Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea): A Versatile Medicinal Plant with Multifaceted Therapeutic Effects

The perennial leguminous twiner Clitoria ternatea, often known as Butterfly pea, is a member of the family Fabaceae and sub-family Papilionaceae. It began in tropical Asia before making its way to India, China, the East and West Indies, and South and Central America, where it has since established itself as a native species.[1]Clitoria ternatea, sometimes referred to as Clitoria, blue-pea, kordofan pea (Sudan), cunha (Brazil), or pokindong (Philippines), is a hardy, summer-blooming legume with roots in the ancient world.

The tropical belt is the main habitat for the 60 species of Clitoria L., while some can also be found in temperate climates. The species most frequently reported is Clitoria ternatea. It is characterized as a woody genus with remarkable, butterfly-like blooms, an infundibular calyx with persistent bracteoles, stipules, and stalked ovaries. Various species of Clitoria are used for therapeutic purposes, such as enhancing fertility, treating gonorrhea, controlling menstrual flow, and acting as a sexual stimulant.[2] 

Fantz claims that 23 species of Clitoria are used economically as antihelmintics, diuretics, refrigerants, and in other applications [3]. This plant has the following common names in traditional Indian medicine: Kokkattan in Tamil, Aparajit in Hindi, and Aparajita in Bengali.[4] Ayurvedic texts sometimes include a lot of synonyms, such as the Sanskrit terms Vishnukranta, Asphota, Girikarnu, and Aparajita. The English names are butter-fly pea, Mazerion, and winged leaved Clitoria. Some of the regional names are Aparajita (Beng), Buzrula (Arabic), Gorani (Guj), Gokarna (Mar), and Aparajita (Hin).[5] The plant is primarily used as a forage because it is highly palatable to livestock and adaptable to a wide range of environments.[6]Today, this species, which originated on the island of Ternate in the Molluca archipelago, is extensively grown as a ornamental, feed, or therapeutic plant.[7] It is often regarded in India and the Andaman Islands as a means of escap to forests and woods at altitudes of up to 15 cm. It can be grown as a forage legume in Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, either alone or in conjunction with perennial forage grasses. Furthermore, the plant is capable of functioning as a cover crop and green manure. In addition to killing many perennial weeds, it also fixes nitrogen, which improves the soil.[8]

Clitoria ternatea is currently found in the humid, low-lying tropics, both in its native environment and in cultivation, even though no improved pasture cultivars have been developed. [9,10] Clitoria ternatea is native to the more tropical parts of India but is grown throughout the country. [11] The flower juice is said to be useful for insect bites and skin ailments. [12] The roots are said to have a bitter, refrigerant, ophthalmic, laxative, diuretic, cathartic, aphrodisiac, and tonic effect. They are employed in the treatment of asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, ophthalmology, amentia, hemi- crania, leprosy, leucoderma, inflammation, ascites, and burning sensation. [13]  The  leaves  of Clitoria ternatea are  pinnate,  composed  of  5-7 leaflets,  and  have  an  elliptic-oblong  shape  with lengths  ranging  from  2.5  to  5.0  cm  and  widths from  2.0  to  3.2  cm.  The  plant  produces  flat, linear,  and  beaked  seed  pods,  which  have  a length  range  of  5-7  cm  and  are  edible  when tender. The    seeds  are  oval-shaped  and  have  a blackish  or  yellowish-brown  color,  with lengths  varying  from  4.5  to  7.0  mm  and  widths from  3  to  4  mm. Clitoria  ternatea has  a  taproot system   with   numerous slender lateral   roots.[14,15]

MORPHOLOGY

The taxonomical classification of Clitoria ternatea species 

• Kingdom :- Plantae
• Division :- Magnoliophyta
• Class :-  Magnoliopsida
• Subclass :- Rosids
• Order :- Fabales
• Family :-  Fabaceae
• Subfamily :- Papilionoideae
• Genus :- Clitoria 
• Species :- ternatea(Linnaeus)

Fig:- Clitoria ternatea

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:-

• Roots :- Nodules are present in the branched tap root system.
• Behavior :- Climbing vine. 
• Leaf :- Alternately arranged, stipulate, imparipinnately compound, with reticulate venation.
• Stem :- A twiner with a thin, aerial stem.
• Inflorescence :- The inflorescence is axillary and only occurs once.
• Flower :- Complete, bisexual, heterochlamydeous, pedicellate, bracteolate, bracteate, hypogynous, zygomorphic, pentamerous, and usually large bracteoles. 
• Calyx :- Green calyx with five sepals, synsepals, and valvate estivation. The peculiar sepal is in front.
• Corolla :- Five petals, white or blue apopetalous, with an uneven papilionaceous corolla and descendingly imbricate aestivation. 
• Androecium :- Ten stamens, diadelphous (9) +1, where the tenth stamen is free and the other nine are joined together to form a bundle. Longitudinal slits cause the dithecous, introrse, and basifixed anthers to dehisce.[16]

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS

The reported plant consists of leaves, roots, and seeds. In use since antiquity. The primary Phytoconstituents of Clitoria ternatea are the pentacyclic triterpenoids taraxerol and taraxerone [17,18]. The roots phytochemical screening revealed the presence of ternatins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, resins, starch, taraxerol, and taraxerone [19]. The determination of taraxerol in Clitoria ternatea Linn. Using Thin Layer Chromatography aluminum plates  was carried out using a novel,straightforward, responsive, selective, and accurate High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography technique.[20]From Clitoria ternatea Linn., a diverse array of secondary metabolites have been isolated, including steroids, anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, and triterpenoids. [21] Four kaempferol glycosides, I, II, III, and IV, were isolated from the leaves of Clitoria ternatea Linn. Kaempferol-3- glucoside (I), kaempferol-3 – rutinoside (II), and kaempferol-3 neohesperidoside (III) were identified using mass spectrometry, protein magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet. (IV) C33H40O19, with a melting point of 198, was identified as Kaempferol3-orhamnosyl glucoside based on spectral data and given the name Clitorin. [22]

The seeds are made up of nucleoprotein, which has an amino acid sequence that resembles insulin, delphinidin-3,3,5-triglucoside, vital amino acids, pentosan, watersoluble mucilage, adenosine, an anthoxanthin glucoside, greenish yellow fixed oil, a phenol glycoside, 3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rhamoglycoside, an alkaloid, ethyl Dgalactopyranoside, p-hydroxycinnamic acid polypeptide, a highly basic protein-finotin, a bitter acid resin, tannic acid, 6% ash, and a toxic alkaloid . Yoganarasimhan claims that seeds contain g-sitosterol, ß-sitosterol, hexacosanol, and anthocyanin glucoside. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to be homologous to plant defensins and includes antifungal proteins. Additional research revealed that eight anthocyanins (ternatins C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D3, preternatins A3, and C4) and minor delphinidin glycosides were isolated from the young Clitoria ternatea flowers. A recent investigation found that the petals of Clitoria ternatea with varying petal colors contained malonylated flavonol glycosides. Additionally, it was noted that the flowers of Clitoria ternatea yielded five novel anthocyanins: ternatins A3, B3, B4, B2, and D2.[23]

Therapeutic Effects 

Antimicrobial Effect:

Various extracts of Clitoria ternatea displayed inhibitory actions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Aeromonas formicans, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The maximum zones of inhibition produced by ethyl acetate extracts of Clitoria ternatea against A. formicans, A. hydrophilia, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa were 18 mm, 19 mm, 19 mm, and 21 mm, respectively. Next, the ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea exhibited the largest zone of inhibition against A. formicans (18 mm) and E. coli (14 mm), while the acetone extract showed the greatest zone of inhibition against S. agalactiae (19 mm) and K. pneumoniae (17 mm).[24]The agar well diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of both seeds and calli against chosen pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Standardized laboratory procedures were used to extract the seeds and leaf-delivered calli of Clitoria ternatea. The seed extract of Clitoria ternatea had the greatest zone of inhibition (22 0.5 mm) against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2645) at a concentration of 0.75 mg and the least zone of inhibition (14 1.0 mm) against Micrococcus flavus (NCIM 2376). The callus extract exhibited the largest zone of inhibition (16 2.0 mm) against Salmonella typhi, while the smallest zone of inhibition was seen against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2645) and Staphylococcus aureus (12 1.0 mm and 12 0.9 mm, respectively). The seed extract of Clitoria ternatea had potent antifungal action on all of the tested fungi, whereas the callus extract had only modest antifungal activity[25]. The methanol extracts of the leaf, stem, flower, seed, and roots of Clitoria ternatea were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity against 12 bacterial species, 2 yeast species, and 3 filamentous fungi using the agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The leaf and root extracts were shown to be the most effective against all of the tested organisms.The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration), and MFC (minimum fungicidal activity) values of C. ternatea extracts varied from 0.3 mg/ml to 100.00 mg/ml[26].

The antibacterial activity of Clitoria ternatea was examined using agar disc and well diffusion methods. The organic solvent (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol) extracts from the leaves of Clitoria ternatea were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhi. The findings demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against the tested microbial pathogens. When compared to the other extracts (petroleum ether and ethyl acetate), the methanol extract was found to have a greater inhibitory effect among extracts [27]. The seeds of Clitoria ternatea yielded an antifungal protein with a molecular mass of 14.3 kDa. The protein exhibited lytic action against Micrococcus luteus as well as broad-spectrum antifungal activity, notably against the yeasts that are most clinically significant, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. Additionally, it inhibited the development of mycelium in numerous mold species, including Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., and Sclerotium sp[28].

The minimum inhibitory concentration of Clitoria ternatea leaf extract against A. niger was 0.8 mg/ml, and the minimum fungicidal concentration was 1.6 mg/ml, indicating its beneficial antifungal effect. The leaf extract demonstrated significant antifungal action against filamentous fungi in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 0.4 mg/ml on hyphal growth of A. niger. The primary alterations seen under scanning electron microscopy following treatment with Clitoria ternatea extract were the loss of cytoplasm in fungal hyphae and a noticeable thinning, distortion, and disruption of the cell wall. When A. niger was treated with Clitoria ternatea leaf extract [29], changes in conidiophores were also seen. From the seeds of Clitoria ternatea, just one protein (finotin) was isolated. The protein finotin demonstrated a wide and potent inhibitory effect on the growth of several significant fungal pathogens of plants, including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Pyricularia grisea, Bipolaris oryzae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Additionally, it inhibited Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Phaseoli, the bacterial blight pathogen that affects common beans. Furthermore, finotin possesses potent inhibitory activity against the bean bruchids Zabrotes subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides obtectus.[30]

Gastrointestinal Effect:

In several experimental models of ulcers induced in rats, the antiulcer efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Clitoria ternatea was assessed. The ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and aqueous extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the entire plant were tested in the pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. After the induction of ulcers, several parameters, including the quantity of gastric acid secreted, the pH, the overall acidity, the ulcer index, and the antioxidant parameters, were measured and contrasted between the extracts, the standard, and the vehicle control group. In pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced ulceration, a high dosage of alcoholic extract demonstrated considerable anti-ulcer effect across a range of doses.[31]

Antidiabetic Effects:

A syndrome known as diabetes mellitus Is defined by persistent hyperglycemia and disruptions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, all of which are linked to an absolute or relative lack of insulin secretion or action [32].Independent risk factors like hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension also increase the risk of developing premature atherosclerosis in people with diabetes mellitus [33].Oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin therapy provide good glycemic management, but their drawbacks restrict their use [34].The World Health Organization has also advised assessing the effectiveness of plants in circumstances where we lack access to contemporary safe medicines [35]. Phytochemicals obtained from plants are used to treat and prevent cancer, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure[36]. In indigenous medical systems, plants are thought to be useful for treating a variety of ailments [37].

The existing literature indicates that more than 800 plant species have hypoglycemic activity [38], one of which is Clitoria ternatea. As compared to the diabetic control group, chronic administration of plant extracts (100 mg/kg) for 14 days lowers the blood glucose level of diabetes-induced animals (Wistar Albino rats) [39].The blood glucose level fell dramatically on the 7^th and 14^th day of diabetes induction, demonstrating an antidiabetic effect. The impact resembled that of the common antidiabetic medication Glibenclamide. Hyperglycemia was brought about by intraperitoneal injection of freshly made aqueous solution of alloxan monohydrate. Control animals showed significant islet of langerhans injury and decreased islet size. Extract-treated groups exhibited restoration of normal cell population and islet size with hyperplasia. The plant’s antidiabetic potential was demonstrated by the partial return to a normal cell population and the increased size of βcells with hyperplasia. In streptozotocin-treated rats, aqueous extracts of the Clitoria ternatea plant exhibited anti-hyperglycemic action, which was caused by increased glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemi diaphragm. In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus, Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts have an antihyperglycemic effect [40].

In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus, extracts from the flowers and leaves of Clitoria ternatea have an antihyperglycemic effect [41]. In control and extract-treated diabetic rats, we studied the impact of oral aqueous extracts (400 mg/kg body weight) of Clitoria ternatea leaves and flowers on serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin. The aqueous extracts of Clitoria ternatea leaves and flowers dramatically lowered serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase, a gluconeogenic enzyme, but increased serum insulin, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen, and the activity of glucokinase, a glycolytic enzyme. The rat that was treated with the leaf extract had the same profile in almost all of the biochemical tests as the one that was treated with the flower extract. In juvenile diabetic rat experimental models, the alcoholic root extract of Clitoria ternatea has demonstrated a remarkable overall effect in preventing the potential consequences linked to the brain hippocampal region CA3 and pancreatic tissue [42]. Interference from the many chemical substances in this extract may be the cause of these benefits. A significant consequence of juvenile diabetes mellitus is encephalopathy, which impairs the potential physiomorphological growth and development in early childhood. To avoid any potential complications, it is crucial to diagnose and begin treatment as soon as possible. Ayurveda, an old medical science, lists several treatments for cognitive dysfunctions, including the herbal root of the Clitoria ternatea plant. In the streptozotocininduced diabetic rats, the combination of Clitoria ternatea leaf extract and Trichosanthes dioica leaf extract demonstrates the synergistic effect [43].

Anticancer Effect:

Using the trypan blue dye exclusion method, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of petroleum ether and ethanolic flower extracts (10, 50, 100, 200, 500 μg/ml) of Clitoria ternatea was investigated. Both extracts demonstrated considerable dose-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The petroleum ether extract showed an 8% decrease in cell count at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, but a 100% reduction was seen at 500 μg/ml. 10 μg/ml concentration of the ethanolic extract resulted in a 1.33% decrease in cell count, whereas 500 μg/ml concentration led to an 80% fall in cell count [44-45].

A brine shrimp mortality bioassay experiment revealed substantial cytotoxic activity in the crude methanol extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves, seeds, and stem-bark. The crude methanol extract of leaves, seeds, and stem bark had LC50 values of 25.82, 110.92, and 179.89 µgm/ml, respectively. The methanol fraction of leaves and the raw methanol extract both demonstrated highly encouraging cytotoxic activity [46].The in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea were assessed. The extract demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against DLA cell lines in the trypan blue dye exclusion test, with an EC50 value of 305 μg/ml. It also showed a dose-dependent reduction in cell count across all tested concentrations (0.0196–10 μg/ml) [47].

In mice bearing Dalton’s lymphoma (DLA), the anticancer effect of Clitoria ternatea was assessed. Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of DLA cells to cause tumors. Twentyfour hours after tumor inoculation, methanol extract of Clitoria ternatea (MECT) was given for 14 days in a row at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The effectiveness of MECT was evaluated by looking at hematological data, peritoneal cell counts, survival time, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antioxidant indicators. Tumor volume, packed cell volume, and viable cell count were all reduced by MECT therapy. In addition, the treated group’s hematological profile returned to somewhat normal levels, and the number of non-viable cells and mean survival time increased, extending the lifespan of mice carrying EACs [48].

Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity:

Oral administration of Clitoria ternatea root methanolic extract to rats was shown to have significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects by blocking the carrageenininduced rat paw oedema and the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in rats. At doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, the root extract of C. ternatea showed a notable reduction in carrageenan-induced edema of 21.6% and 31.8%, respectively. The 400 mg/kg dosage shows an inhibition that is comparable to that of 20 mg/kg of diclofenac. Additionally, compared to diclofenac as the standard medication, the extract reduced the intensity of peritoneal inflammation by 35.9% and 55.1%, as seen in the reduction of Evan blue dye leakage brought on by acetic acid in rats. The methanol extract of C. ternatea has notable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties, as shown in . In rats, Clitoria ternatea demonstrated antipyretic activity by lowering the fever brought on by yeast. At both tested dosages, the extract significantly decreased the amount of writing by 50.1 and 63.8%, respectively, compared to the 70.9% decrease caused by 150 mg/kg of aspirin. According to the general findings, the methanol extract of C. ternatea has considerable antipyretic and analgesic effects [49].

The antipyretic potential of the methanolic extract of the root of the blue-flowered variety of Clitoria ternatea (MECTR) was investigated in albino rats with normal body temperatures and yeast-induced pyrexia. After 19 hours of a subcutaneous injection of yeast suspension (10 ml/kg), rectal temperature rose. In a dose-dependent manner, the extract at doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in both normal body temperature and yeast-induced elevated temperature. The impact lasted for five hours following the drug’s delivery. The extract’s antipyretic effect was similar to that of paracetamol at a dose of 150 mg/kg. [50]

Antioxidant Effects:

By employing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test, the various solvent extracts of Clitoria ternatea leaf were evaluated for their in vitro free radical scavenging capability. All extracts demonstrated strong in vitro free radical scavenging, which improved with increasing extract concentrations. The methanol extract was found to be the most effective, followed by the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts.[51]

Methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts from the roots of Clitoria plants with blue and white flowers .The antioxidant capacity of ternatea was examined. reducing power experiment, DPPH free radical scavenging experiment, the assessment of antioxidant potential was done using a hydroxyl radical scavenging test. Chloroform, petroleum ether

Additionally, methanol extracts of roots of blue and white flowered kinds of Clitoria ternatea (CT) showed a considerable amount of activity. The DPPH free radical was suppressed in concentrations between 50 and 600 mu g/mL. chloroform, petroleum ether The greatest inhibition was seen in methanol extracts of roots of the blue-flowered kind of CT (49.11, 35.42, and 70.67% at 600 mug/ml), respectively. Petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts of roots of the white-flowered kind of CT also showed inhibition. The flowered variety of (CT) exhibited the greatest inhibition, at 54.48, 39.21, and 78.13%, respectively, at a concentration of 600 mu g/ml.

In methanol extracts of CT's blue and white flowered types, the antioxidant action was quite strong. DPPH radical-scavenging test. Methanol extracts of CT also demonstrated a considerable reductive capability as well as hydroxyl radical scavenging potential. The methanol extract of the white-flowered variety of CT displayed a considerably higher level of activity. Compared to the blue-flowered variety of CT, the methanol extract of the plant had antioxidant activity at all concentrations. When compared to the control, CT (MECT) revealed antioxidant activity.[52-53]

The antioxidant properties of the ”eave’ and blue and white flowers of Clitoria ternatea were examined. The sample from the blue flower-bearing plant demonstrated superior antioxidant activity, while they all displayed considerable antioxidant activity. Scavenging action.[54]The flower petal extract of Clitoria ternatea (CTE) was studied for its antioxidant activity and protective capacity. Oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazine (DPPH) methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of CTE.A test for the scavenging of diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Surprisingly, CTE (400 µg/mL) provided protection. Erythrocytes from AAPH-induced hemolysis during 4 hours of incubation. Additionally, CTE (400 µg/ml) decreased. Inhibited the breakdown of lipids in membranes, the production of protein carbonyl groups, and the decrease of glutathione Concentration in the oxidation of erythrocytes induced by AAPH. The morphological change brought on by AAPH CTE successfully shielded erythrocytes from changing from a smooth discoid to an echinocytic form.[55]

Clitoria ternatea extracts and an eye gel product that included extracts had the potential for antioxidant activity. Examined. According to the DPPH test, aqueous extracts exhibit more potent antioxidant activity. Ethanol extracts had lower IC50 values (1 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml, respectively) than scavenging activity). Water-based. The extracts were also shown to maintain this activity when included in an eye gel composition, but it was found that Far less than the commercial antiwrinkle product used as a comparison. The total phenolic content was Gallic acid equivalents in the extract were 1.9 mg/g.[56]

Using an approach that used the methanolic extract (ME) of Clitoria ternatea leaf, the antioxidant potential of the ME was examined. In vitro antioxidant test. Mice’s liver toxicity caused by paracetamol is protected by ME’s hepatoprotective effects. The leaf of Clitoria ternatea was also examined. By keeping an eye on the levels of aspartate, we were able to gauge the activity. Billirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and aminotransferase, along with histopathological evaluation. The antioxidant at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the leaf extract of Clitoria ternatea had an activity of 67.85%, which was also concentration dependent. Dependent, having an IC50 value of 420 µg/ml. The findings of the tests for liver toxicity brought on by paracetamol Demonstrated that the ME of Clitoria ternatea leaf (200 mg/kg) induced a notable reduction in mice subjected to the treatment. All of the ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels were higher in the paracetamol group. Clitoria ternatea leaf extract therapy also demonstrated a protective effect against histopathological changes.[57]

Antihistamine Activity:

Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy and Clonidine-induced Catalepsy in mice were used to measure the anti-histaminic activity of Clitoria ternatea L roots .The model was examined. clonidine, a α2adrenoreceptor agonist causes dose-dependent catalepsy in mice, which was prevented by histamine H1 receptor antagonists but not by H2 receptor enemy. Histamine is released from mast cells by clonidine, which is cause of various asthmatic illnesses. The Discovery of According to the research, chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and Clonidine-induced root extract of Clitoria ternatea (ECTR) is inhibited when compared to the control group, catalepsy was considerably lower at P< 0.001.Haloperidolinduced apoptosis cannot be prevented by CPM or ECTR. catalepsy. The current study finds that ECTR has anti-histamine action. [58]

Anti Asthmatic Activity:

Ethanol extract of the roots of Clitoria ternatea has anti-asthmatic properties. The initial phytochemical screening was carried out on (ECTR).milk-induced acute toxicity studies and antiasthmatic activity in mice, egg albumin causes mast cell activation along with eosinophilia and leukocytosis. passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and cell degranulation in rats According to the findings, the LD50 of ECTR is greater than 1300 mg/kg. Milk-induced leucocytosis is dramatically reduced by ECT, and it also Egg albumin-induced mast cell degranulation is prevented by eosinophilia. blocks the area where blue dye leaks in passively into the cells of mice. cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. Phytochemical research revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, saponin, and steroids [58]

Anti-Ulcer Activity:

In cold conditions, CT was assessed for its ability to reduce stress. Measuring the ulcer index in rats to determine the ulcer-inducing effect of restraint stress stomach. By securing the rats onto a wooden board, the ulcers were brought about maintaining them at 4°C for two hours in a plank. The methanolic the dosage (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o) was extracted from CT. The anti-stress impact in mice is dependent on when the drug is given 60 minutes prior to that the test [59].

Leaf extracts of CT in ethanol and chloroform, alcoholic and water extract of entire CT plant also showed that the anti-ulcer action in rats, which may be caused by its antioxidant and anti-secretary consequences [60-61].

Antidepressant Activity:

The methanolic extract of CT at the when administered orally at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. had an antidepressant impact on the tail mouse suspension test [59].The CT extract saw a notable decline.

The length of immobility at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg. The at a dose of 400 mg/kg, the length of immobility decreased more. Fluoxetine, 10 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally, compared to kg of CT. In a different research project. The ethanolic extract of CT root also demonstrated an anti-depressant effect, according to reports. At the dosages of 150 and 300 mg/kg [62]. Past outcomes The research revealed that (Z)-9,17-octadecadienal and two other compounds are present in the environment. The root of CT yields n-hexadecanoic acid, which may have promise. Lead molecules for creating new selective MAO-A inhibitors that Can provide herbal therapy for the treatment of mental illnesses including anxiety and depression [63].

Immunomodulatory Activity:

The immunomodulatory potential of Clitoria ternatea root and seed extracts was studied, with a focus on how they affect in rats that had been sensitized to SRBCs, the humoral immune response was examined, and the effects on cell-mediated immunity were studied. Measuring the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in SRBC-sensitized rats allowed for the analysis of immunity. The amount of carbon clearance and neutrophil adhesion were examined to determine neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis respectively. Additionally, the impact on hematological variables was examined. Clitoria ternatea Primary and secondary antibody titers in SRBC-sensitized rats, paw thickness in DTH response, and neutrophil counts were all significantly reduced by seed and root extracts, demonstrating a clear immunosuppressive effect.in vitro phagocytosis and adhesion. The immunomodulatory effects of Clitoria ternatea on cell and humoral immunity Lowered immune cell sensitization, immune mediation, and a non-specific immune response may be the cause phagocytosis and cell presentation. According to the authors, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in immunomodulatory activity, a plant species may play a significant role[64].

Effect on Learning and Memory:

The impact of the aqueous root extract of Clitoria ternatea (CT) on employing open field to investigate learning and memory in 7-day-old rat pups rewarded alternation, spontaneous alternation test, and behavior test the test and passive avoidance test were observed. This yielded the following outcomes: According to a study, the oral therapy of CT roots extracts at in rats, various doses resulted in a marked improvement in memory. Aqueous CT root extract for enhancing learning and memory utilizing open spatial learning, passive avoidance tests, and field behavior tests neonatal rat pups (7 days old) were tested using the T-maze test. Neonatal rat At a dosage of 50, pups were incubated throughout the growth spurt. And 100 mg/kg of aqueous root extract for 30 days. CT root extract possessed memory enhancing capabilities that were either nonexistent or barely noticeable. The overall motor activity but demonstrated better retention and behavioral spatial learning performance at both time periods exams. The neonatal stage was when this memory-enhancing quality was first noted rats (who were in the middle of their growth spurt) that received CT treatment 100 mg per kg of body weight for a month. Treatment, then, seems to with CT extract outcomes that result in a lasting alteration to the brain, which was the cause of the enhanced learning and memory.[65]

SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY:

The LD50 of the ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea root was over 1,300 mg/kg in mice [66].Severe oral toxicity According to research, mice experienced no death at doses of 3000 mg/kg or lower [67].In rats, a single dosage of 1000 mg/kg caused no fatalities or other symptoms for 72 hours [68].The passage was discovered in rats, a dosage of 2000 mg/kg body weight is still safe [69].Doses up to 2 showed no mortality. The ethanol extract of the aerial components of Clitoria ternatea was administered to rats at a dosage of g/kg (po). The animals were observed during observation. Displayed reduced mobility but no indications of seizures or loss of writhing reflex. This outcome suggests that Clitoria ternatea has a modest toxicity profile [70].

Three test methods were used to determine the mutagenic potential of the aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. Micronucleus test, Salmonella typhimurium Ames’ test, and Bacillus subtilis rec test. The aqueous extract produced no mutagenic effects in either mammalian or bacterial cells, negative findings [71].

Table 1: Different phytochemicals reported in different extracts of C. ternatea.

Plant part:- flowers

Plant part:- leaves

Plant part:-roots