalent cardiovascular condition is now hypertension. It is a significant risk factor for stroke, chronic renal failure (CRF), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF). [1–2]Over 1 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension, and the condition is thought to be the cause of 7.1 million deaths annually. The most prevalent cardiovascular condition at the moment is essential hypertension. It is a significant risk factor for ischemic heart attacks and congestive heart failure (CCF). stroke, chronic renal failure (CRF), and illness (IHD). [1–2]Over 1 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension, and the condition is thought to be the cause of 7.1 million deaths annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) research states that inadequate blood pressure (>115 mmHg of systolic blood pressure) accounts for 49% of IHD and 62% of cerebrovascular illness, with minimal variation by sex. In addition, the leading contributing risk factor for death worldwide is inadequate blood pressure.[3] EHTN has become a significant public health concern for emerging nations such as India.
Graphical abstract
Monocrotaline
BMPR2, Cytokine Production Alters P13K Pathway
Inflammatory mediators eNOS and NO
Vascular endothelium dysfunction
Pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction and HTN
Right ventricular hypertrophy and CHF
Traditional Applications of Punarnava:
Fig:2
Anatomical Study:
Solereder (1908) conducted the first anatomical research of the Nyctaginaceae family, followed by Metcalfe & Chalk (1950) who provided a general description of the anatomical traits. Very little research has been done on the node-petiole morphology and foliar-vasculature pattern of nyctaginaceous members. Melville (1969, 1976), Hickey (1973), and Dilcher (1974) have all highlighted the traits of foliar venation patterns and their significance for taxonomic research. The morphology of certain members of the Nyctaginaceae was studied by Nair & Nair (1961), with particular attention to the nodal anatomical characteristics of the genus Boerhavia. Additionally, L. Howard (1979) emphasized the significance of nodal and petiolar structural characteristics in resolving taxonomic disputes.
Morphology:
Boerhavia diffusa L. is a puberulous to glabrous herb with a fusiform root that can grow prostrate or spreading. It belongs to the Nyctaginaceae family. The ovate-lanceolate leaves have a green adaxial surface and a white abaxial surface. Petiolate, with crimson marginal glands. Together, flowers 1–12 form campanulate, pedicelled cymose panicles. Perianth can be white, pink, red, or mauve.
Types:
HPTLC Methods For Estimation:
Pharmacogenetic Study:
The pharmacognostic study was divided into three types to study finished product.
Medicinal Properties:
Fig no: 3
Phytochemical Screening:
Table no :2
|
Sr. No |
Phytochemical |
Test performed |
Observation |
Inference |
|
1. |
Sterol |
|
|
|
|
2. |
Alkaloid |
|
|
|
|
3. |
Amino acid |
|
|
|
|
4. |
Protein |
|
|
|
|
5. |
Reducing sugar |
|
|
|
|
6. |
Glycosides |
|
|
|
|
7. |
Tannins |
|
|
|
Antioxidant Activity:
The pharmacological characteristics of natural plant products, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and compounds derived from steroids, are varied and include antioxidant activity. According to Kataria (1997), an antioxidant is a substance that aids in preventing oxidation reactions brought on by free radicals, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl, hydroxyl, etc., to prevent or delay the formation of cells and cellular and tissue damage. Antioxidant compounds can also lessen the effects of free radicals and play a significant role in preserving health. This perennial climber is identified as Boerhavia (L.), a climber native to India. The name Boerhavia (L.) is derived from the Dutch physician Hermann Boerhaave of the 18th century.
Some Assays for Antioxidant Activity:
CONCLUSION:
Punarnava is the effective medicinal plant. The roots are more effective and shows high therapeutic effect.The species of Punaenava is taxonomically significant, morphological significance at the species level is done by the polymorphic property of particular species. The phytochemical screening is impotant step to identify the presence of phytochemical which is determined by performing the different test which shows the colour indication and gives the positive and negative results.Evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by the performing various antioxidant assay.For the antioxidant assay root, leaf and stem extract are used. In various medicinal preparation most commenly roots and leaves are used to achive specified activirty and gives the therapeutic effect. Various methods are used to determine active constituent by performing Chromatographi like HPTLC, TLC,Coloumn chromatographi, paper chromatographi, gas chromatographi etc.
DISSCUSSION:
The provided data helps resolve the taxonomic ambiguity of Punarnava by providing a scientific basis for differentiating its three species. The presence of alkaloids and tannins supports the plant's traditional uses for conditions like hypertension and inflammation. The developed HPTLC method is a crucial tool for quality control and preventing adulteration, ensuring the efficacy and safety of Punarnava products. This work validates traditional knowledge with modern scientific methods, providing a framework for standardization.
RESULT:
Punarnava's botanical identity is ambiguous, with three species used. This study confirmed the presence of sterols, alkaloids, and tannins in the plant. An HPTLC method was developed for quality control. The research links Punarnava's traditional uses for conditions like hypertension and inflammation to its phytochemicals and antioxidant properties, helping to standardize the plant for modern use.
REFERENCES
A. S. Girigosavi*, D. S. Gavhane, A. V. Deokate, A. R. Shitole, Punarnava: Foliar, Anatomic Study, Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 8, 566-572. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16750613
10.5281/zenodo.16750613
