View Article

Abstract

Pain can last a short time and go away when you heal (acute pain). Or it can also last for months or years (chronic pain). The elderly population comprises the fastest growing segment of the world’s population. As patients age, the incidence and prevalence of certain pain syndromes increase. Pain may be underreported as some elderly patients incorrectly believe that pain is a normal process of aging. A comprehensive pain assessment includes a thorough medical history and physical examination, review of systems and pertinent laboratory results, imaging studies, and diagnostic tests. The result includes good physicochemical properties such as thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance and mixture content. These were found to be stable and hence there is scope for further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Thus, it can be concluded that the pain can be treated by Aceclofenac topically in the form of transdermal patch.

Keywords

Transdermal patches, acelophenac, osteoarthritis

Reference

  1. Kaye AD, Baluch A, Scott JT. Pain management in the elderly population: a review. Ochsner Journal. 2010 Sep 21;10(3):179-87.
  2. Morad A, Farrokh S. Pain management. Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma. 2018 May 16:447-60..
  3. Polomano RC, Dunwoody CJ, Krenzischek DA, Rathmell JP. Perspective on pain management in the 21st century. Pain management nursing. 2008 Mar 1;9(1):3-10..
  4. McQuay H. Opioids in pain management. The Lancet. 1999 Jun 26;353(9171):2229-32.
  5. Lynch D. Geriatric pain. In: Raj PP, ed. Practical Management of Pain. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2000:270-271. 
  6. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain physician. 2009;12(4):E35.
  7. Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, Jordan JM, Kington RS, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Sowers M. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Annals of internal medicine. 2000 Oct 17;133(8):635-46.
  8. Ferre IM, Roof MA, Anoushiravani AA, Wasterlain AS, Lajam CM. Understanding the observed sex discrepancy in the prevalence of osteoarthritis. JBJS reviews. 2019 Sep 1;7(9):e8.
  9. Amagai Y, Tanaka A, Matsuda A, Oida K, Jung K, Nishikawa S, Jang H, Ishizaka S, Matsuda H. Research Article Topical Application of Ketoprofen Improves Gait Disturbance in Rat Models of Acute Inflammation.
  10. Kozak LJ, DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey; 2004 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. 
  11. Guccione AA, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Anthony JM, Zhang Y, Wilson PW, Kelly-Hayes M, Wolf PA, Kreger BE, Kannel WB. The effects of specific medical conditions on the functional limitations of elders in the Framingham Study. American journal of public health. 1994 Mar;84(3):351-8.
  12. Benjamin LS. Effectiveness of Glucosamine Therapy Upon Selected Symptoms of Osteoarthritis. Partners Universal International Research Journal. 2022 Dec 31;1(4):40-4.
  13. Akinpelu AO, Alonge TO, Adekanla BA, Odole AC. Prevalence and pattern of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in Nigeria: A community-based study. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2009;7(3):10.
  14. Mathers CD, Stein C, Ma Fat D, Rao C, Inoue M, Tomijima N, Bernard C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Global Burden of Disease 2000: Version 2 methods and results. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2002 Oct.
  15. Silman AJ, Hochberg MC. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. Epidemiology of the Rheumatic Diseases.
  16. Grönblad M, Liesi P, Korkala O, Karaharju E, Polak J. Innervation of human bone periosteum by peptidergic nerves. Anat Rec. 1984;209:297–299. doi: 10.1002/ar.1092090306.
  17. Reimann I, Christensen SB. A histological demonstration of nerves in subchondral bone. Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1977 Jan 1;48(4):345-52.
  18. Hirasawa Y, Okajima S, Ohta M, Tokioka T. Nerve distribution to the human knee joint: anatomical and immunohistochemical study. Int Orthop. 2000;24:1–4. doi: 10.1007/s002640050001. 
  19. Hukkanen M, Konttinen YT, Rees RG, Santavirta S, Terenghi G, Polak JM. Distribution of nerve endings and sensory neuropeptides in rat synovium, meniscus and bone. International journal of tissue reactions. 1992 Jan 1;14(1):1-0.
  20. Ashraf S, Wibberley H, Mapp PI, Hill R, Wilson D, Walsh DA. Increased vascular penetration and nerve growth in the meniscus: a potential source of pain in osteoarthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2011 Mar 1;70(3):523-9.
  21. Burns LC, Ritvo SE, Ferguson MK, Clarke H, Seltzer ZE, Katz J. Pain catastrophizing as a risk factor for chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Journal of pain research. 2015 Jan 5:21-32.
  22. CALIS HT, editor. Diz A?r?lar?. Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022 Apr 20.
  23. O'Neill TW, Felson DT. Mechanisms of Osteoarthritis (OA) Pain. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2018 Oct;16(5):611-616. doi: 10.1007/s11914-018-0477-1. PMID: 30155845; PMCID: PMC6153568
  24. Sheth NS, Mistry RB. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches and to study permeation enhancement effect of eugenol. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011 May 30(Issue):96-101.
  25. Darwhekar G, Jain DK, Patidar VK. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system of clopidogrel bisulfate. Asian J. Pharm. Life Sci. ISSN. 2011;2231:4423.
  26. Shivaraj, A. Selvam, R.P., Mani, T.T., Sivakumar, T., Design and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery of ketotifen fumarate, Int. J. Pharm. Biomed. Res. 2010; 1(2), 42-47. 
  27. Bharkatiya, M., Nema, R.K., Design and characterization of drug free patches for transdermal application, Int. J. Pharm, Sci., 2010; 2 (1), 35-39.
  28. Kriplani P, Sharma A, Aman PP, Chopra B, Dhingra A, Deswal G. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of diclofenac sodium. Global Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;4(5):001-4.
  29. 4. Murthy SN, Rani S, Hiremath R (2001) Formulation and evaluation of controlled release transdermal patches of theophylline-salbutamol sulphate. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 27(2): 1057-1062. 
  30. Saxena M, Mutalik S, Reddy MS (2006) Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Indian drugs 43(9): 740-745.
  31. Prajapati ST, Patel CG, Patel CN. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of repaglinide. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2011;2011.
  32. Kader N, Ansari N, Bharti R, Mandavi N, Sahu GK, Jha AK, Sharma H. Novel Approaches for Colloidal Drug Delivery System: Nanoemulsion. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2018;10(4):253-8.
  33. Sharma H, Kumar Sahu G, Kaur CD. Development of ionic liquid microemulsion for transdermal delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent. SN Applied Sciences. 2021 Feb;3(2):215.
  34. Sharma H, Sahu GK, Dapurkar V. An overview of new drug delivery system: Microemulsion. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences. 2012 Oct 30;2(5):1-8.
  35. Tripathi S, Meshram J, Kumari R, Tripathi DK, Alexander A, Sharma H, Sahu GK. Formulation and characterization of Virgin Coconut Oil Emulsion (VCOE) for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2018;10(2):49-54.
  36. Sahu GK, Dapurkar V, Rai G. Development and evaluation of methotrexate loaded BSA microspheres. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences. 2012 Oct 30;2(5):9-12.
  37. Sahu P, Sahu GK, Sharma H, Kaur CD. Formulation, characterization and ex vivo evaluation of epinephrine transdermal patches. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020;13(4):1684-92.
  38. Mandavi N, Ansari N, Bharti R, Kader N, Sahu GK, Sharma H. Microemulsion: A Potential Novel Drug Delivery System. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2018;10(4):266-71.
  39. Sharma H, Dapurkar VK, Rai G, Sahu GK. Microemulsions for the Topical Administration of 5-Fluorouracil: Preparation and Evaluation. Research Journal of pharmacy and Technology. 2012;5(8):1045-9.
  40. Sahu K, Pathak R, Agrawal N, Banjare P, Sharma H, Sahu G. A Review of the Novel Drug Delivery System used in the Treatment of Cancer. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2019;11(3):199-205.
  41. Sharma H, Sahu GK, Kaur CD. Development of bioflavonoid containing chemotherapeutic delivery systems for UV-damaged skin and kangri cancer. InForum of Clinical Oncology 2021 (Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 86-98).
  42. Sahu P, Mishra S, Sahu GK, Sharma H, Kaur CD. Formulation and Characterization of Resorcinol Gel. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2019;11(3):159-63.
  43. Sahu SK, Banjare T, Gupta S, Bhandarkar A, Sahu H, Diwedi SD, Sahu P, Agrawal P, Yadav P, Bhatt A, Sahu K. Formulation and evaluation of orodispersible tablet of montelukast sodium. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11(3):1112-8.
  44. Ali S, Sahu A, Sahu P, Sharma H, Gulati M, Menon SA, Anik S, Sahu GK. A Global Public Health Emergency: COVID-19.
  45. Shrivastava a, sharma h, sahu gk. Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches of diclofenac sodium.
  46. Sharma H, Sahu GK, Paul SD, Kaur CD. Comparative Study of Marketed and Novel Colloidal Formulation for Topical Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil to Skin Cancer Cells: Ex-Vivo Release Study and Cytotoxicity Analysis. Turkish Journal of Oncology. 2022;1(1).
  47. Sahu P, Mishra S, Sahu GK, Sharma H, Kaur CD. Formulation and Characterization of Resorcinol Peel. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2019;12(11):5437-43.
  48. Sahu P, Bhimte P, Sharma H, kumar Sahu G. A Modern Era Prospective of Novel Drug Delivery System.
  49. Dapurkar VK, Sahu GK, Sharma H, Meshram S, Rai G, Sahu GK. Research Article Anti-Arthritic Activity of Roots Extract of Boerhaavia Diffusa in Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Rats.
  50. Sahu P, Alexander A, Agrawal P, Banjare T, Bhandarkar A, Gupta S, Sahu H, Diwedi SD, Sahu SK, Yadav P, Sahu K. Formulation and evaluation of levocetrizine orodispersible tablet. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11(6):2429-33.
  51. Sahu GK, Sharma H, Gupta A, Kaur CD. Advancements in microemulsion based drug delivery systems for better therapeutic effects. Int J Pharm Sci Dev Res. 2015;1(008). 
  52. Sharma H, Sahu U, Kumar G, Kaur CD. A spectrum of skin cancer in Kashmir valley of India: kangri cancer. Journal of Atoms and Molecules. 2019;9(1):1196-205.
  53. Sahu G, Sharma H, Kaur C. Evolving concepts and targeting arthritis. World journal of pharmaceutical research. 2014 May 26;3(4):1960-75.
  54. Paul SD, Sharma H, Sahu G, Kaur CD, Pal SK. Future perspectives of herbal bioenhancer. InDrug Delivery Technology 2022 Mar 21 (pp. 307-324). De Gruyter.
  55. Nagwanshi P, Sahu L, Sahu P, Sahu A, Sharma H, Sahu G. Emphasis of Phytoconstituent in the treatment of cancer. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2020;12(3):169-77.
  56. Gupta SS, Sahu G, Sharma M, Chandrakar S, Sahu VD, Sharma G, Dewangan K, Solanki H, Majumdar M, Tripathi DK, Alexander A. Preparation and Optimization of floating microbeads of ciprofloxacin HCl. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9(7):848-52.
  57. Wahane AR, Karankal S, Sharma P, Khutel D, Singh O, Shardul V, Sabha N, Dewangan J, Dewangan A, Jangde A, Rani C. Pharmaceutical Aspects on the Formulations of Hydrogel: An Update. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2018;10(2):79-84.
  58. Sahu L, Nagwanshi P, Sahu P, Sahu A, Sahu G, Sharma H. Novel Approaches of Treatment of Cancer: Nanoparticle. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2020;12(2):115-24.
  59. Sahu G, Sharma H, Kaur CD. A novel approach of magnetic modulated microspheres. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013;3(4):220-4.
  60. Kumar Dg, Sharma Dh, Patel D. Recent Advancements of Suppositories. IJFMR-International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research.;5(2).
  61. Sahu K, Pathak R, Agrawal N, Banjare P, Sharma H, Sahu G. A Review of the Novel Drug Delivery System used in the Treatment of Cancer. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2019;11(3):199-205.
  62. Shrivastava A, Sharma H, Sahu GK. Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Diclofenac Sodium.
  63. Sahu P, Sahu GK, Sharma H, Kaur CD. Formulation, characterization and ex vivo evaluation of epinephrine transdermal patches. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020;13(4):1684-92.
  64. Sharma H, Sahu GK, Paul SD, Kaur CD. Comparative Study of Marketed and Novel Colloidal Formulation for Topical Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil to Skin Cancer Cells: Ex-Vivo Release Study and Cytotoxicity Analysis. Turkish Journal of Oncology. 2022;1(1).
  65. Sharma H, Kumar Sahu G, Kaur CD. Development of ionic liquid microemulsion for transdermal delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent. SN Applied Sciences. 2021 Feb;3(2):215 

Photo
Gyanesh Kumar Sahu
Corresponding author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C G)

Photo
Muskan Das
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (C G)

Photo
Harish Sharma
Co-author

Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (C G)

Muskan Das, Harish Sharma, Gyanesh Kumar Sahu, Preparation and Characterization of Transdermal Patches for Osteoarthritis, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci., 2023, Vol 1, Issue 5, 274-283. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7986247

More related articles
A Brief Review on Regulatory Affairs: Ensuring Com...
Kishor S. Arote, Darshan A. Salade, Nilesh V. Patil, ...
A Review Of Phytopharmacological Aspects Of Sphaer...
M. Anitha, G. Deepika , K. Sandhiya , G. Sneha , M. Soniya, ...
Exploring Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease: A Detailed Case Series Analysis...
Dr. Dhanya Dharman, Lekshmi R, Shaiju S Dharan, ...
Genome Wide Study Of Liver Inflammation Related Genes And Evolutionary Relations...
Rizwan Shaukat, Mehvish Mumtaz, Ayesha Aslam, Unaiza Farooq, Hadia Sarfraz, ...
Computational analysis of liver inflammation related genes in Human (Homo sapien...
Rizwan Shaukat, Hafsa Arshad, Iftikhar Ahsan Khan, Afifah Jabeen, ...
Related Articles
Buccal Films: Revolutionizing Oral Drug Delivery through Enhanced Bioavailabilit...
Rutuja Babasaheb Jadhav , Aadinath Babasaheb Sangle , Dr. Megha Tukaram Salve , ...
A Review On Analytical And Clinical Applications Of Anti Sense Oligonucleotides ...
DR SHAIK MASTANAMMA, Md.Naseemunnisa, Telugu.Kalavathi, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Antifungal And Antibacterial Herbal Tablet By Usin...
Dhananjay R. Chavhan, Akshada.G.waghchaure., Kaveri K. Chaudhari., ...
A Review On The Analytical Method Development And Validation Of Sertralinetablet...
Ashishkumar Panpatil, Vedant Salunke , Snehal Jadhav, Faisal Shaikh, Pravin Jadhav, Vinod Bairagi, K...
A Brief Review on Regulatory Affairs: Ensuring Compliance, Safety, and Market Ac...
Kishor S. Arote, Darshan A. Salade, Nilesh V. Patil, ...