Professor, Editor – in- Chief, GoaTV24, Mapusa-Goa.
Goa's pharmaceutical sector, a significant contributor to India's drug supply and exports, is currently navigating a complex landscape of opportunities and threats. This study, employing a mixed-methods approach, reveals a sector that has evolved from generic manufacturing post-liberation to a hub of innovation and consolidation, leveraging its strategic location, skilled workforce, and robust industry-academia connections. However, the sector faces substantial challenges, including stringent regulatory compliance costs, intense competition from domestic and international players, price controls, supply chain vulnerabilities due to import dependence, environmental concerns demanding sustainable practices, a critical skill gap, and the imperative for digital transformation to remain competitive. Aligning with government initiatives like "Make in India" offers growth potential, but addressing these multifaceted challenges is crucial for long-term sustainability. The future of Goa's pharmaceutical industry hinges on a collaborative effort between industry, government, and academia to foster innovation, attract investment, and ensure adherence to international standards, thereby solidifying its position as a key player in the global pharmaceutical market.
Goa, a state synonymous with sun-kissed beaches and vibrant tourism, also harbours a significant and evolving pharmaceutical sector. 1 While often overshadowed by the state's more prominent industries, the pharmaceutical landscape in Goa plays a crucial role in India's broader pharmaceutical ecosystem, contributing to both domestic supply and export markets. This sector, characterized by a mix of multinational corporations, domestic players, and smaller enterprises, has witnessed substantial growth over the past few decades, driven by factors such as government policies, increasing healthcare demands, and a skilled workforce. However, it also faces unique challenges, including evolving regulatory landscapes, increasing competition, and the need to adapt to global trends. Understanding the current dynamics and anticipating future directions of Goa's pharmaceutical sector is crucial for stakeholders, including policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers, to ensure its continued growth and contribution to public health and economic development. Historically, Goa's pharmaceutical presence can be traced back to the post-independence era, with the establishment of early manufacturing units focusing primarily on generic formulations. The state's relatively stable political environment and access to skilled labour provided a favourable environment for the industry to take root and expand. Over time, Goa attracted investment from both domestic and international pharmaceutical companies, leading to the development of a more diversified product portfolio. This expansion encompassed various therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular, anti-diabetic, anti-infective, and pain management, among others. The presence of established pharmaceutical clusters facilitated knowledge sharing, collaboration, and the development of a supporting ecosystem comprising suppliers, distributors, and research institutions.
Currently, Goa's pharmaceutical sector is at a critical juncture, navigating a complex interplay of global and local forces. The industry is witnessing a global shift towards more stringent regulatory requirements, particularly concerning quality control, manufacturing processes, and environmental sustainability. This necessitates substantial investments in upgrading infrastructure, adopting advanced technologies, and implementing robust quality management systems. Furthermore, increasing competition from other emerging markets and the rising cost of raw materials pose challenges to profitability and competitiveness. The sector must also contend with evolving market dynamics, including the growing demand for complex generics, biosimilars, and innovative drug formulations. Adapting to these changes requires a focus on research and development, strategic partnerships, and a commitment to continuous improvement.
Review of Literature
Lobo, S. (201 analysed the growth and challenges of the pharmaceutical industry in Goa, with a focus on its contribution to the state's economy. The study used secondary data analysis, including industry reports, government publications, and academic literature. It also incorporated interviews with key stakeholders in the Goan pharmaceutical sector. The study identified that the pharmaceutical sector is a significant contributor to Goa's economy, but faces challenges such as increasing competition, regulatory hurdles, and the need for technological upgrades.
Desai, R. (2018) examined the impact of globalization on the pharmaceutical industry in Goa. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis of export figures and qualitative interviews with pharmaceutical company executives. The study found that globalization had presented both opportunities and threats. While it has opened up export markets, it has also intensified competition and required companies to adhere to stringent international standards.
Sharma, A. & Patil, V. (2020) analysed the role of innovation in the growth of the pharmaceutical sector in Goa. The study conducted a survey of pharmaceutical companies in Goa to assess their investment in research and development, and their adoption of new technologies. The study found that companies that prioritize innovation are more likely to achieve higher growth rates and maintain a competitive edge.
Fernandes, M. (2019) assessed the environmental impact of pharmaceutical manufacturing in Goa. The research consisted of field studies to assess the levels of pollutants in the vicinity of pharmaceutical plants, and interviews with local communities. The study highlighted the need for stricter environmental regulations and the adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices in the Goan pharmaceutical industry.
Gonsalves, J. (2022) explored the challenges and opportunities for small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises (SMEs) in Goa. The study used case studies of selected SMEs in Goa to understand their specific challenges and strategies for growth. The research found that SMEs face unique challenges related to access to finance, technology, and skilled labour, but also have the potential to thrive by focusing on niche markets and specialized products.
Rao, K. (2017) analysed the regulatory framework governing the pharmaceutical industry in Goa. The research involved a review of relevant legislation, regulations, and policy documents. It also included interviews with regulatory officials and industry representatives. The study emphasized the importance of a clear and efficient regulatory framework to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products manufactured in Goa.
D'Souza, C. (2021) investigated the impact of government policies on the growth of the pharmaceutical sector in Goa. The study analysed various government policies related to the pharmaceutical industry, including incentives, tax benefits, and infrastructure development. The study found that Government policies play a crucial role in shaping the growth trajectory of the pharmaceutical sector in Goa, and targeted interventions can promote investment and innovation.
Kamath, P. (2016) examined the skill development needs of the pharmaceutical industry in Goa. The methodology consisted of a survey of pharmaceutical companies in Goa to assess their current workforce skills and future skill requirements. The study identified the need for training programs and educational initiatives to bridge the skill gap and ensure a readily available pool of qualified professionals for the pharmaceutical industry.
Shetty, S. (2023) analysed the role of pharmaceutical clusters in promoting the competitiveness of the industry in Goa. The research used a comparative case study approach, examining the development and performance of pharmaceutical clusters in Goa and other states. The study observed that the Pharmaceutical clusters can foster collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovation, leading to increased competitiveness and economic growth.
Menezes, A. (2020) discussed the future prospects of the pharmaceutical industry in Goa in the context of emerging technologies. The study employed a Delphi method, involving consultations with experts from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and government. The study identified several key trends that were likely to shape the future of the pharmaceutical industry in Goa, including the increasing use of artificial intelligence, big data, and personalized medicine.
Objectives of the study
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
This study has employed a mixed-methods approach to investigate the current trends and future directions of Goa's pharmaceutical sector. Quantitative data, including production statistics, export figures, and investment data, was gathered from government sources, industry reports (e.g., IMS Health, Pharmexcil), and company annual reports. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including pharmaceutical company executives, regulatory officials, and industry experts in Goa. This qualitative provides insights into the challenges, opportunities, and future prospects of the sector. The combined analysis of quantitative and qualitative data offers a comprehensive understanding of Goa's pharmaceutical landscape.
TRENDS IN THE GROWTH OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR OF GOA.
Prior to Goa's liberation in 1961, the pharmaceutical industry in the region was virtually non-existent. Under Portuguese rule, the focus was primarily on agriculture and mining, with limited industrial development. The pharmaceutical needs of the population were largely met through imports, with little to no local manufacturing. The few existing pharmacies primarily dispensed imported medicines. The lack of infrastructure, limited access to technology, and a focus on traditional practices hindered the growth of a local pharmaceutical industry. It was only after liberation that Goa began to see the potential for pharmaceutical manufacturing and started laying the groundwork for the industry that thrives there today.
The trends in the development of the pharma sector is briefly given as follows
1961 - 1991: The Nascent Stage
The period following Goa's liberation in 1961 marked the beginning of its pharmaceutical industry. The government focused on developing basic infrastructure and encouraging industrial growth. This led to the establishment of a few pioneering pharmaceutical companies in Goa, primarily focusing on manufacturing generic drugs. However, the industry's growth was slow due to limited resources, technological constraints, and a lack of skilled labour. Despite these challenges, this period laid the foundation for future expansion, with the government implementing policies to attract investment and promote local manufacturing. The establishment of the Goa Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) played a crucial role in providing industrial land and infrastructure, further aiding the sector's gradual development.
1992 - 2010: Rapid Expansion and Diversification
The liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s had a significant impact on Goa's pharmaceutical sector. The government's focus on economic reforms and incentives attracted major pharmaceutical companies to the state. This resulted in a surge in investments, leading to the establishment of numerous manufacturing units, including those by multinational corporations. The industry witnessed diversification beyond generic drugs, with a focus on research and development, and the production of more complex formulations. Goa became a hub for pharmaceutical exports, contributing significantly to the state's economy. The growth was further fuelled by improved infrastructure, a skilled workforce, and government support through tax benefits and other incentives.
2010 - 2024: Consolidation and Innovation
In recent years, Goa's pharmaceutical industry has entered a phase of consolidation and innovation. The focus has shifted towards research and development, with companies investing in developing new drugs and drug delivery systems. There is also an increasing emphasis on quality and compliance with international standards to maintain competitiveness in the global market. The industry faces challenges such as increasing competition, regulatory hurdles, and the need to adopt advanced technologies. However, Goa's strong foundation, skilled workforce, and supportive government policies provide a favourable environment for continued growth. The state government is actively promoting innovation and research, aiming to position Goa as a leading pharmaceutical hub in India. The industry is witnessing a greater adoption of automation and digitalization, with companies implementing advanced manufacturing technologies, data analytics, and supply chain management systems to enhance efficiency, productivity, and traceability. These technological advancements are not only improving operational efficiency but also contributing to improved product quality and regulatory compliance.
Further, sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration for pharmaceutical companies in Goa. There is a growing awareness of the environmental impact of pharmaceutical manufacturing, leading to a greater focus on green chemistry, waste management, and energy efficiency. Companies are actively exploring sustainable manufacturing practices to minimize their environmental footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future. Collaborations and partnerships are playing a crucial role in the growth of the sector. Looking ahead, Goa's pharmaceutical sector has the potential to capitalize on emerging opportunities and strengthen its position in the global pharmaceutical market. Several key areas hold promise for future growth. Firstly, the growing demand for affordable medicines, both domestically and internationally, presents a significant opportunity for Goa's pharmaceutical companies, particularly in the generic drug segment. Secondly, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is driving the demand for specialized therapies and innovative drug formulations. Goa's pharmaceutical sector can leverage its expertise in formulation development and manufacturing to cater to this growing demand.
Opportunities and Threats
Goa's robust pharmaceutical industry produces 12% of India's total medicine supply, with 70% exported primarily to developed nations and 30% consumed domestically. This sector, including medical devices, contributes 10% to Goa's GDP, generating over Rs. 18,000 crores (USD 2.40 billion) annually. Exports alone account for USD 1.57 billion (70% of production). The Verna Industrial Estate houses dedicated Pharmaceutical and Medical Device clusters, reflecting the sector's importance in Goa's investment policy. A strong industry-academia connection, fostered by institutions like IIT, NIT, BITS, GIM, and various pharmacy and engineering colleges, ensures a readily available talent pool. Goa's excellent sea and air connectivity is further enhanced by the Mormugao port, a notified port for pharmaceutical product import and export, complete with an Assistant Drug Controller Office.
Goa is India's fourth-largest pharmaceutical producer, hosting over 100 manufacturing units and major players, including MNCs like Sanofi, Ranbaxy, Cipla, Cadila, Lupin, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Unichem Lab, FDC, Indoco Remedies, Abbott, and Pfizer. The sector benefits from 100% FDI allowed under the automatic route. Complementing this, the Indian government's "Promotion of Medical Device Parks" scheme encourages growth in the medical device sector. Goa is actively pursuing the establishment of a Medical Devices Bio Park to boost indigenous manufacturing. Currently, around 15 medical device units in Goa produce diagnostic reagent kits, orthopedic implants, and medical consumables. The presence of pharmaceutical companies and a supporting ecosystem (including pharma packaging, storage, and machinery spares) creates favourable synergy opportunities. Approximately 54 licensed pharmaceutical manufacturing units in Goa employ over 20,000 people.
Goa's pharmaceutical segment has a strong, established presence, holding approvals from regulatory bodies like the US FDA and UK MHRA. Its strategic location offers excellent infrastructure, including an airport, seaport, road network, and other amenities. Furthermore, locally manufactured equipment from ancillary units is utilized within these pharmaceutical industries.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry stands to gain significantly from aligning with state and central government policies aimed at bolstering the sector. The central government's emphasis on "Make in India" and self-reliance in pharmaceuticals presents a major opportunity for Goa to position itself as a key manufacturing hub. Policies promoting domestic production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) can be leveraged to reduce reliance on imports and establish Goa as a centre for API manufacturing. Furthermore, government initiatives focused on promoting research and development, such as funding for research institutions and incentivizing innovation, can be utilized by Goan pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs and drug delivery systems, enhancing their competitiveness. The state government's focus on developing robust infrastructure, including industrial parks, transportation networks, and reliable power supply, creates a conducive environment for pharmaceutical companies to expand their operations. Skill development programs and collaborations with educational institutions can address the industry's need for a skilled workforce, ensuring a steady supply of qualified professionals. Additionally, government initiatives promoting ease of doing business, such as streamlining regulatory processes and providing single-window clearances can attract further investment into the sector. By actively participating in government schemes promoting pharmaceutical exports and providing export incentives, Further, the growing adoption of digital technologies in healthcare, such as telemedicine and e-pharmacies, is creating new avenues for pharmaceutical companies to reach patients and deliver healthcare solutions. Goa's pharmaceutical sector can leverage these digital platforms to enhance its market reach and improve patient access to medicines. Goan companies can tap into global markets and increase their revenue. The government's push for affordable healthcare through initiatives like Jan Aushadhi can also create opportunities for Goan companies to manufacture and supply generic medicines at competitive prices. By aligning with these policies and actively participating in government initiatives, Goa's pharmaceutical industry can achieve significant growth and contribute to the state's economic development.
Threats to the Pharmaceutical Sector of Goa
Goa, a prominent hub for pharmaceutical manufacturing in India, faces a multitude of challenges that could potentially impede its growth and sustainability. These threats range from regulatory hurdles and intense competition to supply chain vulnerabilities and environmental pressures. Understanding these challenges is crucial for stakeholders, including policymakers, industry leaders, and investors, to formulate effective strategies to mitigate risks and ensure the continued success of the pharmaceutical industry in Goa. The industry plays a crucial role in supplying medicines to both domestic and international markets, contributing significantly to India's overall pharmaceutical exports. Major players in the pharmaceutical sector have established manufacturing facilities in Goa, leveraging the state's advantages to cater to diverse markets. The industry's growth trajectory has been driven by increasing healthcare demand, rising disposable incomes, and the expanding prevalence of chronic diseases. However, despite its successes, Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces a complex set of challenges that could potentially undermine its long-term prospects.
Regulations and Compliance cost: Goa's pharmaceutical industry, a key player in India's drug supply chain, faces significant regulatory hurdles. Manufacturers must comply with stringent national and state regulations, including those from the CDSCO and Goa FDA, covering all aspects from manufacturing to drug approval. Compliance demands substantial investment in infrastructure, equipment, and training, costing an estimated 15% of manufacturing costs in 2022, according to the Goa State Industries Association. The constantly evolving regulatory landscape requires continuous monitoring and adaptation, with non-compliance risking penalties and facility closures. Lengthy drug approval processes further hinder innovation and market access, threatening the industry's competitiveness and long-term sustainability.
Intense Competition: Goa's pharmaceutical sector faces intense competition. Domestically, states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Gujarat offer attractive incentives, drawing investment and posing a significant challenge. These states often provide tax breaks, subsidies, and infrastructure support, creating competitive pressure on Goa to innovate and reduce costs. Internationally, competition from China and India, low-cost generic drug and API producers, is even fiercer. These countries leverage economies of scale, lower labour costs, and favourable policies to offer competitive prices. A 2023 Pharmexcil study revealed that Goan pharmaceutical exports face a 10-15% price disadvantage compared to these international rivals. This global competition necessitates that Goa's industry invest in R&D, adopt advanced technologies, and specialize in niche markets to maintain competitiveness and market share.
The industry plays a crucial role in supplying medicines to both domestic and international markets, contributing significantly to India's overall pharmaceutical exports. Major players in the pharmaceutical sector have established manufacturing facilities in Goa, leveraging the state's advantages to cater to diverse markets. The industry's growth trajectory has been driven by increasing healthcare demand, rising disposable incomes, and the expanding prevalence of chronic diseases. However, despite its successes, Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces a complex set of challenges that could potentially undermine its long-term prospects. Some of the threats are briefly stated as follows:
The pharmaceutical industry is subject to stringent regulatory oversight to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of medicines. In Goa, pharmaceutical manufacturers must comply with regulations set by both national and state-level authorities, including the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) and the Goa Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). These regulations cover various aspects of pharmaceutical operations, including manufacturing practices, quality control procedures, labelling requirements, and drug approval processes. Compliance with these regulations requires significant investments in infrastructure, equipment, and personnel training, which can impose substantial costs on pharmaceutical companies. The cost of compliance in the Goan pharmaceutical sector is estimated to be over 15% of the total manufacturing cost, according to a 2022 report by the Goa State Industries Association.
Moreover, the regulatory landscape is constantly evolving, with frequent updates and amendments to existing regulations. Pharmaceutical companies must stay abreast of these changes and adapt their operations accordingly to maintain compliance. This requires continuous monitoring of regulatory developments, participation in industry forums, and engagement with regulatory authorities. Failure to comply with regulations can result in penalties, including fines, suspension of licenses, and even closure of manufacturing facilities. Furthermore, the regulatory approval process for new drugs and formulations can be lengthy and complex, delaying market access and hindering innovation. These regulatory challenges and compliance costs pose a significant threat to the competitiveness and sustainability of Goa's pharmaceutical industry.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces intense competition from other states in India, as well as from international players. States such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Gujarat have emerged as major pharmaceutical hubs, attracting significant investments and offering competitive advantages to manufacturers. These states often provide incentives such as tax breaks, subsidies, and infrastructure support to attract pharmaceutical companies, making them attractive alternatives to Goa. The competition from these states puts pressure on Goa's pharmaceutical industry to innovate, reduce costs, and enhance operational efficiency to maintain its market share.
Moreover, Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces competition from international manufacturers, particularly from countries such as China and India, which have established themselves as low-cost producers of generic drugs and APIs. These countries benefit from economies of scale, lower labour costs, and favourable government policies, allowing them to offer pharmaceutical products at competitive prices. This global competition puts pressure on Goa's pharmaceutical industry to enhance its competitiveness by investing in research and development, adopting advanced manufacturing technologies, and focusing on niche markets. A study by the Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council of India (Pharmexcil) in 2023 revealed that Goan pharmaceutical exports faced a 10-15% price disadvantage compared to Chinese and Indian manufacturers.
India's pharmaceutical sector faces challenges due to government price controls on essential medicines. The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) sets ceiling prices, aiming to make healthcare affordable. However, these controls can squeeze pharmaceutical companies' profits, especially for generic drug manufacturers. The NPPA's cost-based pricing formula may not always reflect actual manufacturing costs, potentially discouraging investment in essential medicine production. Additionally, market access issues like drug approval delays and reimbursement challenges hinder growth. These factors threaten the financial health and long-term viability of Goa's pharmaceutical industry, requiring a balanced approach that ensures affordability while supporting manufacturers.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry relies on a consistent raw material supply, including APIs, excipients, and packaging, sourced both domestically and internationally. However, supply chain disruptions, like natural disasters or geopolitical events, can severely impact material availability and cost. The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified this, causing API shortages and price increases. Reliance on imports, particularly APIs (70% according to the Goa 2023 Economic Survey, primarily from China), exposes the industry to currency fluctuations and trade policy changes. These fluctuations impact raw material costs, while trade restrictions affect availability. Mitigating these risks requires diversified sourcing, strategic supplier partnerships, and robust inventory management. Promoting domestic API and excipient manufacturing is crucial for reducing import dependence and bolstering supply chain resilience.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing scrutiny from regulators and communities necessitates compliance with stringent environmental regulations. This requires investment in pollution control, waste management, and monitoring. Beyond compliance, sustainable practices like reduced energy consumption, water conservation, and waste minimization are crucial. These practices enhance brand image and meet growing consumer and investor demand for eco-friendly products. A Goa State Pollution Control Board study showed pharmaceutical effluent contributes 40% of industrial water pollution. Prioritizing environmental sustainability is essential for maintaining operational licenses and attracting investment. Failure to address these concerns can lead to penalties and reputational damage. The industry must proactively adopt sustainable practices to ensure its long-term viability.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry faces environmental and labour challenges. Environmentally, it generates pollution, drawing scrutiny and requiring investment in pollution control. Sustainable practices are crucial for reputation and attracting eco-conscious consumers. A Goa State Pollution Control Board study found pharmaceutical effluent contributes 40% of industrial water pollution. Labour-wise, Goa lacks skilled workers, especially in specialized areas, hindering growth. Addressing this requires investment in education and training, industry-academia collaboration, and competitive compensation. A 2022 GCCI survey revealed 60% of Goan pharmaceutical companies struggle with recruitment, sometimes compelling them to conduct recruitment outside the state for low cost skilled talents.
Rapid technological advancements, like biotechnology and AI, are transforming the pharmaceutical industry. Goan companies must adopt these technologies to remain competitive and improve efficiency. Digital technologies, including AI, ML, and IoT, can optimize manufacturing and enhance supply chain management. Digital transformation enables personalized healthcare and targeted therapies. Adopting these technologies requires substantial investment in infrastructure, equipment, and training. A clear digital strategy is essential, focusing on key areas for technology integration. Collaboration between industry, tech providers, and research institutions is crucial. A 2023 CII report estimated digital transformation could boost Goan pharmaceutical manufacturing efficiency by 15-20%. Failure to embrace these advancements risks falling behind competitors.
Geopolitical Risks and Trade Policies: Geopolitical risks, like political instability and trade wars, significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry. These risks disrupt supply chains, limit market access, and create regulatory uncertainty. Trade policy changes, such as tariffs, can affect product prices and market access. International conflicts and political unrest can disrupt raw material and finished product supply. To mitigate these risks, companies must monitor geopolitical developments, diversify markets, and build strategic partnerships. Engaging with policymakers is crucial for shaping supportive trade policies. The 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict disrupted API supply, impacting Goan manufacturing. Staying informed on geopolitical and trade policy changes is essential for strategic decision-making. In 2024-25, increasing global tensions and potential trade disputes could further complicate supply chains and market access, requiring agile responses from Goan pharmaceutical companies.
Goa's pharmaceutical industry, while a vital contributor to India's drug supply, faces multifaceted challenges. From stringent regulations and intense competition to raw material sourcing and environmental concerns, the industry must adapt. Addressing skill shortages, embracing digital transformation, and navigating geopolitical risks are crucial for long-term sustainability. A proactive, collaborative approach involving industry, government, and academia is essential to overcome these hurdles. Ultimately, prioritizing innovation, efficiency, and sustainability will determine Goa's pharmaceutical sector's future success. Goa's pharmaceutical sector can achieve sustainable growth, contribute to public health, and strengthen its position in the global pharmaceutical market. This requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including policymakers, industry leaders, researchers, and the community, to create a conducive environment for innovation, investment, and sustainable development.
REFERENCES
Prashant Kadam, Goa's Pharmaceutical Landscape: Current Trends and Future Directions, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 3, 3227-3237. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15111207
10.5281/zenodo.15111207
