Reference

1. General Background of Antibiotics Agents Alliance For the prudent use of antibiotics. Archived from the original on 14th December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
2. “Factsheet for experts’’. European center for disease prevention and control. Archived from the original on 21st December 2014.Retrived 21 December 2014.
3. “Antibiotics’’. NHS.5 June Retrieved 17th Jan 2015.
4. For example, Metronidazole.” Metronidazole” the American society of Health-system pharmacists. Retrieved 31st July 2015.
5.  John Wiley and sons, chemical analysis of antibiotics residues in food, Inc.2012. PP.1-60. ISBN 978-1-1490-6-1459-1.
6. Scholar, E.M and W.B.Pratt 2000. The antimicrobial drugs, 2nd Edition, Oxford University press, Oxford, UK.
7. Demain, A.L.1999.Pharmaceutically active secondary metabolite of microorganisms. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 52(4):455-63.
8. O Muras. 1952.Trends in the search for bioactive microbial metabolites, journal of industrial microbiology.10(3-4):135-156.
9. Zedin, H.1993. The economic value of microbial diversity, Biotechnology. 43:178-185.
10. Miyako,S.1993, research on antibiotic screening in Japan over the last decade: A producing microorganism approach. actinomycitologica.9:100-106.
11. Berdy, J.2005.Bioactive microbial metabolites, a personal view. Journal of antibiotics.58 (1):1-26.
12. Sarmah, A.K., Meyer, M.T., and Boxall, A.B, 2006.” A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate, effects of antibiotics (Vas) the environment”. Chemosphere’s Vol.65pp.725-759.
13. Cabello, F.C., 2006.” Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aqua culture: A growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment” environ microbial, Vol.8. Pp.1137-1144.
14. Kotsiopoulos, C., kourkouta, L., and Papa Georgiou, M, 2014. The use of antibiotic medicine monograph. Saarbrucken Germany: Lap Lambert Academic.
15.  L Katz, R.H.Baltz natural products: past, present, and future hind microbial biotechnology, 43(2016). Pp.155-176
16. SJ.F.Prescott the resistance Tsunami, antimicrobial stewardship, and the golden age of microbiology Vet microbial. 171(2014), pp. 273-278                                                                                                                                              
17. C.T.Walsh, T.A.Wencewicz Prospects for new antibiotics: a molecule -centered perspective J antibiotic, 67(2014), pp.7-22
18. J.O.Neil Report on antimicrobial resistance (2016)                                                                                                                                                                                        
19. D.J.payne, M.n.Gwynn, D.J.Holmes, D.L.Pompliano drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discover Nat Rev Drug Discovery, 6(2006), pp.29-40
20. L.F.Haas papyrus of Ebers and Smith J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatric, 67(1999), pp.572-578
21. Lindblad VJ June 2008.” considerations for determining if a natural product is an effective wound-healing agent” the international journal of lower extremity wounds.7 (2):75-81.                                                                                                                                                 
22. Forrest RD (March 1982).” Early history of wound treatment. Journal of royal society of medicine.75 (3); 198-205.
23. Wainwright M (1989).” Moulds in ancient and more Medicine”. Mycologist.3 (1):21-23.
24. Armelagos, George (2000).” Take two Beers and call me 1, 600 years: use of tetracycline by Nubians an ancient Egyptians” natural history (5, May): 50-53. retrived 13 March 2017.
25. Williams KJ (2009).” The introduction of ‘chemotherapy’ using arsphenamine-the first magic bullet” journal of royal society of medicine.102(8):343-348.
26. Goodman LS, Gilman a (1941). The pharmacological bases of therapeutics. New York: Macmillan.
27. Limbird LE (2004). The receptor concept: a continuing evolution. Molecular intervertions.4 (6):326-36.
28. Bosch F, Rosich L (2008)” The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize”. Pharmacology 82(3):171-9.
29. Frith J.” Arsenic 2 the “poison of kings” and the “Saviour of syphilis”. Journal of military and veterans’ health, 21(4). Retrieved 31st January 2017.
30. Kingston W (June 2008). “Irish contribution to the origins of antibiotics”. Irish journal of medical science.177 (2):87-92.
31. FOSTER W, Raovlt A (December 1974),” early description of antibiotics”. The journal of the royal college of general practitioners.24 (149): 889-94.the first scientific observations of the antagonist actions pf various microorganisms were made by William Roberts of Manchester (1874) and John Tyndall of London (1876).
32. Bucci R, Galli P (11 May 2012).” Public health history corner Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher”. Italian journal of public health.8 (4), Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 30 Sep 2017.
33. Strand J, Gradmann C, Simonsen GS, Lindbæk M (2008). International Encyclopedia of Public Health: Antibiotic Development and Resistance. Academic Press. p. 200. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
34. Pathak A, Nowell RW, Wilson CG, Rayan MJ, Barraclough TG (September2020). ‘Comparative genomics of Alexander Fleming’s original penicillium isolate (IMI 15378) reveals sequence divergence of penicillin synthesis genes’’. scientific reports.10(1): article 15705.
35. SY, Tatsumura Y (July2015). “Alexander Fleming (1881-1955): discoverer of penicillin”Singapore medical journal.56 (7):366-7.
36. Fleming A (1980). “Classics in infectious diseases: on the antibacterial action of cultures of penicillium, with specific reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae by Alexander Fleming, Reprinted from the British Journal of experimental pathology 10:226-236, Reviews of infectious diseases. 2(1):129-39. Reprint of Krylov AK (929). (Gastroenterological aspects of the clinical picture of internal disease)” Therapeutic cheskii Arkhiv.63.
37. Jones DS, Jones JH (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60. ISSN 0080-4606.
38. Florey HW (November 1945). "Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". British Medical Journal. 2 (4427): 6342.
39. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". The Nobel Prize Organization. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
40. Jump up to a b Van Epps HL (February2006).” Rene Dubos: unearthing antibiotics “. The journealoexperimentalMedicine”.203(2)24
41. Cpocci M (1 January 2014). "Cold drugs. Circulation, production, and intelligence of antibiotics in post-WWII years". Medicina Nei Secoli. 26 (2): 401–21.
42. Finberg RW, Moellering RC, Tally FP, Craig WA, Pankey GA, Dellinger EP, et al. (November 2004). "The importance of bactericidal drugs: future directions in infectious disease". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 39 (9): 1314–20.
43. Cunha BA (2009). Antibiotic Essentials. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.180. ISBN 978-0-7637-7219-2
44. Srivastava A, Talaue M, Liu S, Degen D, Ebright RY, Sineva E, et al. (October 2011). "New target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: 'switch region'". Current OpinioninMicrobiology. 14 
45. Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Constructing and deconstructing the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci. 2020 Mar; 29(3):629-646.
46. Gordon E, Mouz N, Duée E, Dideberg O. The crystal structure of the penicillin-binding protein 2 x from Streptococcus pneumonia and its acyl-enzyme form: implication in drug resistance. J Mol Biol. 2000 Jun 02; 299(2):477-85.
47. Espinosa-Gongora C, Jessen LR, Kieler IN, Damborg P, Bjørnvad CR, Gudeta DD, Pires Dos Santos T, Sablier-Gallis F, Sayah-Jeanne S, Corbel T, Nevière A, Hugon P, Saint-Lu N, de Gunzburg J, Guardabassi L. Impact of oral amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid treatment on bacterial diversity and ?-lactam resistance in the canine faecal microbiota. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020 Feb 01; 75(2):351-361.
48. Liver Tox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda (MD): Oct 20, 2020. Penicillins (1st Generation).
49. Bhattacharya S. The facts about penicillin allergy: a review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010 Jan; 1(1):11-7.
50. Finnigan NA, Rout P, Leslie SW, Bashir K.Treasure Island (FL):Sep12, 2023.Allergic and Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis.
51. Levison ME, Levison JH. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Dec; 23(4):791-815.
52. Stone KJ, Strominger JL. Mechanism of action of bacitracin: complexation with metal ion and C 55 -isoprenyl pyrophosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Dec; 68(12):3223-7.
53. Gigliotti F, Hendley JO, Morgan J, Michaels R, Dickens M, Lohr J. Efficacy of topical antibiotic therapy in acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr. 1984 Apr; 104(4):623-6.
54. Schalock PC, Zug KA. Bacitracin. Cutis. 2005 Aug; 76(2):105-7.
55. Sheth VM, Weitzul S. Postoperative topical antimicrobial use. Dermatitis. 2008 Jul-Aug; 19(4):181-9.
56. Jones RN, Li Q, Kohut B, Biedenbach DJ, Bell J, Turnidge JD. Contemporary antimicrobial activity of triple antibiotic ointment: a multiphased study of recent clinical isolates in the United States and Australia. Diagn Microbial Infect Dis. 2006 Jan; 54(1):63-71.
57. ME Levison, MD, 2012, Aminoglycosides, The Merck Manual [1], accessed 22 February 2014
58. Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM (1999). "Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance". Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 43 (4): 727–37.
59. Foti JJ, Devadoss B, Winkler JA, Collins JJ, Walker GC. Oxidation of the guanine nucleotide pool underlies cell death by bactericidal antibiotics. Science. 2012 Apr 20; 336(6079):315-9.
60. As Boothe notes, "High concentrations of aminoglycosides may cause nonspecific membrane toxicity, even to the point of bacterial cell lysis", though the physiologic relevance of these concentrations to specific clinical situations is unclear. DVM Boothe, DVM, PhD, 2012, Aminoglycosides (Aminocyclitols), the Merck Veterinary Manual "Aminoglycosides: Antibacterial Agents: Merck Veterinary Manual". Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2014-02-22., accessed 22 February 2014.
61. Pai VB, Nahata MC (October 2001). "Efficacy and safety of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis". Pediatr, Pulmonology. 32 (4): 314–27.
62. Selimoglu, Erol (2007). “Aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity” current pharmaceutical design. 13(1):119-126.
63. Prayle A, Watson A, Fortnum H, Smyth A (july2010). “Side effects of aminoglycoside on kidney, ear and balance in cystic fibrosis”. Thorax.6 (7):654.
64. Gautam Mehta and Bilal Iqbal. Clinical Medicine for the MRCP PACES. Volume 1. Core Clinical Skills. Oxford University Press. 2010.
65. referenced in Bindu, LH; Reddy, PP (2008). "Genetics of aminoglycoside-induced and prelingual non-syndromic mitochondrial hearing impairment: a review". Int J Audiol. 47 (11): 702–7. See Also Fischel-Ghodsian, N (1999). "Genetic factors in aminoglycoside toxicity". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 884 (1): 99–109.
66. Giedraitiene A, Pereckaite L, Bredelyte-Gruodiene E, Virgailis M, Ciapiene I, Tatarunas V. CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli strains: resistance to temocillin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and biofilm formation. Future microbial. 2022 Jul; 17:789-802.
67. Langner JL, Chiang KF, Stafford RS. Current prescribing practices and guideline concordance for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep; 225(3):272.
68. Tuem KB, Desta R, Bitew H, Ibrahim S, Hishe HZ. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens isolated between 2012 and 2017 from a tertiary hospital in Northern Ethiopia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019 Sep; 18:109-114.
69. By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatric Soc. 2015 Nov; 63(11):2227-46.
70. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda (MD): Jan 24, 2017. Chloramphenicol.
71. Flach AJ. Fatal aplastic anemia following topical administration of ophthalmic chloramphenicol. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982 Sep; 94(3):420-2.
72. Thadani H, Deacon A, Peters T. Diagnosis and management of porphyria. BMJ. 2000 Jun 17; 320(7250):1647-51.
73. Liphshitz I, Loewenstein A. Anaphylactic reaction following application of chloramphenicol eye ointment. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991 Jan; 75(1):64.
74. Livingston RJ, Butterworth JW, Belt P. Reaction or infection: topical chloramphenicol treatment. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2013 Jan; 95(1):e20-1.
75. FN. Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea with ceftriaxone: a review. Sexual Transmitted Diseases.1986 Jul-Sep; 13(3 Suppl):199-202.
76. Uri JV, Parks DB. Disulfiram-like reaction to certain cephalosporins. The Drug Monitoring. 1983 Jun; 5(2):219-24.
77. Shearer MJ, Bechtold H, Andrassy K, Koderisch J, McCarthy PT, Trenk D, Jähnchen E, Ritz E. Mechanism of cephalosporin-induced hypoprothrombinemia: relation to cephalosporin side chain, vitamin K metabolism, and vitamin K status. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988 Jan; 28(1):88-95.
78. Lalla F, Privitera G, Ortisi G, Rizzardini G, Santoro D, Pagano A, Rinaldi E, Scarpellini P. Third generation cephalosporins as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a four-year survey in a general hospital. J Antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1989 Apr; 23(4):623-31.
79. Bradley JS, Wassel RT, Lee L, Nambiar S. Intravenous ceftriaxone and calcium in the neonate: assessing the risk for cardiopulmonary adverse events. Pediatrics. 2009 Apr; 123(4):e609-13.
80. Koyama N, Inokoshi J, Tomoda H. Anti-infectious agents against MRSA. Molecules. 2012 Dec 24; 18(1):204-24.
81. Lee T, Pang S, Abraham S, Coombs GW. Antimicrobial-resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The past, the present and the future. J Glob Antimicrobial Resistance. 2019 Mar; 16:36-47.
82. Butler-Laporte G, De L'Étoile-Morel S, Cheng MP, McDonald EG, Lee TC. MRSA colonization status as a predictor of clinical infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2018 Dec; 77(6):489-495.
83. Drugs and Lactation Database .National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Jun 20, 2022. Vancomycin.
84. Gerstein W, Colombo E, Harji F. Documented vancomycin-induced severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 27; 2018
85. Levitus M, Rewane A, Perera TB; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 17, 2023. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci.
86. Edwards DI. Nitroimidazole drugs--action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 Jan; 31(1):9-20.
87. Edwards DI. Reduction of nitroimidazoles in vitro and DNA damage. Biochemistry Pharmacology. 1986 Jan 01;35(1):53-8.
88.  Tocher JH, Edwards DI. The interaction of reduced metronidazole with DNA bases and nucleosides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992; 22(4):661-3.
89. Finegold SM. Metronidazole. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Oct; 93(4):585-7.
90. Hernández Ceruelos A, Romero-Quezada LC, Ruvalcaba Ledezma JC, López Contreras L. Therapeutic uses of metronidazole and its side effects: an update. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Jan; 23(1):397-401.
91. Kotra LP, Haddad J, Mobashery S. Aminoglycosides: perspectives on mechanisms of action and resistance and strategies to counter resistance. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 2000 Dec; 44(12):3249-56.
92. Davis BD. Mechanism of bactericidal action of aminoglycosides. Microbiology Rev. 1987 Sep; 51(3):341-50.
93. Banerjee SK, Jagannath C, Hunter RL, Dasgupta A. Bioavailability of tobramycin after oral delivery in FVB mice using CRL-1605 copolymer, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Life Sci. 2000 Sep 08; 67(16):2011-6.
94. Kernt K, Martinez MA, Bertin D, Stroman D, Cupp G, Martínez C, Tirado M, Guasch J., International Tobrex2x Group (Eu). A clinical comparison of two formulations of tobramycin 0.3% eyedrops in the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005 Sep-Oct; 15(5):541-9.
95. Hagerman JK, Knechtel SA, Klepser ME. Tobramycin solution for inhalation in cystic fibrosis patients: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Mar; 8(4):467-75.
96. Aminimanizani A, Beringer PM, Kang J, Tsang L, Jelliffe RW, Shapiro BJ. Distribution and elimination of tobramycin administered in single or multiple daily doses in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 Oct; 50(4):553-9.
97. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda (MD): Apr 12, 2019. Aminoglycosides.
98. Tamma PD, Cosgrove SE, Maragakis LL. Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jul; 25(3):450-70.
99. Nodzo SR, Boyle KK, Frisch NB. Nationwide Organism Susceptibility Patterns to Common Preoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics: What Are We Covering? J Arthroplasty. 2019 Jul; 34(7S):S302-S306.
100. Greenberg RG, Wu H, Maharaj A, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Tomashek KM, Osborn BL, Clark RH, Walter EB. A Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Clindamycin in Infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020 Mar; 39(3):204-210.
101. García-Solache M, Rice LB. The Enterococcus: a Model of Adaptability to Its Environment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019 Mar 20; 32(2)
102. Schröder O, Gerhard R, Stein J. [Antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. Z Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb; 44(2):193-204.