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Abstract

Ticagrelor is a widely prescribed oral antiplatelet agent used in the management of acute coronary syndromes, where accurate and reliable analytical methods are essential to ensure its quality, safety, and therapeutic effectiveness. The development and validation of analytical procedures play a crucial role in the quantitative estimation of ticagrelor in bulk drug substances, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and biological matrices. This review presents a critical and systematic overview of the analytical methods reported for ticagrelor, with a primary focus on method development strategies and validation parameters in accordance with international regulatory guidelines. Various analytical techniques, including ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and stability-indicating methods, are discussed in terms of their principles, sensitivity, specificity, and applicability in quality control and research laboratories. Emphasis is placed on method optimization, selection of chromatographic conditions, and evaluation of validation characteristics such as accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification. The review also highlights recent advancements and challenges associated with ticagrelor analysis, providing insight into future perspectives for analytical method improvement. Overall, this article aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers, analysts, and pharmaceutical professionals involved in the analytical assessment of ticagrelor.

Keywords

Ticagrelor; pharmaceutical analysis; analytical method optimization; method validation parameters; chromatographic techniques; spectrophotometric analysis; stability-indicating methods, ICH Guideline etc.

Introduction

Introduction To Ticagrelor [7-8]

Ticagrelor is orally administered synthetic antiplatelet that is an antiplatelet drug cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidines (CPTP) chemotype. It is one of the fundamental forms of therapeutic intervention among patients diagnosed with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) or those patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction in the past.

Approved and used in cardiovascular disease: Ticagrelor is a medication developed by AstraZeneca and first substantively approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011. This was based on the historic PLATO study, which confirmed that Ticagrelor is better than clopidogrel in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with ACS.

Mechanism of action (MOA): Ticagrelor is a direct acting, reversible platelet membrane ADP (adenosine diphosphate) receptor antagonist. It is an inhibitor of the platelet aggregation pathway using the GP2b/3a receptor in that it obstructs the activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor complex by ADP, the ultimate common pathway. Ticagrelor does not bind permanently like thienopyridines like clopidogrel. Furthermore, Ticagrelor blocks the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT-1), and this increases extracellular adenosine, which might also play a role in its pleiotropic action that can reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

INTRODUCTION TO DISEASE

Atherosclerosis [1-3]

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disorder driven by inflammation and progressive accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, calcium deposits, and cellular waste within the arterial intima. This gradual buildup results in plaque formation, leading to loss of arterial elasticity and narrowing of the vessel lumen, which compromises blood flow to essential organs. The condition underlies most cardiovascular diseases, including coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disorders, and remains a major cause of death worldwide. Serious clinical outcomes such as heart attack and stroke usually occur when plaques become unstable and rupture or when a blood clot forms over the lesion, abruptly limiting or completely obstructing arterial circulation.

Pathophysiology[48]

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of arteries initiated by endothelial dysfunction. Damage to the vascular lining allows low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to accumulate within the arterial wall, where it undergoes oxidative changes. This triggers immune cell recruitment, leading to foam cell formation and fatty streak development. Progressive smooth muscle cell migration and extracellular matrix deposition result in plaque formation. Plaque rupture can provoke thrombosis, causing acute cardiovascular events.

Causes and Risk Factors

Atherosclerosis arises from a combination of non-modifiable factors such as age, sex, and genetic predisposition, and modifiable factors including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy dietary habits.

Treatment Strategies

Management focuses on lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy. Statins reduce lipid levels and stabilize plaques, antiplatelet agents prevent thrombus formation, antihypertensive drugs control blood pressure, and anti-inflammatory agents such as colchicine help lower residual inflammatory risk.

Introduction to Analytical Methods [9-11]

The techniques of analysis are important qualitative and quantitative procedures in pharmaceutical analysis to determine the drug components of bulk drugs, formulations and biological samples. The method used will be determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, sensitivity required and the complexity of the sample matrix. Popular methods are Titrimetry, Spectrophotometry (UV-Visible), Chromatography (TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC), and Capillary Electrophoresis.

Types of Analytical method

  1. Qualitative analysis – Chemical tests, IR (Infrared Spectroscopy)
  2. Quantitative analysis – Titration, UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible Spectrophotometry)
  3. Chromatographic methods – HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography)
  4. Spectroscopic methods – UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible Spectrophotometry), IR (Infrared Spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)
  5. Electrochemical methods – Potentiometry, Voltammetry
  6. Thermal analysis – DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis)
  7. Microscopic methods – SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
  8. Bioanalytical methods – ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

INTRODUCTION ON HPLC METHOD[49,50]

Principle of HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography):

HPLC works by separating components of a mixture based on their different interactions with a stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase. The sample is carried by a high-pressure liquid through a column packed with stationary material. Components that interact more strongly with the stationary phase move more slowly, while others move faster, leading to separation.

Instrumentation of HPLC

Fig. 1: High-performance liquid chromatography[45]

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography consists of several essential components that work together to achieve efficient separation of compounds under high pressure.

1. Solvent Reservoir

The solvent reservoir holds the mobile phase used for chromatographic separation. It is usually made of glass or stainless steel and may contain a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. Filtration and degassing of solvents are necessary to avoid air bubbles and particulate contamination.

2. Pump

The pump forces the mobile phase through the column at a constant and reproducible flow rate. HPLC pumps operate at high pressures ranging from 1000 to 5000 psi, which is required to move the solvent through tightly packed stationary phases. Any drop in pressure can result in interruption of solvent flow and poor separation.

3. Injector

The injector introduces a precise volume of the sample into the flowing mobile phase. Injection must occur without disturbing pressure or flow rate. Common injectors include manual loop injectors and automated sample injectors.

4. Column (Stationary Phase)

The column is the core of the HPLC system where separation takes place. It is packed with finely divided stationary phase particles.

  • Normal Phase HPLC
    • Polar stationary phase such as silica gel
    • Non-polar, hydrocarbon-free organic mobile phase
    • Separation occurs by adsorption
  • Reverse Phase HPLC
    • Non-polar stationary phase such as C8 or C18 bonded silica
    • Polar or aqueous mobile phase
    • Separation occurs by partition
    • Other Modes of HPLC

Column dimensions influence resolution, efficiency, and analysis time.

    • Ion-exchange chromatography: uses water-based mobile phase
    • Size-exclusion (molecular sieve) chromatography: separation based on molecular size

5. Detector

The detector identifies and measures the separated components as they elute from the column. The response is converted into an electrical signal and recorded as a chromatogram.

Commonly used HPLC detectors include:

  • UV-Visible (absorbance) detector
  • Fluorescence detector
  • Electrochemical detector
  • Refractive index detector
  • Radioactivity detector
  • Conductivity detector

The choice of detector depends on the chemical nature of the analyte.

6. Data System / Recorder

The data system records detector signals and presents them as chromatograms. It helps in qualitative and quantitative analysis by calculating peak area, retention time, and concentration.

DRUG PROFILE OF TICAGRELOR [12,14,46,47]

Sr No.

Name

Ticagrelor
  1.  

IUPAC Name

(1S,2S,3R,5S)-3-[7-[(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl) cyclopropylamino]-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3] triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy) cyclopentane-1,2-diol
  1.  

Class

Antiplatelet Agent, P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist
  1.  

CAS no.

274693-27-5
  1.  

Molecular Formula

C23H28F2N6O4S
  1.  

Structural Formula
  1.  

Molecular Weight

522.57 g/mol
  1.  

Official Status

USP, FDA Approved
  1.  

Appearance

White to off- white powder
  1.  

Physical State

Solid
  1.  

Solubility

Practically insoluble in water; soluble in acetone and ethanol
  1.  

pKa

4.96
  1.  

Melting Point

134 – 136.5 °C
  1.  

Partition Coefficient

2.5
  1.  

Mechanism of Action

Reversible antagonist of the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, preventing ADP-mediated platelet activation and aggregation. Also inhibits equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT-1).
  1.  

Uses

Reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) or a history of myocardial infarction.
  1.  

Side Effects

Bleeding, dyspnea, bradycardia, headache, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea.
  1.  

Absorption

Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; oral bioavailability is approximately 45%.
  1.  

Metabolism

Primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 to its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX.
  1.  

Elimination

Mainly excreted via the hepatic route (feces: 58%); renal excretion is low (approximately 26%).
  1.  

Half Life

7 hours

LITERATURE REVIEW OF TICAGRELOR:

Sr. No

Title

Method

Description

Ref.No
  1.  

Ticagrelor IP 2022

RP-HPLC (Official Method)

Mobile phase: filtered and degassed mixture of a phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v)

Stationary phase: 4.6 mm × 25 cm: L7 packing; C18, octadecylsilane, column.

λ max: 254 nm

Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min

Injection volume: 20 µL

15
  1.  

UV spectrophotometric method development and validation for estimation of ticagrelor in bulk and tablet dosage form

UV

Solvent: Methanol

λ max: 260 nm
Linearity: 5-30 μg/mL

16
  1.  

Simultaneous equation method for the analysis of ticagrelor and aspirin in combined dosage form by UV spectroscopy

UV

Solvent: Methanol

λ max: 260 nm (Ticagrelor), 230 nm (Aspirin)
Linearity: 2-12 μg/mL (Ticagrelor)

17
  1.  

Area under the curve spectrophotometric method for the estimation of ticagrelor in pharmaceutical formulation

UV

Solvent: Methanol:Water (60:40 v/v)

λ max: 255-265 nm
Linearity: 10-60 μg/mL

18
  1.  

First derivative UV spectrophotometric method for determination of ticagrelor in pharmaceutical formulation

UV

Solvent: Methanol

λ max: Peak amplitude at 276 nm (zero-crossing for aspirin)
Linearity: 5–40 µg/mL

19
  1.  

Application of ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry for simultaneous analysis of ticagrelor and aspirin

UV

Solvent: Methanol

λ max: First derivative of ratio spectra at 260 nm
Linearity: 2–20 µg/mL (Ticagrelor)

20
  1.  

Validated HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of ticagrelor and aspirin in combined tablet dosage form

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Glacial Acetic Acid (7:3:0.1 v/v/v)
λ max: 260 nm
Rf (Ticagrelor): 0.35
Linearity: 200-1200 ng/band

21
  1.  

Stability-indicating HPTLC method for determination of ticagrelor in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F254
Mobile Phase: Chloroform: Methanol: Triethylamine (9:1:0.1 v/v/v)
λ max: 270 nm
Rf: 0.5

22
  1.  

Validated HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of ticagrelor and atorvastatin

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Triethylamine (6:4:0.2 v/v/v)
λ max: 220 nm
Rf (Ticagrelor): 0.45
Linearity: 200–1200 ng/band

23
  1.  

Stability-indicating HPTLC method for ticagrelor in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: Chloroform: Methanol: Formic Acid (8.5:1.5:0.1 v/v/v)
λ max: 270 nm
Rf: 0.52

24
  1.  

HPTLC method for quantification of ticagrelor and its active metabolite in human plasma

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Ammonia (7:3:0.3 v/v/v)
λ max: 260 nm
Rf (Ticagrelor): 0.58

25
  1.  

Simultaneous HPTLC analysis of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in combined dosage form

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: n-Hexane: Ethyl Acetate: Glacial Acetic Acid (5:4.5:0.5 v/v/v)
λ max: 220 nm
Rf (Ticagrelor): 0.38

26
  1.  

Green HPTLC method for determination of ticagrelor using ethanol-ethyl acetate mobile phase

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: Ethyl Acetate: Ethanol: Water (8:2:0.2 v/v/v)
λ max: 260 nm
Rf: 0.48
Linearity: 150–900 ng/band

27
  1.  

HPTLC method for related substance profiling of ticagrelor in tablets

HPTLC

Stationary Phase: Silica gel 60 F???
Mobile Phase: Dichloromethane: Methanol: Ammonia (8:2:0.1 v/v/v)
λ max: 254 nm
Rf (Ticagrelor): 0.41

28
  1.  

Stability-inducing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of ticagrelor and its impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms

HPLC

Stationary Phase: C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile: 20 mM Phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) (45:55 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: PDA at 220 nm
RT: 6.2 min
Linearity: 10-150 μg/mL

29
  1.  

A validated RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of ticagrelor and its active metabolite (AR-C124910XX) in human plasma

HPLC

Stationary Phase: C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile: 10 mM Ammonium acetate, pH 5.0 (55:45 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT (Ticagrelor): 8.5 min

30
  1.  

Development and validation of a dissolution test method for ticagrelor tablets using RP-HPLC

HPLC

Stationary Phase: Waters Symmetry C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (40:60 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT: 4.9 min

31
  1.  

Green RP-HPLC method for the determination of ticagrelor in pharmaceutical formulations using ethanol-water mobile phase

HPLC

Stationary Phase: C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile Phase: Ethanol:Water (60:40 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT: 7.1 min

32
  1.  

RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of ticagrelor and metoprolol in synthetic mixture

HPLC

Stationary Phase: BDS Hypersil C?? (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm)
Mobile Phase: Phosphate buffer (pH 4.0): Acetonitrile (45:55 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: 220 nm
RT (Ticagrelor): 7.5 min
Linearity: 10–100 µg/mL

33
  1.  

A simple isocratic HPLC method for analysis of ticagrelor in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form

HPLC

Stationary Phase: Kromasil C?? (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm)
Mobile Phase: Methanol: Water (70:30 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT: 5.2 min
Linearity: 5–50 µg/mL

34
  1.  

HPLC method for dissolution study of ticagrelor tablets

HPLC

Stationary Phase: Waters Symmetry C?? (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm)
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (40:60 v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT: 4.9 min

35
  1.  

Simultaneous determination of ticagrelor and its active metabolite in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS

LC-MS/MS

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)
Mobile Phase: A: 0.1% Formic Acid, B: Acetonitrile (Gradient)
Flow Rate: 0.4 mL/min
MS Detection: ESI+, MRM, 523.2 -> 361.2 (Ticagrelor)
RT: 2.1 min
Linearity: 1-1000 ng/Ml

36
  1.  

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of ticagrelor in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study

LC-MS/MS

Stationary Phase: Zorbax SB-C18 (50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm)
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile:10mM Ammonium Formate, pH 4.0 (70:30 v/v)
Flow Rate: 0.8 mL/min
MS Detection: ESI+, MRM, 523.3 -> 361.2
LLOQ: 2.5 ng/mL

37
  1.  

LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of ticagrelor and rivaroxaban in human plasma

LC-MS/MS

Stationary Phase: Kinetex C18 (50 x 3.0 mm, 2.6 μm)
Mobile Phase: A: 0.1% FA, B: Methanol (Gradient)
Flow Rate: 0.5 mL/min
MS Detection: ESI+, MRM

38
  1.  

Rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of ticagrelor in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring

LC-MS/MS

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC BEH C?? (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)
Mobile Phase: A: 0.1% Formic Acid, B: Methanol (Gradient)
Flow Rate: 0.4 mL/min
MS Detection: ESI+, MRM, 523.3 → 361.2
LLOQ: 1 ng/mL

39
  1.  

Forced degradation studies of ticagrelor and development of a validated stability-indicating UPLC method

UPLC

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)
Mobile Phase: 0.1% Formic acid:Acetonitrile (45:55 v/v)
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min
λ max: 220 nm
RT: 1.4 min

40
  1.  

A rapid UPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ticagrelor and aspirin in combined dosage form

UPLC

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC HSS C18 (100 x 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)
Mobile Phase: A: 0.1% OPA, B: Acetonitrile (Gradient)
Flow Rate: 0.3 mL/min
λ max: 230 nm
Run Time: < 5 min

41
  1.  

A validated UPLC method for related substances of ticagrelor in tablets

UPLC

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC BEH C?? (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)
Mobile Phase: A: 0.1% Orthophosphoric Acid, B: Acetonitrile (Gradient)
Flow Rate: 0.3 mL/min
λ max: 220 nm
RT (Ticagrelor): 8.5 min

42
  1.  

Fast UPLC method for simultaneous determination of ticagrelor and rosuvastatin

UPLC

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC HSS C?? (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm)
Mobile Phase: 0.1% Formic Acid: Acetonitrile (40:60 v/v)
Flow Rate: 0.4 mL/min
λ max: 260 nm
RT (Ticagrelor): 2.5 min
Run Time: 4 min

43
  1.  

Stability-indicating UPLC method for ticagrelor forced degradation studies

UPLC

Stationary Phase: Acquity UPLC BEH C?? (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)
Mobile Phase: 0.1% Formic acid: Acetonitrile (45:55 v/v)
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min
λ max: 220 nm
RT: 1.4 min

44

Validation[49,50]

Validation is the systematic process of establishing documented evidence that an analytical method consistently produces reliable, accurate, and reproducible results that are suitable for its intended purpose. (Q2R1)

The commonly evaluated validation parameters are:

  1. Specificity
  2. Linearity
  3. Range
  4. Accuracy
  5. Precision
    1. Repeatability
    2. Intermediate precision
  6. Limit of Detection (LOD)
  7. Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)
  8. Robustness
  9. Ruggedness
  10. System suitability

Stability testing processes are divided into four categories based on the objectives and methods used[46]

  1. Testing for stability in real time
  2. Testing for stability more quickly
  3. Stability testing of retained samples
  4. Stress testing at cyclic temperatures

CONCLUSION

The analytical method development and validation for ticagrelor play a pivotal role in ensuring the drug’s quality, safety, and therapeutic efficacy. Owing to its complex chemical structure and sensitivity to degradation under various conditions, ticagrelor demands robust, precise, and stability-indicating analytical techniques. The reviewed literature highlights that chromatographic methods, particularly RP-HPLC and UPLC, remain the most reliable approaches for routine quality control and stability studies due to their superior sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Spectrophotometric and hyphenated techniques, although simpler and cost-effective, serve as supportive tools for preliminary analysis and formulation studies.

Method validation in accordance with ICH guidelines confirms that well-optimized analytical procedures for ticagrelor consistently meet regulatory expectations in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and detection limits. Forced degradation studies further strengthen the reliability of these methods by demonstrating their ability to effectively separate ticagrelor from its degradation products and impurities. Advances in analytical instrumentation and eco-friendly method development approaches also indicate a growing emphasis on rapid, sustainable, and high-throughput analysis.

Overall, the continuous refinement of analytical methods and validation strategies for ticagrelor is essential to support pharmaceutical development, regulatory compliance, and post-marketing surveillance. Future research should focus on green analytical techniques, enhanced sensitivity for impurity profiling, and integration of advanced hyphenated methods to further improve analytical performance and efficiency.

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  39. Zhang Y, et al. Rapid UPLC–MS/MS method for ticagrelor determination. J Chromatogr B. 2021;1176:122761.
  40. Mohammadi B, Asgharinezhad AA. Forced degradation studies of ticagrelor. J Iran Chem Soc. 2020;17(5):1145–1155.
  41. Patil A, Jadhav S. UPLC method development for ticagrelor and aspirin. Curr Pharm Anal. 2022;18(3):310–318.
  42. Patel KD, Solanki SK. UPLC method for impurity profiling of ticagrelor. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;209:114483.
  43. Patil A, Jadhav S. Fast UPLC method for ticagrelor and rosuvastatin. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;17(1):760–768.
  44. Mohammadi B, Asgharinezhad AA. Stability-indicating UPLC method for ticagrelor degradation products. J Iran Chem Soc. 2020;17(5):1145–1155.
  45. Prajapati H, Vable K, Shah C, Upadhyay U. A review on HPLC analytical method and validation for determination of sitagliptin phosphate. Int J Pharm Sci. 2024;2(8):3990–4007.
  46. Vable K, Upadhyay U. A critical analysis of pharmaceutical stability testing. Bull Technol Hist. 2024;24(8):233–243.
  47. Vable K, Upadhyay U. A comprehensive review of analytical and bio-analytical methods for etoricoxib determination. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2024;11(11).
  48. Shah K, Rathod S, Patel S, Rajput S, Vable K. Immunopathology and therapeutic strategies in autoimmune diseases. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(9):321–335.
  49. Patel S, Baria M, Parmar P, Parmar N, Parmar N, Vable K, et al. UV spectroscopic method development and validation for rebamipide and omeprazole magnesium. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(6):669–679.
  50. Vable K, Gandhi Y, Prajapati K, Vaghasiya H, Dalwadi M, Shah C, et al. Analytical methods for estimation of cyclobenzaprine. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(9):1683–1689.

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  39. Zhang Y, et al. Rapid UPLC–MS/MS method for ticagrelor determination. J Chromatogr B. 2021;1176:122761.
  40. Mohammadi B, Asgharinezhad AA. Forced degradation studies of ticagrelor. J Iran Chem Soc. 2020;17(5):1145–1155.
  41. Patil A, Jadhav S. UPLC method development for ticagrelor and aspirin. Curr Pharm Anal. 2022;18(3):310–318.
  42. Patel KD, Solanki SK. UPLC method for impurity profiling of ticagrelor. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;209:114483.
  43. Patil A, Jadhav S. Fast UPLC method for ticagrelor and rosuvastatin. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;17(1):760–768.
  44. Mohammadi B, Asgharinezhad AA. Stability-indicating UPLC method for ticagrelor degradation products. J Iran Chem Soc. 2020;17(5):1145–1155.
  45. Prajapati H, Vable K, Shah C, Upadhyay U. A review on HPLC analytical method and validation for determination of sitagliptin phosphate. Int J Pharm Sci. 2024;2(8):3990–4007.
  46. Vable K, Upadhyay U. A critical analysis of pharmaceutical stability testing. Bull Technol Hist. 2024;24(8):233–243.
  47. Vable K, Upadhyay U. A comprehensive review of analytical and bio-analytical methods for etoricoxib determination. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2024;11(11).
  48. Shah K, Rathod S, Patel S, Rajput S, Vable K. Immunopathology and therapeutic strategies in autoimmune diseases. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(9):321–335.
  49. Patel S, Baria M, Parmar P, Parmar N, Parmar N, Vable K, et al. UV spectroscopic method development and validation for rebamipide and omeprazole magnesium. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(6):669–679.
  50. Vable K, Gandhi Y, Prajapati K, Vaghasiya H, Dalwadi M, Shah C, et al. Analytical methods for estimation of cyclobenzaprine. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(9):1683–1689.

Photo
Kartik Gopal
Corresponding author

Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Sigma University, Bakrol, Vadodara 390019, Gujarat

Photo
Kajal Vable
Co-author

Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Sigma University, Bakrol, Vadodara 390019, Gujarat

Photo
Dr. Mitali Dalwadi
Co-author

Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Sigma University, Bakrol, Vadodara 390019, Gujarat

Photo
Dr. Priyanka Patil
Co-author

Sigma Institute of Pharmacy, Sigma University, Bakrol, Vadodara 390019, Gujarat

Kartik Gopal, Kajal Vable, Dr. Mitali Dalwadi, Dr. Priyanka Patil, Method Development and Validation Approaches for Ticagrelor: An In-Depth Analytical Review, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2026, Vol 4, Issue 1, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18116250

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