Formulation And Evaluation of Herbal Tooth Tablet

Herbal Formulations

Herbal formulations are dosage form consisting of one or more herbs or processed herbs in specified quantities. It provides specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits. It is used to diagnose, treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals, alter the structure or physiology of human beings or animals. Herbal formulation contains an active substance or herbal substance in combination with one or more herbal preparations. Herbal formulations are obtained by subjecting the various herbal substances for extraction, distillation expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation.

ADVANTAGES

• Herbal formulations are used to treat the cause of the issue, not just mask the symptom, because herbal medicines contain vitamins, antibodies and other health promoting agents.
• They are less toxic and have less side effects compared to synthetic drugs.
• It helps to strengthen the overall body not just illness of the body.
• They are effective, specific, stable, and potent.

DISADVANTAGES

• They may cause other problems if you’re taking other medicines.
• Herbal medicines may produce bad reaction or side effects.
• Not all herbal medicines are regulated.
• The effectiveness of herbal medicines are generally very limited and produce slow actions.

Herbal Cosmetics

Herbal cosmetics are formulated by using one or more cosmetic herbal ingredients, which are used to cure various skin aliments. Plant parts are highly used for the development of new drug products for cosmeceuticals and pharmaceutical applications. The best thing of herbal cosmetics is that it is purely made by herbs and shrubs and thus is side effect free. The natural content in the herbs does not have any side effects on the human body; instead provides the body with nutrients. The demand of herbal medicine is increasing rapidly , because of  their skin friendliness and lack of side effects.

Classification of Herbal Cosmetics

Herbal Tooth Tablet

Herbal tooth tablets are chewable tablets and are tiny little circular discs . They are made entirely of natural components that are designed to keep our teeth clean by eradicating plaque. The tooth tablets are formulated by dry components of toothpaste . Simply place it in your mouth, moisten your toothbrush, crush the tablet with teeth and agitate the tablet with the bristles like a cleanser. The tablets can come in reusable jars or packed in recyclable materials. The cleaning benefits are the same as toothpaste . Tablets being dry there is minimal or no preservatives at all and hence it’s safe and eco-friendly. Being in tablets form they are easy to transport hence low carbon footprint. Sometimes toothpaste might get highly squeezed out ,  which will not happen in tooth tablets. They are easy to store. They are in tablet form, so no waste as the exact amount is being used. Especially during covid pandemic, the tooth tablets are safer and better option. More than anything hygiene no passing of germs when the tube is swiped from brush to brush. Our mouths go from remineralization to demineralization throughout the day. For the natural remineralization, the mouth should not be in an acidic state but in an alkaline state. The type of sugary foods, drinks such as coffee and tea keep the mouth mostly in an acidic state. which attacks the enamel. It can take hours for the balance condition ,  but tooth tablets can help quicken it.  The proposed research tooth tablets recommend just crushing the tablet in mouth , then swishing for 15 to 20 seconds for a quick alkalizing after a meal or coffee can keep the teeth clean.

ADVANTAGES:

• • • • The herbal tooth tablets are  convenient form  for people  from youngsters to the elderly.
      • It doesn’t need the use of any water.
      • It is a low-cost product;unlike capsules and coated tablets, it does not require expensive equipment or a sophisticated manufacturing process.
      • Reduce product waste.
      • Simple to solid handling.
      • Improve your housekeeping.
      • Simple to use while traveling.
      • Eco friendly and easy to use.
      • Increase patient tolerance.

DISADVANTAGES:

• • • • The biggest drawback of the herbal tooth tablet is that they have an unpleasant flavor, it is difficult to mask the unpleasant taste of chewable pill.
      • The are hygroscopic in nature, so it require special storage condition.
      • Chewable tablets have less mechanical strength than conventional tablets, they must be handled carefully.
      • Flavoring compounds used in the manufacture of chewable pills may lead to mouth ulcers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Collection 

The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected from Kasaragod district, Kerala (India) in the month of October 2024.The fresh bark of Salvadora persica were buy from market. The herbarium was prepared by drying the specimens in the shade and then labeling them with the relevant information.

Plant Authentication

The plant material was identified and authenticated by Dr. Sonia N S, Assistant professor (horticulture), College of Agriculture Padnekad, Kasaragod, Kerala.

Plant Profile

Psidium Guajava

Synonyms

Psidium guajava, Psidium pomiferum , Psidium pyriferum , guajava pyrifera , Psidium guineense SW, Psidium cujavus.

Scientific classification of Psidium guajava

Morphological characteristics

Psidium guajava is a small evergreen tree in the myrtacae family that grows to height of 3-10 meters, straight smooth and grayish brown trunk and spreading slender and pubescent branches. Leaves are simple, which are oppositely arranged and are decussate. It has elliptic, ovate or lanceolate shape and have size ranging from 4-10 cm long and 2-5cm wide. The leaves contain pubescent, and prominent veins as surface. Flowers are arranged in a ring and are small white and fragrant. Fruits are berry, oval, or spherical in shape.it have 3-10 cm diameter. The color of fruit is green, yellow, or red when ripe and it contains soft, juicy and sweet pulp with many small seeds. The seeds are small numerous and embedded in the pulp have a shape of reniform & kidney shaped with brown or reddish-brown color.

Phytochemical constituents

• Vitamins such as vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B2, and vitamin E.
• Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin.
• Phenolic acid such as Gallic acid, Ellagic acid and Ferulic acid.
• Tannins such as Condensed tannins, Hydrolysable tannins and Catechins.
• Saponins such guava saponin A,B,and C.
• Terpenoids such as limonene,β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene.
• Carotenoids such as lycopene β-carotene, lutein.
• Minerals such as potassium, magnesium, manganese and copper.
• Glycosides such as Gauvin A, B, and C.
• Alkaloids such as guavine, and psidine.

Medicinal uses

Antibacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular health cancer prevention.

Salvadora persica

Synonyms

Salvadora oleoides, Salvadora indica, Salvadora persica.

Scientific classification of Salvadora persica

Morphological characteristics

Salvadora persica is a small to medium sized tree, typically growing up to 3-6 meters tall. The stem is straight, with a smooth, grayish brown bark that peels off in thin layers. The branches are spreading, with a rounded crown. The leaves are elliptical or ovate, with a pointed tip, typically, 2-5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, and they are arranged oppositely on the stem. It produces small, greenish yellow flowers and are arranged in axillary clusters. The fruit is small, red or purple and are typically 1-2 cm in diameter. It has a deep taproot system.

Phytochemical constituents

• Alkaloids: Salvadorine and trimethylamine.
• Sulfur Compounds: Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and elemental sulfur.
• Flavonoids: Kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin.
• Glycosides: Salvadoside and salvadoraside.
• Sterols: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol
• Vitamins and Minerals: High levels of fluoride, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin C
• Silica and Saponins.

Medicinal uses

Helps in oral health (Antibacterial , Antigingivitis , Tooth-whitening , Strengthens enamel ), anti-microbial activity , anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-oxidant, gastro intestinal benefits , anti-diabetics effect etc.

Extraction Of Plant Material

1. Extraction of guava leaves

Extraction of Psidium guajava was carried out by maceration.

The collected plant material of Psidium guajava is shade dried and coarsely powdered.10gm of powder is placed inside a container, the menstruum (70% alcohol) is poured on top until completely covered the drug material. Then it is allowed to stand for 48 hours with occasional shaking. Extract was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the filtrate is used to detect various biologically active constituents present in various solvent extracts.

2. Extraction of miswak

Extraction of Salvadora persica was carried out by maceration.

The collected plant material of Salvadora persica is shade dried and coarsely powdered.10gm of powder is placed inside a container, the menstruum (70% alcohol) is poured on top until completely covered the drug material. Then it is allowed to stand for 48 hours with occasional shaking. Extract was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the filtrate is used to detect various biologically active constituents present in various solvent extracts.

Pharmacogenetic Study

1. Determination of moisture content
2. Determination of ash value
   • Total ash
   • Acid insoluble ash
   • Soluble ash
3. Determination of extractive value

• Alcohol soluble extractive value
• Water soluble extractive value

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts was done in water and alcohol. The extracts were subjected to various chemical tests such as chemical test for alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, tannins , phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acids to detect various phytochemical constituents. The ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava and Salvadora persica show more positive effect . So  ethanol extract is used in the preparation of tooth tablet.

Formulation Of Herbal Tooth Tablet

Procedure

1. Weigh all the powdered ingredients Calcium carbonate, Sodium lauryl sulphate ,Acacia Sodium saccharine ,Talc, Sodium benzoate ,Magnesium stearate required for the formulation. Mix all the powdered ingredients in the mortar and pestle. Triturate them for size reduction and uniform mixing.
2. Then add clove oil , menthol and weighed herbal ingredients like guava leaf & miswak extract to the above mixture again blended well to form uniform mixture
3. After that the mixture is allowed to pass through sieve no 8 and the granules were dried by Using hot air oven at 50°C for 15-20 minutes. Then the dried granules are again allowed to passes through sieve no. 22.
4. By using direct compression method tooth tablets were produced by punching the above dried granules with single punch machine.

Evaluation Of Herbal Tooth Tablet

A. Physical Evaluation

Physical parameters such as state, colour, appearance were evaluated.

B. Pre-Compression Evaluation:

Before compression the flowability properties of granules and powders were characterized by the angle of repose, flow rate, bulk density, tap density, compressibility index (carr’s index ) , percentage porosity, and Hausner's ratio.

Angle of repose

The angle of repose is defined as the maximum angle possible between the surface of a pile of powder and the horizontal plane. The frictional force in a loose powder or granules can be measured by the angle of repose is an indicator of the powder flow property.

tan θ = h / r,     θ = tan-1 (h/r)

Where,

θ is the angle of repose h is the height of the pile

Procedure:

At definite height (h) the funnel was fixed to a stand through which the powder was allowed to flow. The angle of repose was then calculated by measuring the height and radius of the heap of the powder. Care was taken to see that the powder particles slip and roll over each other through the sides of the funnel. r is the radius of the base of the pile.

Angle of repose as an indication of powder flow

1. 1. Bulk Density:

The bulk density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the powder by the bulk volume in cm3. The sample was carefully introduced into a 100 ml graduated measuring cylinder. This cylinder was dropped at 2 seconds intervals onto a hardwood surface 3 times from a height of 1inch. The bulk density of each formulation was then obtained by dividing the weight of the sample in grams by the final volume in cm3 of the sample which is contained in the measuring cylinder. It was calculated by using the following equation.

Bulk Density = Mass / Bulk Volume

1. 2. Tap Density:

The tap density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the powder by the tapped volume in cm3. The sample was carefully introduced into a 100 ml graduated measuring cylinder. This cylinder was dropped at 2 seconds intervals onto a hardwood surface 100 times from a height of 1inch. The tapped density of each formulation was then obtained by dividing the weight of the sample in grams by the final tapped volume in cm3 of the sample which is contained in the measuring cylinder. It was calculated by using the following given equation.

Tap Density = Mass / Tap Volume

1. 3. Carr’s index:

Carr’s index which is also called as % compressibility index. It is an indirect method of measuring the flow of granules using the bulk densities. It was developed by Carr. The % compressibility of a powder was a direct measure of the potential powder or bridge strength and the stability of the granules. Carr’s index of each formulation was calculated by using the following equation.

% Compressibility = ((Tap Density-Bulk Density)/Tap Density) 100

Carr’s Index as an indication of powder flow

Post compression evaluation:

1. 4. Weight variation:

Weight variation was done to check whether different batches of tablets have uniformity. Weighed 20 tablets individually, calculated the average weight, and compared the individual tablet weight to average. If not more than two tablets are outside the percentage limit and none of the tablets differ by more than two times the Percentage limit, the tablets meet the test.

Weight variation specification as per I.P.

1. 5. Hardness:

The hardness of the tablet was evaluated by using a Monsanto hardness tester. It consists of a barrel containing a compressible spring held between two plungers. A lower plunger was placed in close contact with the tablet and a zero reading was taken. By turning a threaded bolt, the upper plunger was forced against a spring until the tablet fractures. The force of fracture was recorded. Ten tablets of each formulation were evaluated.

1. 6. Friability:

Roche friability is used to evaluate the friability of 20 tablets from each formulation. Pre weighed tablets were placed in the friabilator plastic chamber and the friabilator was run for 4 minutes at 25 rpm. All the tablets were deducted and weighed by the following Formula39.

% friability = ((initial weight – final weight ) / initial weight ) 100

1. 7. Foamability:

The foamability of the formulated product was estimated by adding a tablet into a 100 ml graduated measuring cylinder containing the required amount of distilled water. The initial volume of the measuring cylinder was recorded. Then the measuring cylinder was shaken 10 times. The final volume was recorded after the production of foam.

Foam expansion = volume of foam / volume of solution

1. 8. pH:

The pH of the solution was measured using a pH meter by dissolving 3 tablets in 3 beakers containing 200 ml of water.

1. 9. Disintegration time

The disintegration test is used to show how quickly the tablet breaks down into smaller particles, allowing for a greater surface area and availability of the drug when taken by a patient. Disintegration tests are however, useful for assessing the potential importance of formulation and process variables on the biopharmaceutical properties of the tablet, and as a control procedure to evaluate the quality reproducibility.

• Six tablets were added in the disintegration apparatus ,three with disc and other three without disc.
• The apparatus was dipped into beaker containing distilled water at room temperature and disintegration time was recorded for each tablet.
• The 1,2,3,4,5,6, tablet was disintegrated at 1.98sec,1.95,1.96,1.97,1.95,1.97 and therefore the average time taken for disintegration was 2mins.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Plant collection and drying

Collected plant materials were identified and authenticated by Dr. Sonia N S Assistant professor (horticulture ),college of Agriculture Padnekkad , Kasaragod , Kerala , Psidium guajava and Salvadora persica.

Preparation of plant extracts

The collected plant materials are subjected to extraction using various solvents such as ethanol and water . The extracts obtained after maceration process was the used for phytochemical studies to choose the most suitable solvent for further extraction.

Physico-chemical parameters

After the collection of plant material ,they were shade dried. Physico chemical parameters of plant were tabulated in table number parameters such as ash value , extractive values , and moisture content were estimated.

Phytochemicals present in ethanol and aqueous extracts of Psydium guajava and Salvadora persi

Formulation Of Herbal Tooth Tablet

Evaluation of tooth tablet

Physical evaluation

The formulated herbal tooth tablet was visually inspected for their colour , state , shape and texture was determined.

Pre formulation studies

Determination of angle of repose using Fixed funnel method

Post formulation studies