Nanotechnology, defined as the manipulation of matter on a nanoscale, typically between 1 to 100 nanometres, has been rapidly advancing across numerous industries, including the cosmetics sector. This emerging field involves the design, production, and application of materials and devices by controlling their size and shape at the molecular or atomic level. In the realm of cosmetics, which are products intended to be applied to the human body for beautification, cleansing, or protection, nanotechnology has brought about significant changes in the way products are formulated and how they perform. Nanoparticles, the central elements of this technological shift, are particles that measure less than 100 nanometres in at least one dimension. Due to their extremely small size, nanoparticles exhibit unique properties that differ from larger particles, such as increased surface area and enhanced reactivity, which can lead to better absorption, stability, and efficiency when incorporated into cosmetic products. Nanotechnology has enabled the development of "Nano cosmetics," a term used to describe cosmetic products that incorporate nanoparticles or are developed using nanotechnology. These products are designed to provide superior performance compared to traditional formulations, offering enhanced penetration, longer-lasting effects, and more targeted delivery of active ingredients. Nanoparticles such as liposomes, Nano emulsions, and niosomes have been widely utilized in various cosmetic products, including moisturizers, sunscreens, anti-aging creams, and hair care products. For instance, in sunscreens, nanoparticles like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used to provide effective protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation while maintaining a transparent appearance on the skin. These nanoparticles are much smaller than traditional sunscreen ingredients, which allows them to offer protection without leaving a white, chalky residue on the skin. This has been a game-changer in the sunscreen market, especially for consumers seeking non-greasy, aesthetically pleasing options. In addition to sun protection, nanotechnology has significantly impacted the formulation of anti-aging products. The use of nanoparticles in anti-aging creams allows for the deep delivery of active ingredients such as retinoid, peptides, and antioxidants into the skin, where they can stimulate collagen production, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Nanotechnology ensures that these ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively and remain active for a longer period, leading to enhanced results. Similarly, in moisturizers, nanoparticles help improve the retention of moisture in the skin by creating a barrier that reduces water loss, ensuring that the skin remains hydrated for longer periods. This has led to the development of lightweight, fast absorbing formulations that appeal to consumers looking for products that deliver visible results without leaving the skin feeling greasy or heavy. One of the major trends in the cosmetics industry today is the move towards sustainability and consumer safety, both of which are areas where nanotechnology can make a significant impact. As consumers become more conscious of the environmental and health implications of the products they use, there is a growing demand for cosmetics that are not only effective but also safe and eco-friendly. Nanotechnology allows manufacturers to reduce the amount of potentially harmful chemicals in their formulations by using smaller quantities of highly efficient nanoparticles. For instance, Nano encapsulation techniques can be used to create slow-release formulations, which deliver active ingredients gradually over time, minimizing irritation and improving overall product safety. These advancements align with the industry's push towards "green beauty," where environmentally friendly and ethically sourced ingredients are prioritized. Looking ahead, the future of nanotechnology in cosmetics is set to focus on further advancements in product personalization, improved safety protocols, and environmentally sustainable practices. Personalized skincare, which tailor’s products to the individual needs of consumers based on their unique skin type or condition, is becoming increasingly popular, and nanotechnology plays a critical role in enabling this trend. By leveraging the precision and versatility of nanoparticles, companies can create targeted treatments that address specific skincare concerns, leading to more effective and customized beauty solutions. Moreover, as regulatory frameworks around the world evolves to address the potential risks associated with nanomaterials, we can expect to see stricter safety assessments, labeling requirements, and environmental considerations being incorporated into product development. Future research will likely focus on ensuring that nanoparticles are safe for both human health and the environment, with a particular emphasis on biodegradability and reducing environmental contamination. In conclusion, nanotechnology is revolutionizing the cosmetics industry by enhancing product efficacy, sustainability, and consumer satisfaction. With its ability to improve the performance of cosmetic products, nanotechnology is poised to continue driving innovation in beauty and personal care, shaping the future of the industry in ways that are both exciting and beneficial for consumers. As scientific research and technological development in Nano cosmetics continue to advance, we can anticipate even more sophisticated and personalized products entering the market, offering unprecedented levels of efficacy, safety, and environmental responsibility. [1] [2]

Brief Historical Background of Cosmetics and Nano cosmetics: The evolution of cosmetics, driven by humanity's enduring desire for beauty, dates back to ancient civilizations. Early evidence of cosmetic use can be traced to ancient Egypt around 4000 BCE, where Egyptians employed oils, creams, and ointments for hygiene and protection against harsh environmental conditions. Iconic depictions of heavily made-up eyes in Egyptian art highlight the cultural significance of cosmetics, reflecting their role in both religious and medicinal practices. The discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamen’s tomb underscored the historical importance of eyeliner, marking an early instance of global cosmetic trends. Similarly, ancient Chinese society around 3000 BCE used brightly colored nail polishes to signify social status, and the term "Heang" referred to the lavish use of perfumes and incense by the T’ang upper class. Greek cosmetic practices, influenced by Eastern traders, included facial powders and artificial eyebrows. Historical records reveal that Athenian women in the 5th century BCE used lead for face whitening, plant-based rouge for lip coloring, and kohl for darkening eyelids, despite the health risks posed by these toxic substances. Archaeological findings in ancient Greek sites uncovered various beauty tools, such as mirrors and miniature vases for perfumes and creams. Throughout history, cosmetics often involved harmful ingredients like lead, arsenic, and mercury, reflecting a longstanding disregard for health in the pursuit of beauty. In the 1800s, women used leeches and toxic substances to achieve a desired pale complexion, with tragic health consequences. However, the 20th and 21st centuries brought significant advancements in cosmetic science. The integration of safe, biologically active ingredients led to the development of cosmeceuticals—products designed to treat skin conditions like hyperpigmentation and wrinkles. This shift towards safer, more effective beauty solutions was further revolutionized by nanotechnology. Originating from Richard Feynman’s 1959 lecture on manipulating materials at the atomic level, nanotechnology began to impact the cosmetics industry in the 1990s. Early innovations included the use of nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in sunscreens, which provided effective UV protection without leaving a white residue. This breakthrough spurred interest in Nano cosmetics, highlighting the benefits of enhanced ingredient penetration, stability, and efficacy. By the early 2000s, the industry explored liposomes, niosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles to deliver active compounds more effectively into the skin. Advances in Nano capsules and Nano emulsions improved the encapsulation of unstable ingredients, enhancing their stability and bioavailability. As nanotechnology advanced, Nano cosmetics evolved to include targeted delivery systems that release active ingredients at specific sites, optimizing their benefits while reducing side effects. Despite its rapid growth, the field of Nano cosmetics has faced scrutiny regarding the safety and environmental impact of nanoparticles, prompting ongoing research and regulation to ensure consumer safety. Today, Nano cosmetics represent a frontier in skincare and beauty, offering innovative solutions with enhanced performance and personalized care, while regulatory bodies and scientists continue to address the challenges of this emerging technology.

[4] [5] [6]

Indian Nano Cosmeceuticals Market: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in the global cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, with India being no exception. The integration of nanotechnology into these sectors within India has been propelled by a blend of pioneering research, growing market demand, and evolving regulatory frameworks. The Indian cosmetics market has experienced significant growth, largely driven by increasing consumer awareness and demand for advanced skincare solutions, with nanotechnology playing a crucial role. Both Indian companies and multinational corporations, such as Lakmé and Himalaya, have heavily invested in research and development to integrate nanotechnology into their product offerings. The pharmaceutical industry in India has similarly undergone a revolution in drug delivery systems thanks to nanotechnology. Targeted drug delivery has become more effective with the use of Nano carriers like liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, which enable drugs to be delivered directly to targeted areas, reducing side effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. In cancer treatment, nanotechnology is employed to deliver chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells and enhancing treatment efficacy. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of nanotechnology in vaccine development, with nanoparticles playing a pivotal role in the creation of mRNA vaccines and other innovative vaccine delivery platforms. As one of the largest pharmaceutical markets globally, India is increasingly incorporating nanotechnology into its drug development pipelines, allowing Indian pharmaceutical companies to compete on an international scale by offering advanced drug formulations. The Indian government, through initiatives like the National Nanotechnology Initiative, has supported research in this area, fostering collaborations between academia and industry, leading to the emergence of startups and research centers focused on nanotechnology in drug delivery. India’s regulatory landscape is also evolving to keep pace with advancements in nanotechnology. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is actively working to develop guidelines and regulations specific to nanotechnology-based products in both the cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors. However, challenges persist in terms of standardization, safety assessments, and consumer awareness, as regulatory bodies continue to catch up with the rapid pace of technological advancements, occasionally delaying the market introduction of innovative nanotech products. Despite the vast opportunities, certain challenges remain, particularly regarding safety concerns and cost. The safety of nanoparticles, especially in cosmetics, continues to be a concern, with ongoing research aimed at ensuring that nanomaterials do not pose long-term health risks—a crucial factor for consumer acceptance. Furthermore, the higher cost of nanotechnology-based products can limit their accessibility to a broader population in India. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of nanotechnology in these industries continue to drive innovation and foster market growth.
 

Several Indian cosmetics companies have integrated nanotechnology into their products to enhance the delivery and efficacy of active ingredients, offering advanced skincare solutions to consumers. Following table shows the Indian Cosmecuetical Companies which use Nanotechnology in their products with its advantages:

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   Table No. 1: Commercially available Cosmetics products in Indian market with their Nanotechnology Applications and Benefits

Nano carriers Used in Cosmetics: Nano carriers in cosmetics represent a revolutionary advancement in delivering active ingredients effectively and efficiently. These nanostructured systems, which include nanoparticles, liposomes, and Nano spheres, enhance the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of cosmetic agents, allowing for deeper penetration into the skin. By encapsulating compounds such as vitamins, peptides, and antioxidants, Nano carriers not only improve the performance of cosmetic formulations but also extend their shelf life and reduce potential side effects. As the cosmetics industry increasingly embraces nanotechnology, these innovative carriers are paving the way for more effective skincare solutions, anti-aging treatments, and targeted therapies, ultimately transforming the way consumers experience beauty products. Following are some’s major types of Nano carriers explained which used generally act as important aspect in cosmetics development.

Liposomes: These are widely used in Cosmeceutical products due to their ability to encapsulate and gradually release both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. These spherical vesicles consist of a hydrophobic lipid bilayer, primarily made of phospholipids, which is nontoxic and reduces the risk of adverse reactions. They enhance the solubility of cosmetic ingredients, improve drug accumulation, protect the contents from degradation, and allow for controlled release. Liposomes come in various sizes, from 20 nanometres to several micrometres, and can be unilamellar or multilamellar. Their versatility makes them useful in skincare products, such as moisturizers, sunscreens, antiperspirants, and treatments for hair loss. They are also used to carry active biomolecules, including vitamins A, E, and K, as well as antioxidants like Coenzyme Q10 and carotenoids. By integrating lipids like cholesterol and ceramides, liposomes help rebuild the skin’s epidermal layers and maintain moisture. Phosphatidylcholine, the primary lipid in liposomes, is commonly incorporated into skin and hair care formulations due to its conditioning properties. Vegetable phospholipids, which are rich in essential fatty acids, are often used in transdermal treatments as they improve skin barrier function and reduce water loss. In cosmetics, liposomes enhance the penetration of active ingredients into the skin, making them ideal carriers for vitamins, phytonutrients, and even fragrances in products like deodorants and body sprays. Specialized liposomes, like photosomes, protect cells from UV radiation, reducing the risk of skin cancer. However, despite their benefits liposomes face challenges in terms of physical stability and large-scale production.  

       
           
       
Fig. Liposomes

Nano-emulsions: Nano emulsions are transparent or translucent liquid systems with remarkable kinetic and thermodynamic stability, making them ideal for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. These systems can be formulated in different structures, such as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or more complex systems like oil/water/oil (O/W/O) and water/oil/water (W/O/W), depending on the preparation method used. This versatility allows for the creation of formulations with various textures, ranging from watery to creamy or gel-like consistencies. Nano emulsions are produced through methods like high-pressure homogenization, phase inversion, micro fluidization, sonication, and the use of surfactants and co-surfactants, providing excellent stability to the formulation. Their fine texture and appearance make them popular for use in cosmetics like lotions, creams, shampoos, sunscreens, sprays, and deodorants. Notable examples include patented Nano emulsion systems from brands like Kemira and L'Oreal, which use fatty acid esters and phosphoric acid in their formulations. Characteristically, Nano emulsions are known for their small droplet sizes (ranging from a few nanometres to 200 nm), good transparency, low viscosity, and high kinetic stability. These features prevent sedimentation and flocculation, making Nano emulsions more advanced than traditional emulsions. They offer enhanced skin penetration and hydration, making them suitable carriers for bioactive ingredients in skincare and haircare products. Cosmetic companies leverage Nano emulsions for delivering high concentrations of active compounds deep into the skin, with products like La Prairie’s Skin Caviar illustrating their value in premium cosmetics. [14]

       
           
       
Fig. Formations of Nano-emulsions

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): These were developed in the 1990s, are composed of a solid lipid core stabilized in water by surfactants. These carriers can encapsulate hydrophilic, lipophilic, or poorly soluble substances and are known for their biocompatibility and stability, reducing toxicity risks. SLNs allow for either rapid or sustained drug release, depending on where the active ingredient is located. They enhance skin penetration, offer UV protection, and improve hydration, making them valuable in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), a more advanced version, offer better drug loading and stability, though their superiority over SLNs is still debated. SLNs are solid at body temperature and act as a protective carrier for active ingredients. Patented formulations combining SLNs or NLCs with polymer coatings or silver nanoparticles further improve penetration and stability, making them suitable for treating skin conditions like psoriasis or for long-lasting cosmetic applications.

       
           
       
Fig. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Nano spheres: These are spherical particles with a core-shell structure that can encapsulate, entrap, or connect medications, providing protection from enzymatic and chemical degradation. The drug is uniformly dispersed within the polymer matrix, which may be either crystalline or amorphous. This technology holds significant promise for improving the delivery of compounds with poor absorption, solubility, or physiological activity. Nano spheres can encapsulate enzymes, DNA, or various drugs within their core. In the cosmetics industry, Nano spheres are employed in skin care products to deliver active ingredients deep into the skin, targeting affected areas with greater precision. They help protect the skin from photo aging and are increasingly utilized in anti-aging, hydrating, and anti-acne formulations. Nano spheres can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable types, with gelatine, starch, and albumin representing biodegradable forms, while polymathic acid serves as an example of a non-biodegradable nanosphere.

Nano pigments: Nano pigments are recognized for their stability and safety, making them popular in cosmetics and sunscreens, supported by thorough in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluations. Although generally regarded as safe, there are concerns regarding the potential genotoxicity and oxidative damage associated with ultrafine particles. These pigments effectively block UV radiation, which is why they are vital in sunscreen formulations. Beyond UV protection, Nano pigments are also incorporated into beauty soaps, creams, and gold facial masks, providing various skin benefits. They tend to remain on the skin's surface or within hair follicles, reducing worries about the toxicity of inorganic pigments like titanium dioxide. Similarly, silver nanoparticles are gaining traction for their antimicrobial and preservative properties in cosmetics. They exhibit significant stability, effectively combating bacteria and fungi while not penetrating the skin. Research shows they are safe at low concentrations, making them suitable for sensitive formulations like alcohol-free mouthwashes for immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, gold and silver nanoparticles enhance color options in products such as lipsticks.

Other Examples of Nanocosmeceutical Carriers Include: Polymerosomes, Niosomes, Carbon Nanotues, Cubosomes, Gold-Nanoparticles, etc.

Nanomaterials Used in Cosmetics Products: Nanomaterials are substances with at least one dimension in the nanometre scale, exhibiting unique physicochemical properties. They have been widely used in the cosmetic industry for many years. Cosmetics containing nanomaterials offer several advantages over their micro scale counterparts. The large surface area of these particles enhances their transport, absorption, bioavailability, transparency, and provides a longer-lasting effect. However, it is important to carefully regulate their concentration to avoid potential toxicity. The Table below highlights various nanomaterials used in the cosmetic industry:

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   Table No. 2: Nano materials used in cosmetics with their advantages, disadvantages, uniqueness and commercially available products [3]

Inorganic Particles: These particles are more hydrophilic, biocompatible, safer, and considerably more stable compared to natural nanoparticles. A key difference lies in their composition, as these nanoparticles are synthesized from inorganic materials like silver (Ag), gold (Au), and titanium (Ti), whereas natural nanoparticles are typically made from polymers.[20]

Gold and silver nanoparticles: Gold and silver nanoparticles possess notable antibacterial and antifungal properties and are extensively used in cosmetic products like antiperspirants, anti-aging creams, and face masks. Historically, gold has been employed for skincare and beauty in Egypt, where it was believed to enhance skin complexion and flexibility. Today, gold is found in various skincare products, such as creams and treatments, often referred to as colloidal gold or Nano gold when sized between 5 nm to 400 nm. Its color can range from red to purple, depending on the particle size and surface area. Gold nanoparticles come in various shapes, including Nano spheres, Nano rods, nanoclusters, nanostars, Nano shells, nanotubes, and Nano triangles, with their shape influencing cellular uptake and optical properties. Due to their stability and biocompatibility, gold nanoparticles are ideal for use in skincare and cosmetic applications. Their well-documented antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-aging benefits are valuable in cosmeceutical products and wound healing treatments. These nanoparticles help repair skin damage, improve skin texture and elasticity, and have soothing properties that make them effective for treating conditions like skin inflammation, sunburn, and allergies, making them suitable for face masks and other cosmetic products. Silver nanoparticles, on the other hand, are effective in inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms. Silver-based compounds are frequently used to control bacterial growth in different formulations. However, the use of silver in cosmetics presents challenges due to its tendency to precipitate in mixtures, which can be mitigated by using silver nanoparticles. In Europe, the safety of colloidal silver in nanoparticle form for oral and dermal cosmetics. [9] [10] [15]

Carbon black (CI 77266): It is a key ingredient in many cosmetic formulations, commonly used as a colorant in products for the eyes and skin. In the EU, its use in nanostructure form is approved, with a maximum concentration of 10%. Studies on carbon black nanoparticles have shown a greater potential for causing cytotoxicity, inflammation, and altered phagocytosis in human monocytes compared to micron-sized particles. According to EU regulations, carbon black can be used in cosmetic products as long as there is no risk of inhalation. [21]

Nano-organic (Tris-biphenyl triazine): It is a cutting-edge, highly effective, and photos table filter used specifically in sunscreen formulations. In its Nano form, it acts as a broad-spectrum UV protectant and is widely incorporated into sunscreens, known for its excellent photo stability. It is approved as a UV filter in Europe. Another approved UV filter in the EU, methylene bis-benzo triazolyl tetra methyl butyl phenol (Nano), or MBBT, can be used at concentrations of up to 10% w/w in topical cosmetic products. According to an assessment by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), MBBT poses no risk to human health when applied to intact skin. However, concerns have been raised about its potential harmful effects and bioaccumulation in certain tissues.

Nano-hydroxyapatite: It is commonly used in cosmetic products designed for oral care, specifically for treating severe dental sensitivity and promoting enamel demineralization. It is considered a safe and effective option by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Due to its remineralizing and desensitizing properties, Nano-hydroxyapatite has been incorporated into various oral formulations, including toothpaste and mouthwash, offering a potential alternative to fluoride-based products. [13]

Applications of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics: Nanotechnology has dramatically transformed the cosmetics industry by boosting the effectiveness, stability, and delivery of active ingredients in beauty products. Using nanoparticles like liposomes, Nano emulsions, and Nano capsules, cosmetic products achieve superior penetration, targeted delivery, and enhanced texture. Key applications of nanotechnology in cosmetics include.

Anti-Aging Products: Nanotechnology enhances anti-aging creams and serums by using liposomes and Nano capsules to deliver key ingredients like peptides, vitamins, and antioxidants deep into the skin. This targeted delivery helps reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots more effectively than traditional products.

Sunscreens: Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide improve sunscreens by offering broad-spectrum UV protection without leaving a white residue. These nanoparticles absorb and scatter UV rays, making sunscreens more comfortable to use and increasing user compliance.

Makeup Products: Nano emulsions improve the texture, application, and durability of makeup, ensuring even pigment distribution and enhanced color intensity. This technology provides a smoother, longer-lasting finish, resistant to smudging and fading.

Moisturizers and Serums: Nano emulsions in moisturizers and serums boost absorption and hydration by penetrating deeper into the skin. These formulations improve skin elasticity and smoothness, providing lightweight, non-greasy hydration for healthier skin.

Hair Care Products: Nanotechnology in hair products like shampoos and serums delivers nutrients directly to the hair follicles and shafts. Nanosome strengthen hair, reduce breakage, and support healthier growth, making hair care more effective.

Skin Whitening and Brightening Products: Nanoparticles enhance the delivery of ingredients like vitamin C and niacinamide, used in skin-whitening products. This allows for deeper penetration, improved stability, and better results in reducing hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tone.

Acne Treatment: Nanoparticles in acne treatments deliver active ingredients, such as salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide, directly to affected areas. This targeted approach reduces irritation and improves the effectiveness of acne treatment, promoting faster, more efficient results.