Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Airport, Rajahmundry, East Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India-533102.
The present study gives information about medicinal plants synonyms, biological source, family, chemical constituents and the parts of the plant used to treat various diseases. Traditionally used medicinal plants have been a source of relief in controlling various types of diseases throughout the globe. Hence the present study had been conducted on the documentation of ethnic knowledge of medicinal plants available in the Vikas Institute of pharmaceutical sciences near airport Rajahmahendravaram rural areas East Godavari District. Andhra Pradesh, India.
Medicinal plants are significant as a vast source of therapeutic compounds, providing foundations for 25-50% of modern drugs, offering treatments for various diseases like cancer, and providing accessible, affordable healthcare, especially in developing nations. They are crucial for sustainable development, preserving genetic resources, and driving economic growth through the discovery of new drugs to combat challenges like antibiotic resistance. Their use is deeply rooted in traditional medicine and folk practices, and their scientific validation and cultivation are increasingly supported by modern biotechnology. It uses a combination of herbal medicines, diet, exercise, meditation, breathing exercises, and physical therapies to achieve balance and restore health now a day’s utilization of naturally occurring plant materials are used as a medicines in the treatment of various diseases and also they have significant therapeutic activity in low concentration and having high therapeutic activity.in traditional system of medicine in India.
2.METHODOLOGY Medicinal plants were identified and collected during 2025 from January to July through field survey in different remote villages of east Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India. During the period of study. Plants were collected with noting their local names, biological source, Family, chemical constituent’s parts used and their therapeutic applications etc. The samples of recorded herbs, shrubs, and trees were identified with the help of previous literature and regional floras. The present study conducted an extensive field survey in the Rajahmahendravaram rural areas at rajanagaram constitution like morampudi katheru Rajavolu, Narendrapuram, Dosakayapally, korukonda, Madhurapudi, Burugupudi, Nidigatla, Gadala, Kolamuru, Rayudupakala and, and Konthamuru villages and Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, near Air Port, Rajahmundry,
3. STUDY AREA
The study was conducted in the selected 4 Grama panchayathi present in the areas of East Godavari district. The 4 gramapanchayathi namely Katheru, Kolamuru, Morampudi, and Rajavolu,
1. Tulasi
Synonyms:Ocimum sanctum, Holy Basil and Sacred Basil.
Vernacular Names: Tulsi (Hindi, Bengali),Thulasi (Tamil) Tulasi (Telugu)
Biological source:The biological source of Tulasi is the leaves, stems, and seeds of the Ocimum sanctum plant.
Family:Tulasi belongs to the Lamiaceae
Geographical Source:Tulasi is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It's widely cultivated in India, Thailand, and other tropical regions.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Green, aromatic, ovate-shaped with serrated edges.
2. Stems: Erect, hairy, and branching.
3. Flowers: Small, purple or white, in spikes.
Description: Tulasi is an aromatic, perennial herb with distinctive leaves and stems. It's highly revered in Ayurveda and traditional medicine for its medicinal and spiritual significance.
Chemical Constituents: Eugenol, Ursolic acid, Rosmarinic acid, Apigenin and Luteoli.
Uses: Medicinal: Used to treat respiratory issues, stress, and infections. Ayurvedic: Used in Ayurvedic medicine for its adaptogenic and antioxidant properties. Spiritual: Considered sacred in Hinduism and often worshiped.Culinary: Used in cooking and as a tea ingredient.
2.Hibiscus
Synonyms:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Shoe flower, Chinese rose and Gudhal.
Vernacular Names:Gudhal (Hindi)Jaswand (Marathi)Semparuthi (Tamil)Orhul(Punjabi)
Biological Source:
The biological source of Hibiscus is the flowers, leaves, and roots of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plant.
Family: Malvaceae
Geographical Source:
Hibiscus is native to East Asia and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, including: India, China, Southeast Asia, Africa.
Morphological Characters:
1. Flowers: Large, showy, and trumpet-shaped with five petals.
2. Leaves: Alternate, simple, and often lobed or deeply toothed.
3. Stems: Woody or herbaceous, depending on the species.
Description:
Hibiscus plants are known for their striking, large flowers and diverse growth habits, ranging from shrubs to small trees. They're popular ornamentals and have various traditional uses.
Chemical Constituents:
Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Ascorbic acids and Hibiscus acid.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Used to treat hypertension, fever, and inflammation.
2. Culinary: Hibiscus tea is a popular beverage.
3. Cosmetic: Used in hair care and skin care products.
4. Traditional: Used in traditional medicine and rituals.
3.Lemongrass
Synonyms: East India lemongrass, Malabar or Cochin Lemongrass
Vernacular Names: Gavati Chaha (Marathi)
Biological Source: The biological source of lemongrass oil is from the leaves of Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf, specifically the East Indian Lemongrass variety.
Family; Poaceae
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Long, narrow, and blade-like with a citrusy aroma.
2. Stems: Tall, slender, and bulbous at the base.
3. Inflorescence: Feathery or plume-like.
Description:
Lemongrass is a tropical, perennial grass with distinctive, citrus-scented leaves and stems. It's widely used in culinary, medicinal, and aromatic applications.
Geographical Source:
Lemongrass is native to:
- India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Tropical & Subtropical regions.
Chemical Constituents:
- Monoterpenes: Terpinolene, Limonene, Myrcene
- Terpenoids: Grenial, Neral, Citral
- Phenolic Compound: Terpinol, Geraniol, Borneol
Uses:
- Culinary purposes: Lemongrass is used in cooking and as a flavouring agent.
- Aromatherapy: Lemongrass essential oil is used for its medicinal properties.
- Traditional medicine: Used for various purposes, including mosquito repellent and skin care.
- Perfumery: Citral is used in the preparation of violet perfumes.
- Cosmetic products: Lemongrass oil is used in manufacturing soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes.
4.Guava
Synonyms:Psidium guajava, Guava, Abas, Govavier, Kautonga, Kuahpa.
Vernacular Names:
- Amrud (Hindi)
- Amratafalam, Perala (Sanskrit)
- Amrut (Punjabi)
- Segapu, Koyyo, Koyapalam (Tamil)
- Goya-pandu, Jam-pandu, Jama (Telugu)
Biological Source:
The biological source of guava's medicinal properties includes its leaves, stem bark, fruits, and seeds.
Family: Myrtaceae
Morphological Characters:
1. Fruit: Small to medium-sized, round or oval-shaped, with a fleshy pulp and seeds.
2. Leaves: Opposite, simple, and elliptical with prominent veins.
3. Bark: Smooth, with a characteristic peeling pattern.
Description:
Guava is a tropical tree or shrub with distinctive fruit, leaves, and bark. The fruit is rich in nutrients and antioxidants, and is consumed fresh or used in various products.
Geographical Source:
Guava is native to tropical America, specifically southern Mexico to South America. It's now cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including India.
Chemical Constituents:
Phytochemicals, including: Flavonoids, Essential oils, Polyphenols and Vitamin A & C.
Uses:
- Digestive Issues: Guava tea or leaves can help treat diarrhoea, dysentery, and stomach problems.
- Wound Healing: Guava leaf paste has antibacterial and antiseptic properties, making it effective for wound healing.
- Antioxidant Properties: Guava's high antioxidant content helps protect against cell damage and oxidative stress.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Guava has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce swelling and pain.
- Antimicrobial: Guava's antimicrobial properties make it effective against various bacteria and fungi.
5.Mexican Mint
Synonyms: Indian Borage, Cuban Oregano, Spanish Thyme, Country Borage and French Thyme.
Vernacular Names:
- Ajwain/Patharchur (Hindi)
- Doddapatre/Sambarballi (Kannada)
- Karpooravalli (Tamil)
- Ova Paan (Marathi)
- Panikoorka (Malayalam)
Biological Source:
The biological source of Mexican mint is the leaves of the Coleus amboinicus plant, a semi-succulent perennial herb.
Family:Lamiaceae
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Fleshy, oval-shaped, and aromatic.
2. Stems: Succulent and branching.
3. Flowers: Small, tubular, and often white or purple.
Description:
Mexican Mint is a succulent herb with aromatic leaves and stems. It's known for its culinary and medicinal uses, and is often used in traditional medicine for various purposes.
Geographical Source: The exact origin of Mexican mint is unknown, but it's believed to be native to Africa or India. It's widely cultivated in tropical regions, including Africa, India, Southeast Asia.
Chemical Constituents:
- Essential Oils:
Carvacrol, Thymol, Undecanal and α-humulene.
- Other Compounds:
Rosmarinic acid, Thymoquinone and Salvianolic acid.
Uses:
- Respiratory Issues: Treats coughs, colds, fever, and congestion
- Skin Issues: Soothes skin inflammation, eczema, and psoriasis
- Digestive Issues: Relieves indigestion, bloating, and gas
- Anxiety and Stress: Acts as a natural sedative and anxiety reliever
- Culinary: Used as a flavouring agent in soups, stews, and meat dishes
- Other Uses: Natural mosquito repellent, antimicrobial agent, and diuretic.
6.Moss Ross
Synonyms:
Garden Purslane, Sun Rose, Rock Rose, Mexican Rose, Rose Moss, Sun Plant and Garden Portulaca.
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Not specified
- Other: Japanese Rose
Biological Source:
The biological source of Moss Rose is the entire plant of Portulaca grandiflora, specifically its leaves and stems.
Family: Portulacaceae
Morphological Characters:
1. Flowers: Small to medium-sized, showy, and come in various colors.
2. Leaves: Fleshy, needle-like, and succulent.
3. Stems: Thin, branching, and often sprawling.
Description:
Moss Rose is a low-growing, succulent annual with vibrant, delicate flowers and fleshy leaves. It's often used as an ornamental plant in gardens and containers
Geographical Source:
Moss Rose is native to:
- North America, Central America, Europe, Tropical Africa, India, Asia and Pacific Islands.
Chemical Constituents:
While specific chemical constituents aren't detailed for Moss Rose, it does contain
- Vitamin E, beneficial for hair loss and other hair problems
Uses:
Moss Rose has several medicinal uses:
- Digestive Issues: Not specified, but related plants have been used for digestive problems
- Skin Issues: Used to treat burns, scalds, eczema, and swelling
- Respiratory Issues: Helps reduce swelling and pain in the pharynx
- Hair Care: Beneficial for hair loss due to its Vitamin E content
- Traditional Medicine: Used in Chinese herbal therapy to treat tumor growths and in traditional beliefs to protect infants from evil spirits
- Cancer Treatment: Some believe it cures cancer and tumors, though more research is needed to confirm this.
7.Mango
Synonyms:
Mangifera indica, Apple mango, Hapus mango and Jack mangosteen.
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Aam
- Sanskrit: Amra
- Tamil: Maanga
- Telugu: Mangai
Biological Source:
The biological source of mango is the leaves, bark, fruits and seeds of Mangifera Indica.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Morphological Characters:
1. Fruit: Large, oval-shaped, with a thick skin and juicy pulp.
2. Leaves: Evergreen, alternate, and lanceolate.
3. Flowers: Small, yellowish-green, and fragrant.
Description:
Mango is a tropical evergreen tree with distinctive fruit, leaves, and flowers. The fruit is rich in nutrients and widely consumed fresh or used in various products.
Geographical Source:
Mango is native to:
- South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia.
- Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Chemical Constituents:
Mango contains various bioactive compounds, including:
- Phenolic Compounds: Mangiferin, quercetin, gallic acid
- Carotenoids: Beta-carotene, lutein
- Vitamins: Vitamin A, C, E, K
- Minerals: Potassium, magnesium, copper
Uses:
- Antioxidant Properties: Protects against cell damage and oxidative stress
- Anti-Inflammatory: Reduces inflammation and pain
- Antimicrobial: Effective against various bacteria and fungi
- Digestive Health: Supports healthy digestion and prevents constipation
- Immune System: Boosts immunity and prevents illnesses
- Skin and Hair: Used to treat skin issues, promote wound healing, and improve hair health
- Traditional Medicine: Used to treat various ailments, including diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory issues.
8.Vinca
Synonyms:Vinca rosea, Catharanthus roseus and Madagascar periwinkle.
Vernacular Names:
- Sadabahar (Hindi)
- Nayantara (Bengali)
- Barmasi
Biological Source:
The biological source of Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn.
Family:Apocynaceae.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Opposite, glossy, and elliptical.
2. Flowers: Five-petaled, pink or white, with a distinctive shape.
3. Stems: Erect or sprawling.
Description:
Vinca is an evergreen perennial with attractive flowers and glossy leaves. It's used as an ornamental plant and has medicinal properties, including alkaloids used in cancer treatment.
Geographical Source:
Vinca is indigenous to Madagascar and cultivated in tropical regions like. India, Australia, South Africa, North & South America and Eastern Europe.
Chemical Constituents:
Vinca contains various indole and dihydroindole alkaloids, including ² ? ?:
- Primary Alkaloids:
- Vinblastine: Used to treat Hodgkin's disease and certain types of cancer
- Vincristine: Used to treat leukemia and lymphoma
- Other Alkaloids:
Ajmalicine, Serpentine, Lochnerine and Tetrahydroalstonine.
Uses:
- Cancer Treatment: Vinblastine and vincristine are used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer
- Antineoplastic: Vinca alkaloids inhibit cell division, making them effective against rapidly proliferating cancer cells
- Hypertension: Vinca has been used to treat high blood pressure
- Traditional Medicine: Vinca has been used to treat various ailments, including skin diseases,
9. Hypericum
Synonyms:
St. John's Wort and Hypericum perforatum.
Biological Source:
Hypericum perforatum is a flowering plant species.
Family:Hypericaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. St. John's Wort (English)
2. Mahanimba (Sanskrit)
Chemical Constituents:
Hyperforin, Hypericin, Flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) and Phenolic acids.
Geographical Source:
Native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, now cultivated worldwide.
Morphological Characters:
1. Perennial herb
2. Yellow flowers
3. Punctate leaves (with oil glands)
Description:
Hypericum perforatum is a perennial herb with yellow flowers and punctate leaves.
Uses:
1. Antidepressant: Used to treat mild to moderate depression.
2. Anxiolytic: Used to reduce anxiety.
3. Antiviral: Some studies suggest antiviral properties.
4. Wound healing: Traditionally used for wound healing.
10. Euphorbia milii
Synonyms: Crown of Thorns and Chirst Plant
Biological Source:Euphorbia milii is a succulent plant species.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Crown of Thorns (English)
2. Christ Plant (English)
Chemical Constituents:
Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Saponins.
Geographical Source:
Native to Madagascar, now cultivated worldwide.
Morphological Characters:
1. Thorny stems
2. Small, colorful flowers (bracts)
3. Succulent leaves
Description:
Euphorbia milii is a drought-tolerant, succulent plant with thorny stems and colorful flowers.
Uses
1. Ornamental: Popular for gardens and indoor spaces.
2. Medicinal: Traditionally used for various purposes, including wound healing and pain relief.
3. Toxicity: Sap can be irritating; handle with care.
11.Plumeria pudica
Synonyms:
Bridelia pudica and Plumeria caracasana
Vernacular Names:Hindi: Champa
2. English: Bridal Bouquet, White Frangipani Spanish: Plumeria BlancaOther local names: Varied names in different regions, reflecting its ornamental and medicinal use.
Biological Source:Plumeria pudica is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae.
Family:Apocynaceae
Morphological Characteristics:
Stem: smooth, greenish- brown, with milky latex
Leaves: simple, alternate, fiddle -shaped[spoon-leaf],15-25cm long, entire margin, acute apex.
Inflorescence: terminal clusters.
Flowers: large, white,5-petaled, overlapping, yellow center, non-fragrant, actinomorphic, bisexual.
Fruit: rarely produced in cultivation, a pair of follicles.
Geographical Source:
1. Native to: Central America, parts of South America (e.g., Venezuela, Colombia).
2. Cultivated in: Tropical regions worldwide for ornamental purposes.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Alkaloids: Some Plumeria species contain alkaloids.
2. Glycosides: Cardiac glycosides may be present in some Plumeria species.
3. Latex: Plumeria species contain latex, which may have bioactive compounds.
4. Flavonoids and other compounds: Various phytochemicals may be present.
Description:
1. Plant type: Plumeria pudica is a flowering tree or shrub.
2. Flowers: White, fragrant flowers, often used in ornamental arrangements.
3. Latex: Plant parts contain latex.
4. Growth: Grows in tropical climates.
Uses:
1. Ornamental: Plumeria pudica is cultivated for its attractive, fragrant flowers.
2. Traditional medicine: Parts of Plumeria species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, though specific uses of P. pudica may vary.
3. Potential bioactivities: Some Plumeria species have been studied for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties, though research specifics can vary by species.
4. Caution: Like other Plumeria species, parts of the plant can be toxic or cause irritation (latex), requiring careful handling.
12.Syzygium cumini (Jamun)
Synonyms:
Eugenia jambolana
Biological Source:
Syzygium cumini is a tropical evergreen tree.
Family:Myrtaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Jamun (Hindi)
2. Black Plum (English)
Chemical Constituents:
Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Tannins and Essential oils.
Geographical Source:
Native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Glossy, elliptical, and aromatic.
2. Flowers: Small, fragrant, and greenish-white.
3. Fruit: Purple-black, oval-shaped, and edible.
Description:
Syzygium cumini is a medicinal tree with various traditional uses, including managing diabetes and digestive issues.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Used to manage diabetes, digestive issues, and inflammation.
2. Food: Fruit is consumed fresh or used in jams and preserves.
3. Timber: Wood is used for furniture and construction.
13.Croton (Croton tiglium)
Synonyms:
1. Croton oil plant
Biological Source:
Croton tiglium is a plant species.
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Croton (English)
2. Naepal (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Croton oil (contains phorbol esters), Alkaloids and Glycosides.
Geographical Source:
Native to Southeast Asia and India.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Alternate, simple, and ovate.
2. Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow.
3. Seeds: Small, brown.
Description:
Croton tiglium is a medicinal plant with seeds that yield croton oil, known for its purgative and medicinal properties.
Croton tiglium, a plant species in the Euphorbiaceae family, is known for its seeds that yield croton oil. This oil contains phorbol esters, which have been studied for their potential biological activities.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Croton oil has been used as a purgative and in traditional medicine.
2. Research: Phorbol esters from croton oil have been studied for their potential biological activities.
14. Duranta erecta (Golden Dewdrop)
Synonyms:
1. Duranta repens
Biological Source:
Duranta erecta is a flowering plant species.
Family:
Verbenaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Golden Dewdrop (English)
2. Duranta (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids.
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions of Central and South America, now found in many parts of the world.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Opposite, simple, and ovate.
2. Flowers: Small, blue or purple, in clusters.
3. Fruits: Small, yellow or orange berries.
Description:
Duranta erecta is an ornamental shrub with attractive flowers and berries. Duranta erecta is a flowering shrub native to tropical regions of Central and South America. It's valued for its ornamental qualities and has various traditional uses.
Uses:
1. Fever reduction: The plant is used to treat fever, feverish conditions, and malaria.
2. Respiratory issues: Duranta erecta is used to treat respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs.
3. Skin conditions: The plant's extracts are used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
15.Furcraea foetida (Mauritius Hemp)
Synonyms:
Furcraea gigantea
Biological Source:
Furcraea foetida is a plant species.
Family: Asparagaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Mauritius Hemp (English)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Saponins
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions of Central and South America.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Large, succulent, and variegated.
2. Flowers: Tall, greenish-white inflorescence.
Description:
Furcraea foetida is an ornamental plant known for its striking, variegated leaves and tall flower stalks.
Furcraea foetida is a striking, succulent plant known for its large, variegated leaves and tall flower stalks. It's often used as an ornamental plant in gardens and landscapes.
Uses:
- Bronchitis: The leaf extracts have been used to alleviate bronchitis symptoms.¹
- Wounds: The plant's leaves are used to treat wounds, promoting healing and reducing inflammation.
- Stomachaches: Furcraea foetida has been used to treat stomachaches and other digestive issues.
- Uterine Issues: The plant's leaves are also used to treat uterine problems, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.
- Constipation: Some sources mention its use in treating constipation, although this is not extensively documented.
- Skin Infections: The plant's leaves have been used to treat skin infections, likely due to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
16.Dioscorea bulbifera (Air Potato)
Synonyms:
1. Dioscorea sativa
Biological Source:
Dioscorea bulbifera is a plant species.
Family:Dioscoreaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Air Potato (English)
2. Kham alu (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Diosgenin (steroidal sapogenin)
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions of Asia and Africa.
Morphological Characters:
1. Bulbils: Small, aerial tubers that form on stems.
2. Leaves: Heart-shaped, alternate.
3. Stems: Climbing, twining.
Description:
Dioscorea bulbifera is a climbing vine with edible bulbils and roots.
Dioscorea bulbifera is a climbing vine known for its aerial bulbils and edible roots. It's native to tropical regions and has various traditional uses.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Diosgenin is used in the production of steroidal hormones and contraceptives.
2. Food: Bulbils and roots are edible and used in traditional cuisine.
17.Amla
Synonyms:
- Indian Gooseberry, Amalaki, Dhatriphala, Anvala, Amlaki, Amritfala
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Amla, Amala
- Sanskrit: Amalaki, Dhatri, Shriphala, Amrutaphala
- Tamil: Nellikai
- Telugu: Useeri kaya, Usheeri kaya
- Malayalam: Nelli
- Kannada: Nelli
Biological Source:
The biological source of Amla is the dried or fresh fruit pericarp of the plant Emblica officinalis (Phyllanthus emblica).
Family:Phyllanthaceae
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Medium-sized, up to 8 meters tall, with a slightly curved trunk and scattered branches
- Bark: Gray with hard reddish wood
- Leaves: Finely pubescent, 10-20 cm long, pinnately arranged, and lemon-scented
- Flowers: Yellowish-green
- Fruit: Pale yellow, round, and has six vertical stripes, weighing approximately 60-70 grams
Geographical Source:
Amla is native to tropical and southern Asia, including:
- India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Southeast Asia.
Chemical Constituents:
- Vitamin C: High amounts of ascorbic acid
- Tannins: Emblicanin A and B, punigluconin, pedunculagin
- Polyphenols: Flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid, gallic acid
- Amino Acids: Glutamic acid, proline, aspartic acid, alanine, cystine, lysine
- Other: Pectin, carbohydrates.
Uses:
1. Antioxidant and Immune System Boost: Rich in Vitamin C, Amla enhances immune function and protects against oxidative stress.
2. Digestive Health and Anti-Inflammatory: Supports healthy digestion and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, relieving symptoms of constipation, diarrhea, and arthritis.
18.Euphorbia heterophylla (Mexican Fireplant)
Synonyms:
Euphorbia geniculata
Biological Source:
Euphorbia heterophylla is a plant species.
Family:Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Mexican Fireplant (English)
2. Dwarf poinsettia
Chemical Constituents:
1. Diterpenes
2. Flavonoids
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions of Central and South America.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Variable shape, often with red or yellow markings.
2. Flowers: Small, surrounded by colorful bracts.
Description:
Euphorbia heterophylla is an ornamental plant known for its vibrant, colorful bracts and variable leaf shapes. Euphorbia heterophylla is an ornamental plant known for its vibrant, colorful bracts and variable leaf shapes. It's often used in gardens and landscapes for its aesthetic value.
Uses:
19.Cycas revoluta (Sago Palm)
Synonyms:
Cycas inermis
Biological Source:
Cycas revoluta is a plant species.
Family:
Cycadaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Sago Palm (English)
2. King Sago
Chemical Constituents:
Cycasin (toxic glycoside) and BMAA (beta-methylamino-L-alanine)
Geographical Source:
Native to southern Japan.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Pinnate, leathery, and dark green.
2. Trunk: Stout, cylindrical.
Description:
Cycas revoluta is an ornamental plant known for its distinctive, palm-like appearance.
Uses:
1. Neuroprotective: The seeds contain cycasin, which has shown neuroprotective effects and potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
2. Anti-Cancer: Cycasin has also demonstrated anti-cancer properties, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
3. Antiviral: Extracts from the plant have shown antiviral activity against certain viruses.
4. Wound Healing: The plant's extracts have been used to aid in wound healing and tissue repair.
5. Traditional Medicine: In some traditional medicine systems, Cycas revoluta is used to treat various ailments, including respiratory issues and rheumatism.
20.Aglaonema
Synonyms:
- Aglaonema commutatum: No notable synonyms documented
- Aglaonema densinervium: Aglaonema philippinense var. densinervium
- Aglaonema simplex: Multiple synonyms, including Aglaonema alpinum, Aglaonema angustifolium, and others
Biological Source:
Aglaonema is a genus of flowering plants.
Family:Araceae
Vernacular Names:
- Common Names: Chinese Evergreen, Philippine Evergreen, Ribbon Evergreen
- Other Names: Damping-banal (Tagalog), Pamitagen (Mangyan), Pauangkilon (Cebu Bisaya)
Chemical Constituents:
- Calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and toxicity if ingested
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and New Guinea, including:
Southeast Asia, Philippines, North-east Sulawesi, Southern Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo and Java
Morphological Characters:
- Leaves: Ovate to lanceolate, green to dark green, often variegated
- Stems: Erect or decumbent, sometimes creeping
- Inflorescence: Spadix with unisexual flowers
Description:
Aglaonema is a genus of flowering plants known for their attractive, variegated leaves and ability to thrive in low-light conditions. They're popular ornamental plants, often used in indoor landscaping.
Uses:
- Ornamental: Used in gardens, landscapes, and indoor spaces for their aesthetic value
- Air Purification: Effective at removing formaldehyde and benzene from the air
- Medicinal: Some species have been used to treat fever, edema, and to speed up delivery in childbirth
- Toxicity Note: Aglaonema plants are toxic due to calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and other adverse effects if ingested.
21.Oleander
Synonyms:
- Nerium oleander and Nerium indicum
Vernacular Names:
- Kaner (Hindi)
- Arali (Tamil)
- Kaneru (Telugu)
Biological Source:
The biological source of oleander's medicinal properties includes its leaves, flowers, and seeds.
Family: Apocynaceae
Geographical Source: Oleander is native to the Mediterranean region, but it's widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including India.
Chemical Constituents:
Oleander contains various bioactive compounds, including:
- Cardiac Glycosides: Oleandrin, neriine
- Other Compounds: Flavonoids, phenolic acids
Uses:
Oleander has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including ¹ ²:
- Cardiac Issues: Oleander's cardiac glycosides have been used to treat heart conditions, although its toxicity requires careful handling.
- Cancer Treatment: Some studies suggest oleander extracts may have anticancer properties.
- Other Uses: Oleander has been used to treat various ailments, including skin issues, digestive problems, and respiratory issues.
Description:
Oleander is a flowering plant known for its attractive, fragrant blooms and toxic properties.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Narrow, lance-shaped, and dark green
- Flowers: Showy, fragrant, and come in various colors, including pink, white, and red
- Fruits: Long, narrow pods containing seeds
22.Terminalia
Synonyms:
Arjuna, Kumbuk, Bahera, Vibhitaki, Haritaki, Harad.
Vernacular Names
- Terminalia arjuna:
- Arjun (Hindi)
- Kumbuk (Sinhala)
- Terminalia bellirica:
- Bahera (Hindi)
- Vibhitaki (Sanskrit)
- Terminalia chebula:
- Harad (Hindi)
- Haritaki (Sanskrit)
Biological Source:
- Terminalia arjuna: Dried stem bark
- Terminalia bellirica: Fruits
- Terminalia chebula: Fruits
Family: Combretaceae
Geographical Source:
- Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Australia and South Africa.
Chemical Constituents
- Terminalia arjuna:
- Triterpenoids (arjunic acid, arjunolic acid) and Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol)
- Terminalia bellirica:
- Tannins, Gallic acid and Ellagic acid
- Terminalia chebula:
- Tannins (chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid) and Anthraquinones.
Uses:
- Cardiovascular health: Terminalia arjuna is used to treat heart ailments.
- Digestive health: Terminalia chebula is used to treat digestive disorders.
- Antimicrobial: Terminalia species have shown antimicrobial activity.
Description:
Terminalia is a genus of trees with medicinal properties, particularly their bark and fruits.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Terminalia arjuna:
- Tree: Large, deciduous
- Bark: Smooth, greyish-white
- Terminalia bellirica:
- Tree: Large, deciduous
- Fruits: Greenish-yellow, 2-3 cm long
- Terminalia chebula:
- Tree: Medium-sized, deciduous
- Fruits: Yellowish-green, 2-4 cm long
23.Snake Jasmine
Synonyms:
- Rhinacanthus nasutus, Lizard tail plant and Mukunuvena
Vernacular Names:
- Snake jasmine (English)
- Mukunuwenna (Sinhala)
Biological Source:
The biological source of Snake jasmine's medicinal properties includes its leaves, stems, and roots.
Family: Acanthaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical Asia and the western Indian Ocean, including:
- India, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Chemical Constituents:
- Naphthoquinones (Rhinaxanthin A, B, C, D), Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Triterpenoids, Sterols and Glycosides.
Uses:
- Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer.
- Hepatoprotective and Immunomodulatory.
- Used to treat skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis.
- Supports liver health and boosts immunity.
Description:
Snake jasmine is a perennial herb or shrub, typically growing 1-2 meters in height, with oblong leaves and small white flowers.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Oblong, 4-10 cm in length, narrowed and pointed at both ends
- Inflorescence: Spreading, leafy, hairy panicle with flowers usually in clusters
- Flowers: Small, white, 2-lipped, with upper lip erect and oblong, and lower lip broadly obovate
- Fruit: Club-shaped capsule containing 4 seeds
24.Kaffir Lime
Synonyms:
Makrut lime, Thai lime and Mauritius papeda
Vernacular Names:
- Thai: Makrut
- Indonesian: Jeruk purut
Biological Source:
The biological source of Kaffir lime's medicinal properties includes its leaves, peel, and essential oil.
Family:Rutaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical Asia, Kaffir lime is commonly found in:
- Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and India.
Chemical Constituents:
Kaffir lime contains various bioactive compounds, including:
- Essential Oils: Limonene, beta-pinene, sabinene
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
Uses:
- Culinary: Used in Southeast Asian cuisine for its unique flavor
- Medicinal: Traditionally used for digestive issues, skin problems, and as an insect repellent
- Aromatherapy: Essential oil used for stress relief and mood enhancement
Description:
Kaffir lime is a small, thorny tree with distinctive double-lobed leaves and small, greenish-yellow fruit.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Double-lobed, dark green, and glossy
- Fruit: Small, greenish-yellow, and bumpy
- Peel: Thick and bumpy, often used in cooking.
25.Cuphea hyssopifolia
Synonyms:
- Cuphea hyssopifolia var. brachyphylla Griseb
- Cuphea rivularis Seem
- Cuphea sunubana Lourteig
- Parsonsia hyssopifolia (Kunth) Standl
Vernacular Names:
- False Heather
- Mexican Heather
- Hawaiian Heather
- Elfin Herb
- Stardust Bush
- Tarweed
Biological Source:
The biological source of Cuphea hyssopifolia's medicinal properties includes its leaves, stems, and aerial parts.
Family: Lythraceae
Geographical Source:
Native to Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, Cuphea hyssopifolia can be found in dry scrublands, open woodlands, and along roadsides. It has naturalized in Hawaii and is considered a serious weed there.
Chemical Constituents:
- Macrocyclic hydrolyzable tannins, including cuphiins D1 and D2
- Flavonoids, such as quercetin
- Phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity
- Essential oils with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
- Diterpenes and triterpenoids, including friedelan-3β-ol and ursolic acid
Uses:
- Medicinal: antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties
- Traditional: treatment of fevers, coughs, high cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Description:
Cuphea hyssopifolia is a small evergreen shrub growing up to 1.5 meters tall, with semi-woody stems and narrow, dark green leaves. It produces small, tubular, purple to light purple flowers.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Green, opposite, stalkless, and numerous on the branches, narrow-lanceolate, up to 1.5 cm long
- Flowers: Small, tubular, purple to light purple with green calyx
- Fruit: A capsule containing small, globose seeds
- Stems: Semi-woody, slender, and crooked.
26.Caladium Bicolor
Synonyms:
Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.
- Caladium hortulanum Bridsey
- Caladium marmoratum Mathieu ex K. Koch
Biological Source:
Tuberous roots
Family: Araceae
Morphological Characteristics:
Plant: Perennial herb, 0.6-1.5 m tall
- Leaves: Heart-shaped, 10-30 cm long, variegated with green and white
- Flowers: Small, white, borne on a spathe
- Tubers: Round or oval, 2.5-5 cm in diameter.
Description:
Caladium bicolor is a tropical plant with striking, variegated leaves. The plant grows from tubers, which can be stored during winter months. The leaves are heart-shaped and have vibrant, bi-colored patterns of green and white.
Geographical Source:
Native to South America, specifically the tropical regions of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Alkaloids: Caladiumine, Demethylcaladiumine
2. Glycosides: Saponins, Flavonoids
3. Proteins: Trypsin inhibitor
4. Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron
Uses:
1. Wound healing: The plant's leaves and roots are used to treat wounds, cuts, and bruises.
2. Anti-inflammatory: Caladium bicolor has anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce swelling and pain.
3. Antibacterial: The plant's extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial properties, effective against certain bacteria.
4. Antifungal: Caladium bicolor's extracts also demonstrate antifungal properties, helping to treat fungal infections.
5. Skin conditions: The plant is used to treat various skin conditions, including eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
6. Fever reduction: In some traditional medicine systems, Caladium bicolor is used to reduce fever and alleviate symptoms of feverish conditions.
7. Pain relief: The plant's extracts have been used to treat pain, including headaches and joint pain.
27.Neem
Synonyms:
Nimtree, Indian Lilac and Margosa
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Neem, Nimba
- Sanskrit: Nimba, Aristha, Sarvatibhadra, Subhadra, Sutikta
- Tamil: Vembu
- Malayalam: Veppu, Aryaveppu, Aruveppu
- Telugu: Vepa
Biological Source:
Plant: Azadirachta indica
Family:Meliaceae
Geographical Source
Neem is native to:
- India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Southeast Asia and Tropical regions of Australia and Africa.
Chemical Constituents
Neem contains various bioactive compounds, including:
- Nimbin: Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antifungal properties
- Nimbidin: Antibacterial, anti-ulcer, and antifungal properties
- Azadirachtin: Insecticidal and antimalarial properties
- Quercetin: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
Uses:
- Skin Conditions: Treats acne, eczema, psoriasis, and ringworm
- Digestive Issues: Treats stomach ulcers, diarrhea, and indigestion
- Insect Repellent: Repels mosquitoes and other insects
- Immune System: Boosts the immune system and prevents infections
- Hair Care: Promotes hair growth and treats dandruff
- Oral Health: Treats tooth decay, gum inflammation, and bad breath
Description:
Part used: Leaves, Seeds, Bark, and Roots.
- Leaves: Used to treat various health conditions
- Seed Oil: Used for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties
- Bark: Used to treat digestive issues, fever, and skin conditions.
Morphological Characteristics
- Leaves: Dark green, imparipinnate, and exstipulate with 7-17 leaflets
- Flowers: Small, white, and fragrant, arranged in loose, branching clusters
- Fruit: Smooth, olive-like drupe, green when unripe and yellow to brown when mature
- Bark: Thick, hard, and woody, with a dark brown color.
28.Aloe vera
Synonym:
Aloe barbadensis Mill, Aloe indica Royle, Curacao Aloe and Cape Aloe.
Biological Source: Aloe consists of the dried latex (juice) obtained by cutting the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Mill., Aloe ferox and other species of Aloe.
Family:Liliaceae
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Ghritkumari
Sanskrit: Kumari
Telugu: Kalabanda
Tamil: Sotru Katrazhai
Bengali: Ghritkumari
English: Aloe, Indian Aloe
Chemical Constituents:
Anthraquinone glycosides: Aloin A & B (barbaloin, isobarbaloin) and Resins
Polysaccharides: Glucomannan, Acemannan
Chromones: Aloesin
Enzymes: oxidases, catalases
Vitamins & minerals: Vitamin C, E, β-carotene, calcium, magnesium
Geographical Source:
Cultivated widely in India, Africa, West Indies, China, Mediterranean region, South America.
In India: commonly found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra.
Morphological Characters:
Succulent, perennial, stemless or short-stemmed herb.
Leaves: thick, fleshy, lanceolate, green with serrated (spiny) margins.
Flowers: yellow to orange, tubular, in clusters on tall spikes.
Latex: yellowish bitter juice exuded from leaf parenchyma.
Gel: transparent mucilaginous pulp inside leaves.
Description
Dried Aloe occurs as dark brown to black masses, sometimes in irregular pieces.
Fracture: brittle when dry, sticky when moist.
Taste: intensely bitter.
Odor: characteristic.
Uses (Medicinal):
Purgative/laxative (due to anthraquinones).
Wound healing, burns, skin diseases (gel form).
Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial properties.
Used in cosmetics (skin creams, shampoos).
Juice taken as digestive tonic, anti-ulcer, antioxidant.
Traditional use in menstrual and liver disorders.
29.Castor Oil
Synonyms:
Ricinus oil and Palma Christi oil
Biological Source:
Castor oil is extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Castor oil plant (English)
2. Eranda (Sanskrit)
3. Arandi (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents
1. Ricinoleic acid (primary fatty acid)
2. Other fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic)
Geographical Source
Native to Africa and the Mediterranean region, now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Morphological Characters
1. Seeds: Large, mottled, and bean-like.
2. Leaves: Palmate with 5-12 lobes.
Description
Castor oil is a vegetable oil with medicinal and industrial applications.
Uses
1. Medicinal: Laxative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
2. Industrial: Lubricants, soaps, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
3. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems.
30.Coconut
Synonyms:
- Cocos nucifera
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: (Nariyal)
- Sanskrit: (Narikela)
- Tamil: (Thengay)
- English: Coconut Tree
Biological Source:
Plant: Cocos nucifera
Family: Arecaceae
Geographical Source
Native to tropical regions, coconut trees are commonly found in:
- Southeast Asia, India, Pacific Islands, Coastal areas
Chemical Constituents:
- Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs): Lauric acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid with antimicrobial properties
- Antioxidants: Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
- Fiber: High fiber content in coconut kernel
Uses:
- Antimicrobial: Treats infections and promotes wound healing.
- Anti-inflammatory: Soothes skin conditions and reduces inflammation.
- Hydration: Coconut water replenishes electrolytes and fluids.
- Digestive Health: Supports healthy gut bacteria and bowel function.
Description:
- Part used: Fruit (Endosperm), Oil, Leaves, and Roots
- Fruit: Used for its water, oil, and kernel
- Oil: Used for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
Morphological Characteristics:
- Fruit: Large, brown, and fibrous with a hard shell
- Leaves: Long, feathery, and pinnate
- Trunk: Tall, slender, and columnar.
31.Jasmine
Synonyms:
- Jasminum sambac
Vernacular Names:
- Jasmine, Mogra, or Chameli in Hindi
Biological Source:
Plant: Jasminum sambac or Jasminum officinale
Family:Oleaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, jasmine is commonly found in:
India, China and Southeast Asia.
Chemical Constituents:
- Essential oils: With aromatic and therapeutic properties
- Flavonoids: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds
- Phenolic compounds: With potential health benefits
Uses:
- Relaxation and stress relief: Jasmine oil is used in aromatherapy
- Skin and hair care: Jasmine oil is used for its moisturizing and soothing properties
- Digestive issues: Jasmine flowers are used in traditional medicine to treat digestive problems
- Anticancer properties: Some studies suggest jasmine tea may have anticancer effects
Description:
Part used: Flowers
- Flowers: Used for their essential oil and medicinal properties
- Leaves: Used in traditional medicine for various purposes.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Simple, opposite, and glossy
- Flowers: Small, star-shaped, and highly fragrant
- Stems: Slender, trailing, and green
32.Eucalyptus
Synonyms:
Eucalyptus globulus, Blue gum tree, Dinkum oil and Lemon gum tree
Vernacular Names:
- Eucalyptus (English)
- Nilgiri (Hindi)
Biological Source
Eucalyptus oil is obtained through hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus.
Family Myrtaceae
Geographical Source
Native to Australia, Eucalyptus is cultivated in many parts of the world, including India, particularly in the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Constituents
- Cineole (Eucalyptol): 70-85% of the essential oil, known for its expectorant and decongestant properties
- Terpenes: Pinene, camphene, and phellandrene
- Polyphenolic acids: Caffeic acid and gallic acid
- Flavonoids: Eucalyptin and rutin
Uses
- Respiratory issues: Relieves cough, cold, and asthma symptoms
- Antimicrobial: Effective against various bacteria and viruses
- Expectorant: Helps loosen and clear mucus from the lungs
- Flavoring agent: Used in various pharmaceutical and food products
Description:
Eucalyptus oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor and pungent, camphoraceous taste.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Long, narrow, and pointed with oil glands
- Stems: Smooth, grayish-brown bark that sheds in thin strips
- Flowers: Small, white or cream-colored, and arranged in clusters
33.Crape Jasmine
Synonyms:
Botanical name: Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Other synonyms: Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf., Nerium coronarium Jacq.
Common English name: Crape Jasmine, Pinwheel Flower.
Vernacular Names:
Sanskrit: Nandivriksha, Tagara
Hindi: Chandni, Tagar, Crepe Jasmine
Tamil: Nandiyavattai
English: Pinwheel Flower
Telugu: Nandivardhanam
Biological Source:
Crape Jasmine consists of the whole plant or specific parts (mainly leaves, roots, flowers, and latex) of Tabernaemontana divaricate.
Chemical Constituents:
Alkaloids: Coronaridine, Voacangine, Conophylline, Tabersonine, Ibogaine group alkaloids
Iridoids: Tabernaemontanoside
Tannins & glycosides, Flavonoids & phenolic compounds
Latex contains indole alkaloids with pharmacological activity.
Description:
- Roots: The roots of Tabernaemontana divaricata are used in traditional medicine.
- Leaves: The leaves are also used for medicinal purposes.
- Flowers: The flowers are used in some traditional remedies.
Morphological Characteristics:
Habit: Evergreen shrub, up to 1–3 m tall.
Leaves: Simple, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, glossy green, 6–15 cm long, entire margin.
Flowers: White, waxy, pinwheel-shaped, 5-petaled, borne in clusters, fragrant, blooms year-round.
Fruit: Paired follicles with orange pulp containing seeds.
Latex: White, sticky, abundant when parts are broken.
Therapeutic Uses:
Traditionally used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and folk medicine:
Analgesic & anti-inflammatory: Used for pain relief, swelling, and arthritis.
Wound healing: Latex applied externally on ulcers, boils, and skin infections.
Antipyretic: Reduces fever.
Anti-epileptic & sedative: Roots used in traditional formulations.
Antimicrobial: Effective against some bacterial and fungal infections.
Other uses: Treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, hypertension, and snake bites (folk practice). Family:
Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)
Geographical Source:
Native to India and Southeast Asia.
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions: India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Philippines, and also naturalized in Africa.
Commonly cultivated as an ornamental shrub in gardens, temples, and parks across India.
34.Red Sandalwood
Synonyms:
Botanical name: Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.
Synonyms: Pterocarpus ruber, Adenanthera santalina
Common English name: Red Sandalwood, Red Sanders, Ruby Wood
Vernacular Names:
Sanskrit: Raktachandana, Lohitachandana, Rakta Raktaka
Hindi: Raktachandan, Lal Chandan
Tamil: Sivappu Sandhanam
Telugu: Raktachandanam, Errachandanam
Kannada: Kempugandha, Raktachandana
Biological Source:
Red Sandalwood consists of the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Family: Fabaceae / Papilionaceae).
Family:
Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Geographical Source:
Native to India (endemic to southern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh).
Also found in small quantities in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Cultivated and naturalized in Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, and tropical Africa.
Known as one of the highly valued timber and medicinal trees.
Chemical Constituents:
Santalin A & B (red coloring matter) – impart red color to wood.
Pterocarpin, Santalin, Pterocarpol (isoflavones).
Sesquiterpenes & triterpenes.
Phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids.
Santalin pigments used as dye and in medicines.
Description:
- Heartwood: The heartwood of the Red Sandalwood tree (Pterocarpus santalinus) is used for its medicinal and aromatic properties.
Heartwood is deep red or reddish-brown, hard, and heavy.
Widely used for carving, dyeing, and medicinal purposes.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Alternate, pinnate with 3–5 pairs of leaflets, oval, smooth, green.
Flowers: Small, yellow, arranged in axillary panicles.
Fruits: Flat, orbicular pods with a single seed, 3.5–7 cm in diameter.
Wood: Heartwood is hard, heavy, and dark red; sapwood is yellowish-white.
Therapeutic Uses:
Traditionally used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine:
Blood purifier – treats skin diseases, boils, and ulcers.
Antipyretic – used in fever.
Anti-inflammatory & astringent – used in diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding disorders.
Antiseptic & wound healing – applied on cuts, boils, and skin infections.
Cardioprotective & liver protective – in some formulations.
Cosmetic use – face packs, skin brightening, and acne treatment.
Dye – used in coloring medicines, food items, and fabrics.
35.Bamboo
Synonyms:
Synonyms: Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa bambos.
Common English name: Bamboo, Thorny Bamboo, Indian Thorny Bamboo.
Vernacular Names:
Sanskrit: Vansha, Ve?u, Vanshalochana (siliceous concretion from nodes)
Hindi: Bans, Banslochan, Baans
Tamil: Moongil
Telugu: Veduru
Kannada: Bidiru
Biological Source:
Siliceous concretion (Vanshalochana / Tabasheer) obtained from nodes of Bambusa arundinacea Willd.Sometimes leaves and tender shoots are also used.
Family:
Poaceae (Grass family).
Geographical Source:
Widely distributed throughout India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China.
Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Grows in forests, river banks, and hilly slopes.
Chemical Constituents:
Tabasheer (Banslochan): Mainly hydrated silica (SiO?), with traces of lime and potash.
Leaves & shoots: Contain flavonoids, glycosides, silica, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, cyanogenic glycosides.
Bamboo shoots: Rich in proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and minerals.
Description:
Large, perennial, woody grass with jointed stems (culms).
Hollow internodes with solid nodes.
Culms often up to 20–30 m tall, thick, and strong.
Flowering is rare and occurs once in decades.
Morphological Characteristics:
Stem (culm): Erect, woody, jointed, green turning yellowish, thick-walled, hollow internodes.
Leaves: Narrow-lanceolate, long, thin, parallel venation.
Roots: Fibrous, forming clumps.
Flowers: Rare, in panicles, grass-like small florets.
Fruit: Caryopsis (typical of grasses).
Vanshalochana: Siliceous secretion inside the culm nodes, white/translucent, brittle, and tasteless.
Therapeutic Uses:
Vanshalochana (Tabasheer):
Expectorant (used in cough, asthma, bronchitis).
Cooling, tonic, and febrifuge.
Used in treatment of diabetes, fever, and bleeding disorders.
Ingredient in Ayurvedic and Unani formulations.
Leaves & shoots:
Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and used in wound healing.
Young shoots edible, nutritive, and promote digestion.
Used in diarrhea, skin diseases, and bone healing (folk medicine).
Silica content: Strengthens bones and connective tissue.
36.Curry Leaves
Synonyms:
Kadi patta and Meetha neem
Vernacular Names:
- Curry leaves (English)
- Kadi patta (Hindi)
- Karivepallai (Tamil)
- Karivepaaku (Telugu)
- Kari bevu (Kannada)
Biological Source:
Murraya koenigii
Family:Rutaceae.
Chemical constituents:
1. Volatile Oils: α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene
2. Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
3. Alkaloids: Mahanine, Mahanimbine
Geographical Source:
Native to India and Southeast Asia; cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Description:
Curry leaves are the leaves of the Murraya koenigii plant, a small, deciduous tree. The leaves are dark green, glossy, and have a distinctive aroma.
Morphological characteristics:
Leaf Characteristics
1. Shape: Lanceolate
2. Size: 2-4 cm long
3. Arrangement: Alternate
Leaf Surface
1. Upper surface: Dark green, glossy
2. Lower surface: Light green, dull
Medicinal Uses:
1. Digestive aid: Curry leaves are used to treat digestive issues such as diarrhea, dysentery, and indigestion.
2. Antioxidant properties: The leaves have antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
3. Anti-inflammatory properties: Curry leaves have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
4. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The leaves have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them effective against a range of microorganisms.
5. Skin and hair care: Curry leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat skin conditions such as acne, and to promote healthy hair growth.
6. Antidiabetic properties: Some studies suggest that curry leaves may have antidiabetic properties.
37.Jackfruit
Synonyms:
Panasa, kathal
Vernacular Names:
- Jackfruit (English)
- Kathal (Hindi)
- Palaa (Tamil)
- Panasa (Telugu)
- Halasu (Kannada)
Biological Source:
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Family
Moraceae.
Chemical constituents:
1. Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
2. Saponins: Artocarpin, Heterophyllin
3. Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid.
Geographical Source:
Native to parts of Asia and Africa; widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.
Description:
Jackfruit is a large, evergreen tree with a straight trunk and a broad, rounded crown. The fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, with a green, prickly exterior and a starchy, sweet interior.
Morphological characteristics:
Fruit Characteristics
1. Shape: Oval or elliptical
2. Size: Large, up to 90 cm long
3. Exocarp: Green, prickly
Leaf Characteristics
1. Shape: Oval or elliptical
2. Size: 7-15 cm long
3. Arrangement: Alternate
Medicinal Uses:
1. Digestive aid: Jackfruit is used to treat digestive issues such as constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion.
2. Antioxidant properties: The fruit, seeds, and leaves of the jackfruit tree have antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
3. Anti-inflammatory properties: Jackfruit has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
4. Wound healing: The latex of the jackfruit tree is used to treat wounds, cuts, and bruises.
5. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The fruit, seeds, and leaves of the jackfruit tree have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
6. Skin and hair care: Jackfruit is used in traditional medicine to treat skin conditions such as eczema and acne, and to promote healthy hair growth.
7. Antidiabetic properties: Some studies suggest that jackfruit may have antidiabetic properties.
38.Coatbutton
Synonyms:
Tridax procumbens
Vernacular Names:
- Coatbuttons (English)
- Ghamra (Hindi)
- Bhringaraj (Sanskrit)
- Karisalankanni (Tamil)
Biological Source:
Tridax procumbens
Family:Asteraceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
- Saponins: Tridaxoside
- Alkaloids: Tridaxine
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical America; naturalized in many parts of the world, including India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Description:
Coatbuttons is an annual herb with a procumbent stem, growing up to 60 cm in height. The leaves are simple, opposite, and ovate-lanceolate. The flowers are small, white, and arranged in a head.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Lanceolate to ovate, 3-5 cm long, irregularly toothed
2. Stems: Cylindrical, green, covered in pale stiff hairs
3. Flowers: Daisy-like, yellow-centered white or yellow flowers
4. Fruits: Hard achene, narrowly obconical, 2-2.5 mm long
Medicinal Uses:
1. Wound healing: The plant is used to treat wounds, cuts, and bruises.
2. Antiseptic and antibacterial properties: Tridax procumbens has antiseptic and antibacterial properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
3. Anti-inflammatory properties: The plant is used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and gout.
4. Skin conditions: Coatbuttons is used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
5. Hair care: The plant is used to promote hair growth and treat dandruff.
6. Fever reduction: Tridax procumbens is used to treat fever and feverish conditions.
39.Aegle marmelos
Synonyms:
Aegle marmelos Correa
Vernacular Names:
- Bael (English)
- Bilva (Sanskrit)
- Bel (Hindi)
- Vilvam (Tamil)
- Maredu (Telugu)
Biological Source:
Aegle marmelos
Family:Rutaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Alkaloids: Aegeline, O-isopentenyl halfordinol
- Coumarins: Marmesin, Imperatorin
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Glycosides: Aegelin, Marmelosin
- Tannins: Present in the fruit pulp
Description:
Aegle marmelos is a deciduous shrub or small tree, growing up to 10 meters in height. The leaves are trifoliate, with leaflets that are lanceolate and serrate. The flowers are greenish white, arranged in clusters. The fruit is a berry, green or yellowish-green, with a hard, woody rind.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Trifoliate, leaflets lanceolate and serrate
2. Flowers: Greenish-white, arranged in clusters
3. Fruit: Berry, green or yellowish-green, with a hard, woody rind
4. Stem: Deciduous shrub or small tree, growing up to 10 meters in height
Geographical Source:
Native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Digestive aid: The fruit pulp is used to treat digestive issues such as constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion.
2. Antidiabetic properties: Aegle marmelos has been shown to have antidiabetic properties, reducing blood sugar levels.
3. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The plant's extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
4. Anti-inflammatory properties: Aegle marmelos has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
5. Respiratory issues: The plant is used to treat respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs.
6. Skin conditions: Aegle marmelos is used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
40.Miniature Rose
Synonyms:
Rosa chinensis minima, Dwarf rose and compact rose
Vernacular Names:
- Miniature Rose (English)
- Gulab (Hindi)
- Roja (Tamil)
- Gulabi (Telugu)
Biological Source:
Rosa chinensis minima
Family:Rosaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Volatile oils: Geraniol, Linalool, β-Damascenone
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
- Tannins: Present in the plant
Description:
Miniature Rose is a compact, evergreen shrub with prickly stems, growing up to 30-60 cm in height. The leaves are pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets. The flowers are small, fragrant, and arranged singly or in clusters.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets
2. Flowers: Small, fragrant, and arranged singly or in clusters
3. Stem: Compact, evergreen shrub with prickly stems
4. Fruit: Hip or heps, containing several seeds
Geographical Source:
Originated in China; cultivated in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The plant's extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
2. Anti-inflammatory properties: Miniature Rose has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
3. Antioxidant properties: The plant's extracts have antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
4. Skin conditions: Miniature Rose is used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
5. Digestive issues: The plant is used to treat digestive issues such as diarrhea, dysentery, and indigestion.
6. Menstrual disorders: Miniature Rose is used to treat menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia.
41.Bryophyllum pinnatum
Synonyms:
Kalanchoe pinnata
Vernacular Names:
- Life Plant (English)
- Parnabija (Sanskrit)
- Zakhm-e-Hayat (Hindi)
- Vasa malli (Tamil)
Biological Source:
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Family:Crassulaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Glycosides: Bryophyllin, Kalanchooside
- Alkaloids: Bryophylline
- Terpenoids: Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid
- Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
Description:
Bryophyllum pinnatum is a succulent herb with a branched stem, growing up to 1-2 meters in height. The leaves are pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets. The flowers are small, yellow, and arranged in a panicle.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets
2. Leaflets: Lanceolate, serrate, and pubescent
3. Stem: Succulent, branched, and erect
4. Flowers: Small, yellow, and arranged in a panicle
5. Fruit: Follicles, containing several seeds
Geographical Source:
Native to Madagascar; naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions, including India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Wound healing: Bryophyllum pinnatum is used to treat wounds, cuts, and bruises.
2. Anti-inflammatory properties: The plant has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
3. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The plant's extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
4. Digestive issues: Bryophyllum pinnatum is used to treat digestive issues such as diarrhea, dysentery, and indigestion.
5. Respiratory problems: The plant is used to treat respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs.
6. Skin conditions: Bryophyllum pinnatum is used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
7. Antioxidant properties: The plant's extracts have antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
42.Oyster Plant
Synonyms:
Rhoeo discolor, Rhoeo spathacea
Vernacular Names:
- Oyster Plant (English)
- Boat Lily (English)
- Moses-in-the-Cradle (English)
- Kuan Im Hua (Chinese)
Biological Source:
Rhoeo discolor
Family:Commelinaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
- Saponins: Rhoeoside
- Glycosides: Rhoeodiscoside
- Alkaloids: Present in small amounts
Description:
Oyster Plant is a perennial herb with a short stem and long, narrow leaves that are purple underneath and green on top. The flowers are small, white, and arranged in a spadix.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Lanceolate, 20-30 cm long, with a purple underside
2. Leaf arrangement: Alternate, basal leaves
3. Flowers: Small, white, and star-shaped
4. Inflorescence: Spadix, enclosed in a purple spathe
5. Stem: Short, stout, and rhizomatous
Geographical Source:
Native to Central and South America; naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions, including Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Antibacterial and antifungal properties: The plant's extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, effective against certain microorganisms.
2. Anti-inflammatory properties: Oyster Plant has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis.
3. Antioxidant properties: The plant's extracts have antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
4. Skin conditions: Oyster Plant is used to treat skin conditions like eczema, acne, and dermatitis.
5. Wound healing: The plant is used to treat wounds, cuts, and bruises.
6. Respiratory problems: Oyster Plant is used to treat respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs.
43.Giant Calotrope
Synonyms:
- Calotropis gigantea, Asclepias gigantea, Calotropis gigantiea, Madorius giganteus
Vernacular Names:
-Bengali: Aakanda
- Hindi: Ark, Safed Aak
Sanskrit: Alarka, Arki, Hrasvagnih, Sadapushpa
- Tamil: Erukkku, Malaiyerukku
- Telugu: Jilledi Puvvu, Jilledu, Nallajilledu
Biological Source:
Calotropis gigantea
Family:Apocynaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Cardiac glycosides: Calotropin, Uscharin, Calotoxin, Calactin
- Fatty acids: Present in the latex
- Calcium oxalate: Present in the latex
- Calotropone: Present in the roots
Geographical Source:
Native to Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, China, Pakistan, and Nepal.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Leaves: Oval, light green, and pointed
2. Flowers: White or lavender, with five pointed petals and a small crown-like structure in the center
3. Stem: Succulent, branched, and erect, with milky latex
4. Fruit: Follicles, containing several seeds
Description:
A large shrub growing up to 4 meters tall, with clusters of waxy flowers and milky stem.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine systems to treat various ailments.
2. Digestive issues: Used to treat dysentery and other digestive issues.
3. Respiratory problems: Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems.
4. Skin conditions: Used to treat scabies and other skin conditions.
5. Cancer treatment: Research has shown potential for Calotropis gigantea to be used in cancer treatment.
6. Contraceptive: Research has also shown potential for Calotropis gigantea to be used as a contraceptive.
44.Ctenanthe setosa
Synonyms:
Maranta setosa, Maranta secunda, Stromanthe setosa, Thalia setosa, Myrosma setosa
Vernacular Name:
- Never-Never Plant
- Fishbone Prayer Plant
- Grey Star
- Compact Star
Biological Source:
Ctenanthe setosa is a tropical perennial plant.
Family:Marantaceae
Chemical Constituents:
However, plants in the Marantaceae family generally contain compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic acids.
Description:
Ctenanthe setosa is a gorgeous species of striped leaf plant, known for its beautiful, dynamic leaf patterns and maroon underbelly.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Leaves: Long, narrow, pointed with a unique pattern of light and dark green stripes. The upper side of the leaf is silver-green with green strips along the veins, while the underside is purple.
- Flowers: Small, white, and fragrant, borne in short, comb-like spikes.
- Stem: Herbaceous, growing up to 1-2 m tall, with a clump-forming growth habit.
Geographical Source:
Native to Brazil and Argentina.
Medicinal Uses:
Some of the bioactive compounds present in the plant have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help relieve pain and reduce inflammation associated with conditions like arthritis.Additionally, extracts from the plant may have antimicrobial properties, making them useful in treating certain infections.
45.Mimosa plant
Synonyms
Mimosa hispidula, Mimosa pudica var. hispidula, and Mimosa pudica var. unijuga.
Vernacular names
It's known as Sensitive Plant, Touch-Me-Not, Shameplant, and Humble Plant in English.
In other languages, it's referred to as Lajjalu or Chui Mui in Hindi, Lajjavati in Bengali, and Nachike Mullu or Nachike Gida in Kannada.
Biological source:
Mimosa plant is the species Mimosa pudica.
Family: Leguminosae.
Chemical constituents:
In terms of chemical constituents, the Mimosa plant contains alkaloids, flavonoid C-glycosides, sterols, terpenoids, tannins, saponin, and fatty acids. The roots contain up to 10% tannin, and the leaves have a substance similar to adrenaline.
Morphological Characteristics:
The leaves with 10-26 leaflets per pinna, and small, pale pink or purple flowers arranged in globose heads. The stem is slender, branching, and prickly, growing up to 1.5 meters long.
Geographical Source:
The geographical source of the Mimosa plant is the tropical Americas, but it's now found in many parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
Description:
The description of the Mimosa plant is that of a small, herbaceous plant that grows quickly and has compound leaves that fold up when touched or disturbed.
Medicinal uses:
As for medicinal uses, the Mimosa plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including wounds, piles, uterine prolapse, and diarrhea. The plant is said to have astringent, bitter, and pungent properties, and is used to treat digestive issues and promote wound healing.
46.Banana tree
Synonyms:
Musa paradisiaca or Musa acuminata.
Vernacular names:
- English: Banana, Plantain, Dessert Banana
- French: Banane, Bananier
- Spanish: Plátano, Banana
- Hindi: Kela
- Tamil: Vazha
Biological Source:
The biological source of banana trees is the genus Musa, specifically the species Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana.
Family:Musaceae.
Chemical Constituents:
- Alkaloids: Present in the leaves and fruits
- Phenolic compounds: Found in the fruits and leaves
- Steroids: Present in the fruits and leaves
- Glycosides: Found in the fruits
Morphological Characteristics:
- Pseudostem: A false stem formed by tightly packed leaf sheaths
- Leaves: Large, oval-shaped leaves with a waxy texture
- Inflorescence: A flowering stalk that produces female flowers and sterile male flowers
- Fruits: Elongated, curved fruits that grow in clusters
Description:
Banana trees are large, herbaceous plants that can grow up to 15 meters tall. They have a short, underground stem and a large, leafy crown.
Geographical Source:
Banana trees are native to Southeast Asia, specifically the Malay Peninsula and the tropical regions of India.
Medicinal Uses:
- Wound healing: The leaves and fruits are used to treat wounds and injuries
- Fever reduction: The leaves are used to reduce fever
- Digestive issues: The fruits are used to treat digestive issues such as diarrhea and constipation.
47.Plumeria Rubra
Synonyms:
Plumeria acuminata, Plumeria acutifolia, and Plumeria angustifolia.
Vernacular names:
Frangipani, Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani, Nosegay Frangipani, Chempaka, Pagoda Tree, Camboja, and many more. In different regions, it's also known as Champo, Khad-Champo, Sacuanjoche, Cempaka, Bunga Kubur, and Kemboja.
Biological source:
The biological source of Plumeria rubra is the species itself, a deciduous plant belonging to the genus Plumeria.
Family: Apocynaceae.
Chemical Constituents:
In terms of chemical constituents, Plumeria rubra contains various compounds, including fulvoplumierin, an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other compounds present in the plant are plumierid, plumeric acid, cerotinic acid, lupeol, and triterpinoid.
Morphological Characteristics:
The morphological characteristics of Plumeria rubra include its thick, leathery leaves that are obovate-oblong or lanceolate in shape, and its showy, fragrant flowers that come in a variety of colors, including pink, white, yellow, and red.
Description:
Plumeria rubra is a small, deciduous tree that grows up to 8 meters tall, with a spreading, vase-shaped crown and a straight, cylindrical bole. The bark is smooth and grey, while the wood is hard and compact with a fine texture.
Geographical Source:
Plumeria rubra is the tropical Americas, specifically Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. However, it has been widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.
Medicinal uses:
Plumeria rubra has been used to treat various ailments, including fever, bacillary dysentery, pertussis, and skin conditions. The plant is also known to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. In traditional medicine, the flowers, leaves, and bark of the plant are used to treat different health issues.
48. Giloy plant
Synonyms:
Indian Tinospora or Heart-leaved Moonseed
Vernacular names:
- English: Indian Tinospora, Heartleaved Moonseed, Heart-leaved Tinospora
- Hindi: Giloy, Gurach, Gulvel, Guruchi
- Kannada: Agniballi, Amrutaballi
- Malayalam: Amritavalli, Chitamrith
- Telugu: Dussiramu, Tippatige
Biological Source:
The biological source of Giloy is the species Tinospora cordifolia.
Family:Menispermaceae.
Chemical Constituents:
- Alkaloids: Berberine, Choline, Tembetarine, Magnoflorine, Tinosporin, Palmatine, Isocolumbin, Aporphine alkaloids, Jatrorrhizine, Tetrahydropalmatine
- Diterpenoid Lactones: Furanolactone, Clerodane derivatives
- Glycosides: 18-norclerodane glucoside, Furanoid diterpene glucoside, Tinocordiside, Tinocordifolioside, Cordioside, Cordifolioside A–E, Syringin, Syringin-apiosylglycoside, Pregnane glycoside, Palmatosides
- Steroids: Beta–sitosterol, Delta-sitosterol, 20β-hydroxyecdysone, Ecdysterone, Makisterone A, Giloinsterol.
The morphological characteristics of Giloy include its large, glabrous climbing vine with succulent, corky, and grooved stems. The leaves are membranous, roundish, and sub-deltoid with a cordate base.
Description:
Giloy is a large, deciduous climber that grows up to 10 meters high. The stems are thick, corky, and grooved, while the leaves are heart-shaped and pointed.
Geographical Source:
The geographical source of Giloy is the tropical regions of India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.
Medicinal Uses:
- Immunomodulation and antipyretic action: Enhances immunity and reduces fever
- Anti-inflammatory and detoxifying benefits: Reduces inflammation and facilitates detoxification
- Cognitive and digestive enhancements: Enhances memory, concentration, and cognitive function, while also aiding digestion
- Hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic effects: Supports liver function and regulates blood sugar levels.
49.Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)
Synonyms: Kola nut, Breadnut, candlenut and Brazil nut
Vernacular names:
English: Cashew nut, blister nut, acajou nut.
Hindi: Kaju, Kaju phed.
Telugu: Jidimamidi.
Tamil: Munthiri.
Portuguese: Caju, acaju.
Biological source:
The cashew tree's biological source is the species Anacardium occidentale, a flowering plant.
Family: Anacardiaceae.
Chemical constituents:
Morphological characteristics:
The cashew is an evergreen tree with a short, irregular trunk, growing up to 14 meters (46 feet) tall. Its leaves are spirally arranged and leathery. The small, pale green flowers have five petals and grow in clusters. The cashew apple is a fleshy, pear-shaped accessory fruit that can be yellow or red when ripe. The true fruit, the cashew nut, is a kidney-shaped drupe containing a single seed and grows at the end of the cashew apple.
Geographical source:
The cashew is native to northeastern Brazil. It was introduced to India and Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions, with major producers including Côte d'Ivoire, India, and Vietnam.
Medicinal uses:
50.Synedrella plant
Synonyms:
- Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.
- Verbesina nodiflora L.
Vernacular Names:
- English: Synedrella, Nodding Cup, Cinderella Weed
- Hindi: Gajari, Gajarivali
- Tamil: Nilapponnai, Ponnai
- Telugu: Panikirinta, Panneru
- Marathi: Kukarmunda
Biological Source:
The biological source of Synedrella is the whole plant, Synedrella nodiflora.
Family:Compositae.
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol
- Phenolic acids: Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid
- Terpenoids: Lupeol, Ursolic acid
- Alkaloids: Present in small amounts
Morphological Characteristics:
- Stem: Herbaceous, branched, and erect, growing up to 1 meter tall
- Leaves: Opposite, ovate-lanceolate, and toothed
- Flowers: Small, yellow, and arranged in heads
- Fruits: Achenes, 5-6 mm long, with a pappus of soft hairs
Description:
Synedrella is an annual or perennial herb that grows up to 1 meter tall. It has a hairy stem and leaves, with small yellow flowers arranged in heads.
Geographical Source:
Synedrella is native to tropical America, but it's now found in many parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
Medicinal Uses:
- Fever: Used to reduce fever and alleviate symptoms of malaria
- Rheumatism: Used to treat rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions
- Skin conditions: Used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis
- Wounds: Used to treat wounds and promote healing
51.Parijat Flower
Synonyms:
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Parijat Harsingar Night Jasmine Coral Jasmine Queen of Night Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Har-Singhar, Saherwa, Seoli, Nibari
Kannada: Parijata, Harashingar
Odia: Shingadahar, Harashingar, Gangaseuli, Jharasephali
Tamil: Pavilamalligai, Manja-pu, Pavazhamalligai
Sanskrit: Parijat, Shefali, Shefalika, Raga-pushpi
Biological Source:
Leaves: Used to treat sciatica, rheumatism, fever, and skin infections Flowers: Used for perfumes, scents, and medicinal purposes
Seeds: Used to treat alopecia and other health conditions
Bark: Used to treat digestive issues and skin problems
Family:
Parijat belongs to the *Oleaceae* family.
Geographical source:
Native to South Asia, Parijat is commonly found in: India:Subtropical Himalayas and southern parts Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand
Chemical Constituents:
Leaves: β-sitosterol, tannic acid, methyl salicylate, mannitol, ascorbic acid, carotene, linoleic acid, glycosides
Flowers: Essential oil, nyctanthin, D-mannitol, tannin, glucose, carotenoid, glycosides
Seeds: Arbortristoside A and B, glycerides of linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic, and myristic acids
Uses:
Medicinal: Treats sciatica, rheumatism, fever, skin infections, alopecia, and respiratory issues Perfumes and Scents: Flowers are used to prepare perfumes and scents.
Dye: Flowers are used as a yellow dye for clothing
Description:
Parijat is a small tree or shrub growing up to 10-11 meters tall with a grey flaky bark. Its leaves are hairy and long, while its white flowers grow in clusters at the top of its branches with an orangish-red center.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Decussately opposite, ovate, sub-cordate at base, acute at apex, margin entire or with a few teeth
Flowers: Bisexual, regular, sometimes polygamous, usually in trichotomous, terminal or axillary cymes or panicles
Fruit: A flat brown heart-shaped to round capsule, 2 cm in diameter, with two locules
Stem: Woody, perennial
52.Alligator
Synonyms:
Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alligator Alternanthera
Vernacular Names:
Alligator Weed
Biological Source:
The biological source of Alligator Weed's medicinal properties includes its entire plant, particularly its stems and leaves.
Family: Amaranthaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to South America, specifically: Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Introduced to over 30 countries, including: United States Japan China Australia New Zealand
Chemical Constituents:
Proteins (collagen, keratin), Fats (lipids), Minerals (calcium, phosphorus),Water
Uses:
Biological Control: Insects like the alligator weed flea beetle and stem borer have been used to control its growth.
Herbicidal Control: Chemicals like glyphosate, triclopyr, and fluridone have been effective in managing its spread.
Description:
Alligator Weed is an herbaceous plant that thrives in both dry and aquatic environments. It has: Hollow Stems: Capable of growing up to 10 meters long
Simple and Opposite Leaves: Sprouting from nodes Whitish, Papery Flower: Along short stalks
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Ovate to lanceolate shape, 2-5 cm long, and 1-2 cm wide Stems: Greenish-purple, hollow, and sprawling
Flowers: Small, whitish, and papery, growing in clusters
Roots: Capable of producing horizontal stems (stolons) that aid in its spread.
53.Coriander
Synonyms:
Coriander fruits: Dhania, Dhane, Fructus coriandri, Cilantro, Chinese parsley
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Dhania
Sanskrit: Dhanyaka Bengali: Dhane
Tamil: Kottamalli
English: Coriander
Biological Source:
Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of *Coriandrum sativum*.
Family: Umbellifera.
Chemical Constituents:
Volatile oil: Contains 65-70% of (+)-linalool (coriandrol), pinene, limonene, α and γ-terpinene, p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, and borneol
Fixed oil: Includes acids like petroselic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid
Other constituents: Vitamin A, tannins, malic acid, and hydroxycoumarins like umbelliferone and scopoletine
Uses:
Carminative: Relieves gas and bloating
Stimulant: Stimulates digestion and appetite
Aromatic: Used for its fragrance and flavor
Diuretic: Helps increase urine production
Aphrodisiac: Believed to enhance libido
Stomachic: Aids digestion and relieves stomach issues
Anthelmintic: Helps expel worms from the body
Description:
Coriander fruits are yellowish-brown, subspherical in shape, and 3-4 mm in diameter. They have an aromatic odor and spicy, aromatic taste.
Morphological Characteristics:
Fruit shape: Subglobular, 4-8 mm long and 2-4 mm in diameter, with 10 primary ridges and 8 secondary ridges
Colour: Yellowish-brown to brown
Odor: Aromatic
Taste: Spicy and characteristic
Geographical Source:
Coriander is cultivated in various parts of the world, including Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, and India. In India, it is grown in states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan.
54.Ixora Coccinea
Synonyms:
Bandhujivaka: Sanskrit name for Ixora coccinea Bandhuka: nother Sanskrit synonym Jungle Geranium: Common English name Flame of the Woods: English name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi:Rugmini, Rangan
Tamil: Sinduram, Vedchi Malayalam:Chethi, Tetti, Techi
Kannada:Kepula
Bengali: Rangan
Telugu: Koranan, Mankana
Biological source:
Ixora Coccinea L.
Family: Rubiaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to the Southern part of India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, Ixora coccinea is also cultivated as an ornamental plant in other regions.
Chemical Constituents:
Lupeol: A triterpenoid with potential health benefits
Ursolic acid: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties
Oleanolic acid: A triterpenoid with potential health benefits
Sitosterol: A phytosterol with potential health benefits
Rutin: A flavonoid with antioxidant properties
Lecocyanadin: A flavonoid with potential health benefits
Anthocyanins: Powerful antioxidants
Proanthocyanidins: Antioxidants with potential health benefits
Kaempferol: A flavonoid with potential health benefits
Quercetin: A flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
Uses:
Medicinal: Treats diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, fever, and ulcers
Antiseptic: Used to treat wounds and skin infections
Blood purifier: Used to purify blood and treat skin conditions
Sedative: Used to calm the mind and body
Description:
Leaves: Used to treat various health conditions
Flowers: Used to treat diarrhea, fever, and skin diseases
Roots: Used for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
Bark: Used in traditional medicine.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Glossy, leathery, oblong, and opposite pairs or whorled on stems
Flowers: Red, tubular, and dense rounded cymes
Stem: Multi-branched and woody
Fruit: Globose, red or yellow
55.Mirabilis Jalapa
Synonyms:
Four O'Clock Flower: Common English name due to its flowers blooming in the late afternoon Marvel of Peru: Another common English name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi:Gulabbas, Sandhya-mali
English: Four O'Clock Flower, Marvel of Peru
Biological Source:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine Roots: Used to treat various health conditions
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical America, Mirabilis jalapa is now cultivated in many parts of the world, including India, for its ornamental and medicinal properties.
Chemical Constituents:
Alkaloids: Mirabilis jalapa contains various alkaloids, though specific ones aren't well-documented
Glycoproteins: Some studies suggest the presence of glycoproteins with potential medicinal properties
Antioxidants: The plant is known to have antioxidant properties
Uses:
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including fever, diarrhea, and skin infections
Ornamental: Cultivated for its vibrant and fragrant flowers
Antibacterial: The plant is believed to have antibacterial properties
Description:
Height: Typically grows up to 1 meter tall
Leaves: Ovate-shaped, pointed at the tip, and have a smooth texture
Flowers: Trumpet-shaped, fragrant, and bloom in shades of pink, yellow, white, and red.
Morphological Characteristics:
Stem: Erect or sprawling, often with swollen nodes
Leaves: Opposite, ovate, and pointed at the tip
Flowers: Showy, fragrant
56.Malabar Spinach
Synonyms:
Basella alba: White-stemmed Malabar spinach
Basella rubra: Red-stemmed Malabar spinach
Indian spinach: Common name in English
Ceylon spinach: Another common name.
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Poya, Poi, Lalbachlu
Marathi:Maayala, Velbendi
Gujarati: Pothi
Kannada: Basale soppu
Tulu: Basale
Telugu: Bachhali
Tamil: Basalakira, Vasalakkirai, Kodip pasalai
Biological Source:
The biological source of Malabar spinach's medicinal properties includes its:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine and as a nutritious vegetable
Stems: Used similarly to leaves
Roots: Used in some traditional remedies
Family: Malabar spinach belongs to the *Basellaceae* family.
Geographical Source:
Native to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, Malabar spinach is now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Chemical Constituents:
Vitamins: Rich in vitamins A and C, and several B vitamins
Minerals: Good source of calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium
Antioxidants: Contains beta-carotene, lutein, and other carotenoids
Flavonoids: Includes flavonoids with potential health benefits
Betalains: Powerful antioxidants responsible for its reddish hue in some varieties
Uses:
Nutritional: Rich in essential nutrients, making it a great addition to a healthy diet
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including fever, diarrhea, and skin infections
Culinary: Used in various dishes, including stir-fries, soups, and salads
Description:
Malabar spinach is a twining, herbaceous vine that can grow up to 10 meters in length. Its leaves are fleshy, heart-shaped, and 5-12 cm long. The plant produces small, white or whitish-pink flowers.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Succulent, heart-shaped, and 5-12 cm long
Stems: Green or purplish, hollow, and climbing Flowers: Small, white or whitish-pink, and densely packed in spikes
Fruits: Fleshy, ovoid
57.Samanea Saman
Synonyms:
Rain Tree:Common English name due to its unique leaf movement in response to rain.
Pithecellobium saman: Former scientific name
Mimosa saman: Another former scientific name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi:Villain siris, Vilayati shirish
English: Rain Tree, Saman Tree
Biological Source:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine
Bark: Used for its astringent and medicinal properties
Seeds: Used in some traditional remedies
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source:
Native to Central and South America, Samanea saman is now cultivated in many tropical regions worldwide, including: India Southeast Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands.
Chemical Constituents:
Saponins, Flavonoids, Tannins, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Phenolic compounds
Uses:
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, fever, and skin infections
Timber: The tree's wood is valued for its durability and resistance to decay
Shade: Samanea saman is often cultivated as a shade tree due to its large canopy
Description:
Samanea saman is a large, deciduous tree that can grow up to 25 meters tall. Its leaves are bipinnate, and its flowers are small, pinkish-white, and fragrant.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Bipinnate, with 6-16 pairs of pinnae and numerous leaflets
Flowers: Small, pinkish-white, and fragrant, arranged in heads
Fruits: Pods, straight or slightly curved, and contain 10-25 seeds
Bark: Grayish-brown, smooth or slightly rough.
58.Ziziphus (regu)
Synonyms:
Indian Jujube: Common English name
Ber: Hindi name
Badari: Sanskrit synonym
Karkandhu: Sanskrit synonym for the thorny tree
Vernacular Names:
Telugu: Regu chettu
Tamil: Ilandai
English: Indian Jujube, Chinese Apple, Jujube, Indian Plum
Kannada: Bore hannu, Bore mara
Hindi: Ber
Biological Source:
Fruits: Used to treat various health conditions, including bleeding disorders and excessive thirst
Leaves: Used to relieve burning sensation and fever
Bark: Used in traditional medicine
Family: Rhamnaceae
Geographical source:
Native to the Indian subcontinent, Regu chettu is now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.
Chemical Constituents:
Vitamin C: Rich in vitamin C, which helps boost immunity
Jujubosides: Found in seeds, with potential medicinal properties
Zeatin: A plant growth hormone with potential health benefits
Saponins: Found in the plant, with potential medicinal properties
Uses:
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, fever, and skin infections
Nutritional: Rich in essential nutrients, making it a great addition to a healthy diet
Ayurvedic: Used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat bleeding disorders, excessive thirst, and fever.
Description:
Regu chettu is a spiny, deciduous shrub or small tree that grows up to 10 meters tall. Its fruits are reddish-brown when ripe and contain a single stony seed.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Alternate, ovate to ovoid lanceolate, with serrate margins
Inflorescence: Axillary cyme
Fruit: Drupe, reddish-brown when ripe, containing a single stony seed
Stem: Spiny
59.Tephrosia Purpurea
Synonyms:
Wild Indigo: Common English name
Purpurea: Refers to the purple flowers
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Sarphonk, Sharphunkha
Sanskrit: Sharapunkha
English: Wild Indigo, Purple Tephrosia
Tamil: Kolinchi, Kollinji
Telugu: Vempali
Biological Source:
Aerial parts: Used in traditional medicine
Roots: Used to treat various health conditions
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions of Asia and Africa, Tephrosia purpurea is now found in many parts of the world, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia
Chemical Constituents:
Isoflavonoids: Including purpurenone, semiglabrin, and semiglabrinal
Rotenoids: Including deguelin, rotenone, and tephrosin
Flavonoids: Including kaempferol and quercetin
Uses:
Digestive issues: Used to treat indigestion, diarrhea, and dyspepsia.
Skin conditions: Used to treat skin diseases, including eczema and dermatitis.
Respiratory issues: Used to treat bronchitis and asthma.
Insecticidal: Used as an insecticide due to its rotenoid content
Description:
Tephrosia purpurea is an annual or perennial herb or undershrub that grows up to 1 meter tall. Its leaves are pinnately compound, and its flowers are purple or pink.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets
Flowers: Purple or pink, in axillary racemes
Fruits: Pods, linear or slightly curved, containing 3-10 seeds
Stems: Erect or spreading
60.Heliotropium Indicum
Synonyms:
Indian heliotrope: Common English name
Heliotropium: Genus name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Hatisuraj, Hatisunda
English: Indian heliotrope, Indian turnsole
Tamil: Thelkatchi, Telkodukki, Kattuchiranamullai
Telugu:Theli vempali, Kodavanaku, Vrishchika
Kannada: Srikutti, Thelkoti
Biological Source:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine to treat various health conditions
Roots: Used to treat fever, insect bites, and skin conditions
Family:Boraginaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to Asia and Africa, Heliotropium indicum is now found in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Central and South America
Chemical Constituents:
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Including indicine, indicinine, and heliotrine
Flavonoids: Including quercetin and kaempferol
Triterpenoids: Including ursolic acid and oleanolic acid
Uses:
Wounds and skin conditions: Used to treat wounds, skin infections, and insect bites
Fever: Used to treat fever and rheumatism
Digestive issues: Used to treat digestive problems and diarrhea
Antimicrobial: Used to treat microbial infections due to its antimicrobial properties.
Description:
Heliotropium indicum is an annual or perennial herb that grows up to 1 meter tall. Its leaves are ovate or lanceolate, and its flowers are small, white or purple.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Ovate or lanceolate, with a rough texture
Flowers: Small, white or purple, in scorpioid cymes
Fruits: Nutlets, 4 in number, each containing 1 seed
Stems: Erect or spreading
61.Sphagneticola Trilobata
Synonyms:
Wedelia trilobata: Former scientific name
Creeping Oxeye: Common English name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Bhringraj, Maka, Pila Bhringaraj
English: Creeping Oxeye, Singapore Daisy
Other names: Varies by region
Biological Source:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine
Flowers: Used to treat various health conditions
Family:
Sphagneticola trilobata belongs to the *Asteraceae* family.
Geographical Source:
Native to Central and South America, Sphagneticola trilobata is now found in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands.
Chemical Constituents:
Terpenes: Including wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone
Flavonoids: Including luteolin and apigenin
Phenolic compounds: With potential antioxidant properties
Uses:
Liver disorders: Used to treat liver diseases and jaundice
Wounds and skin conditions: Used to treat wounds, skin infections, and insect bites.
Digestive issues: Used to treat digestive problems.
Description:
Sphagneticola trilobata is a perennial herb or shrub that grows up to 30 cm tall. Its leaves are trilobate or ovate, and its flowers are bright yellow.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Trilobate or ovate, with serrate margins.
Flowers: Bright yellow, in heads.
Stems: Creeping or sprawling, with a hairy texture.
Roots: Adventitious roots at nodes
62.Giant Calotrope
Synonyms:
Giant Milkweed: Common English name
Calotropis gigantea: Scientific name
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Aak, Madar
English: Giant Milkweed, Crown Flower
Sanskrit: Arka, Mandara
Biological Source:
Roots: Used to treat various health conditions, including skin diseases and fever
Leaves: Used to treat wounds, skin infections, and insect bites
Flowers: Used in traditional medicine
Family:
Giant Calotrope belongs to the *Apocynaceae* family.
Geographical Source:
Native to Asia and Africa, Giant Calotrope is found in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa
Chemical Constituents:
Cardenolides: Including calotropin and calotoxin, with potential medicinal properties.
Flavonoids: Including quercetin and kaempferol
Saponins: With potential medicinal properties
Uses:
Skin diseases: Used to treat skin infections, wounds, and insect bites
Fever: Used to treat fever and rheumatism
Digestive issues: Used to treat digestive problems
Insecticidal: Used as an insecticide due to its cardenolide content
Description:
Giant Calotrope is a perennial shrub or small tree that grows up to 3 meters tall. Its leaves are ovate or oblong, and its flowers are purple or white.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Ovate or oblong, with a milky sap
Flowers: Purple or white, in umbellate cymes
Fruits: Follicles, green and inflated, containing numerous seeds
Stems: Hairy
63.Punarnava
Synonyms:
Hogweed: Common English name
Ghetuli: Another common name
Vasuchimuli: Sanskrit synonym
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Gadapurna, Motapurni, Raktaparna
English: Hogweed
Sanskrit: Punarnava, Varshabhu
Biological Source:
Punarnava consists of the fresh or dried whole plant of *Boerhaavia diffusa Linn*.
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Geographical Source:
Punarnava is found in tropical regions, including: India: Commonly found in swampy areas. Sri Lanka.
Chemical Constituents:
Phenolic glycoside punarnavoside, Cordifolioside B
Saponin glycosides: Brahmoside, Brahminoside, Thankunoside, Asiaticoside, Oxyasiaticoside
Triterpene acids: Brahmic acid, Isobrahmic acid, Asiatic acid, Centic acid, Centoic acid.
Boeravinones A, B, C, D, and E: Rotenoids
Lignan derivatives: Liridodendrin
Uses:
Inflammatory renal disease: Due to its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties
Digestive issues: Used as a rejuvenator and to treat various digestive problems
Liver disorders: Hepatoprotective activity
Rejuvinator: Used to promote overall health and well-being
Blood purifier: Traditionally used to purify blood
Description:
Punarnava is a perennial herb with:
Stem: Greenish-purple in color
Root: Long, cylindrical, yellowish to brown in color
Flowers: White (Sweta Punarnava) or red/pink (Rakta Punarnava) in color
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Ovate or heart-shaped
Stem: Greenish-purple, hairy
Roots: Long, cylindrical, yellowish to brown in color
Flowers: Small, white or pinkish-red.
64.Coccinia Grandis
Synonyms:
Bryonia grandis L.
Coccinia cordifolia (L.)
Cogn. Cephalandra indica Naud.
Coccinia indica Wight & Arn.
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Kundru, Ram kachryia, Kundari, Bimb, Kachri
Sanskrit: Bimbaphala, Tundika
Tamil: Kovai
Telugu:Bimbika, Donda
Kannada:Tonde
Marathi:Bimba, Tendali, Tondli
Biological Source:
Coccinia Grandis.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical Africa and Asia, Coccinia grandis is found in many regions, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa Australia
Chemical Constituents:
Phenols, Tannins, Saponins, Terpenoids, Flavonoids
Arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and rhamnose
Uses:
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including diabetes, leprosy, jaundice, asthma, bronchitis, skin eruptions, and fever.
Food: Young leaves and fruits are edible and used in cooking.
Description:
Coccinia grandis is a perennial climbing vine with:
Leaves: 5-angled or lobed, cordate, shining, and up to 10 cm long.
Flowers: White, 4-5 cm across, and male and female flowers on different plants.
Fruits: Ovoid or oblong, bright scarlet when ripe, and 3-5 cm long.
Morphological Characteristics:
Growth Form: Perennial, dioecious vine that can grow up to 20 meters long.
Roots: Tuberous roots.
Stems: Green and herbaceous when young, turning woody with age.
65.Papaya
Synonyms:
Carica papaya: Scientific name
Papaw: Common name in some regions
Vernacular Names: Hindi:Papita
English:Papaya
Sanskrit: Erandkarkati
Tamil: Papali, Papita
Telugu: Boppayi, Papaya
Biological Source:
Carica papaya (Papaya plant)
Fruits: Rich in vitamins A and C, potassium, and papain
Leaves: Used to treat various health conditions, including dengue fever and malaria
Seeds: Used to treat intestinal worm infections
Latex: Contains papain, a proteolytic enzyme
Family: Caricaceae
Geographical Source:
Native to Central America and southern Mexico, papaya is now cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including: India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Central and South America
Chemical Constituents:
Papain: A proteolytic enzyme with digestive and anti-inflammatory properties
Vitamins: Rich in vitamins A and C
Minerals: Rich in potassium and other minerals
Flavonoids: Including kaempferol and quercetin
Uses:
Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including:
Digestive issues: Used to aid digestion and relieve symptoms of indigestion and bloating.
Skin conditions: Used to treat skin infections and wounds
Infections: Used to treat various infections, including bacterial and fungal infections
Nutritional: Rich in essential nutrients, making it a great addition to a healthy diet.
Description:
Papaya is a small, evergreen tree that grows up to 10 meters tall. Its leaves are large and palmate, and its fruits are orange or yellow when ripe.
Morphological Characteristics:
Leaves: Large, palmate, and deeply lobed
Fruits: Large, orange or yellow when ripe, and contain numerous seeds.
Stems: Soft and woody, with a milky say.
66.Dodonaea viscosa
Synonyms:
1. Dodonaea sp.
2. Hopbush
Biological Source:
Dodonaea viscosa is a plant species.
Family: Sapindaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Hopseed Bush (English)
2. Varnish Leaf (English)
3. Switch Sorrel (English)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Flavonoids 2. Terpenoids 3. Saponins 4. Alkaloids 5. Tannins
Geographical Source:
Native to Australia, Africa, and the Americas, now found in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Viscous, sticky, and narrow.
2. Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow.
3. Fruits: Capsules with 2-3 wings.
Description:
Dodonaea viscosa is a shrub or small tree with medicinal and ornamental value.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions.
3. Ecological: Provides habitat and food for wildlife.
67.Phyllanthus amarus
Synonym:
Phyllanthus fraternus, Phyllanthus niruri (sometimes used interchangeably, but distinct spices.
Biological Source:
Phyllanthus amarus is a plant species.
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Bhui Amla (Hindi)
2. Indian gooseberry (not to be confused with Emblica officinalis)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Lignans (philanthropy,humiliation)
2. Flavonoids
3. Tannins
4. Alkaloids
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical regions, including India, Africa, and the Americas.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Small, elliptical, and alternate.
2. Flowers: Small, greenish.
3. Fruits: Small capsules.
Description:
Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various ailments, including liver disorders, jaundice, and digestive issues.
2. Hepatoprotective: May help protect the liver.
3. Antiviral: Some studies suggest potential antiviral properties.
68.Ficus racemosa
Synonyms:
1. Ficus glomerata
Biological Source:
Ficus racemosa is a plant species.
Family: Moraceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Cluster Fig (English)
2. Gular (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents:
1. Flavonoids 2. Sterols 3. Triterpenoids 4. Phenolic compounds
Geographical Source:
Native to tropical Asia, including India, China, and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Ovate to elliptical.
2. Fruits: Small, numerous, and clustered on the trunk and branches.
Description:
Root: Used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties.
Bark: Known for its antiseptic, antipyretic, and vermicide properties. It's used to treat various skin disorders, bleeding disorders, and diabetes.
Fruit: Used to treat digestive issues, such as constipation and gastrointestinal discomfort. Unripe fruit is astringent, while ripe fruit is sweet and helps relieve thirst. The fruit also has potential anti-cancer properties.
Latex: Used to treat inflammatory conditions, wounds, and as an anthelmintic. It's also used for premature ejaculation and to prevent diseases during tooth eruption in children.
Uses:
1. Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various ailments, including diabetes, diarrhea, and skin conditions.
2. Ayurvedic medicine: Used in traditional Indian medicine.
3. Wound healing: May have potential wound-healing properties.
69.Amaranthus
Synonyms:
1. Amaranthus hybridus. 2. Amaranthus spinosus.
Biological Source:
Amaranthus is a genus of plants.
Family: Amaranthaceae
Vernacular Names:
1. Amaranth
2. Pigweed
3. Love-lies-bleeding
Chemical Constituents:
1. Proteins 2. Fiber 3. Vitamins (A, C) 4. Minerals (calcium, iron)
Geographical Source:
Native to various regions worldwide, including the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
Morphological Characters:
1. Leaves: Alternate, simple
2. Flowers: Small, greenish or reddish
3. Stems: Often branched
Description:
Amaranthus is a genus of plants with nutritional and medicinal value.
Uses:
1. Food: Leaves and seeds are edible
2. Medicinal: Traditionally used to treat various ailments
70.Amorphophallus
Synonyms
Some species of Amorphophallus have synonyms, but the genus itself is distinct.
Biological Source
Amorphophallus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae.
Family:Araceae
Vernacular Names
1. Hindi: Suran (for Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, elephant foot yam)
2. English: Elephant foot yam
Chemical Constituents
Some species contain glucomannans and other compounds.
Geographical Source
Native to tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and other parts.
Description
1. Plant: Amorphophallus species are tuberous plants with large leaves and unique inflorescences.
2. Tuber: Large underground tuber in some species like Amorphophallus paeoniifolius.
3. Uses: Tubers of some species are edible after proper processing.
Morphological Characters
1. Tuberous: Plants often have large underground tubers.
2. Leaves: Large, often divided
Uses
1. Food: Some species like Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam) are edible after processing.
2. Medicinal: Traditional uses vary by species.
71.Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Synonyms
1. Cucumis sativus is the accepted name, but some sources may list varieties or cultivars.
Biological Source
Cucumis sativus is a plant species.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Vernacular Names
1. Cucumber (English)
2. Kakdi (Hindi)
Chemical Constituents
1. Water
2. Vitamins (C, K)
3. Minerals (potassium)
4. Antioxidants
Geographical Source
Originated in Asia, now cultivated worldwide.
Morphological Characters
1. Fruit: Long, cylindrical, green
2. Leaves: Palmate, lobed
3. Vines: Trailing or climbing
Description
Growth Habit: Cucumbers are vines or trailing plants that require support for climbing
Uses
1. Food: Fresh consumption, salads, pickling
2. Medicinal: Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hydrating properties
3. Skincare: Used in some skincare products for its cooling and moisturizing effects.
72. Heliotrope
Synonyms
Heliotrope is also known as Heliotropium spp. Some common synonyms or related names include "Turnsole" or specific species like Heliotropium indicum (Indian heliotrope).
Biological Source
Heliotrope refers to plants of the genus Heliotropium.
Family
Boraginaceae.
Vernacular Names
Heliotropium indicum is known as "Hathisundha" (Hindi)
"Thelkkatta" (Tamil).
Chemical Constituents
Heliotrope plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can be toxic. Some species have flavonoids and other phytochemicals.
Geographical Source
Heliotropium species are found in tropical and subtropical regions, including India.
Morphological Characters
Leaves: Alternate, simple leaves.
Flowers: Small, often white or purple, in scorpioid cymes.
Growth Habit: Herbs or shrubs.
Description of Heliotrope
Growth Habit: Mostly herbs or small shrubs, sometimes annual or perennial.
Leaves: Alternate, simple leaves with varying shapes and sizes depending on the species.
Flowers: Small, fragrant flowers often in scorpioid cymes (curled clusters). Colors can range from white to purple or blue.
Fruits: Typically, small nutlets.
Medicinal Uses
Traditional Medicine: In some traditional practices, parts of Heliotropium are used for fever, wounds, or skin conditions.
Caution: Due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, many Heliotropium species are toxic and not recommended for internal use
73.Wood Vetch
Synonyms:
Wood vetch is known as Vicia sylvatica.
Biological Source:
Vicia sylvatica, a species in the genus Vicia.
Family:Fabaceae
Vernacular Names:
English: Wood vetch.
Other names may vary locally.
Chemical Constituents:
Like other Vicia species, may contain lectins, glycosides, or other phytochemicals.
Geographical Source:
Vicia sylvatica is found in Europe, parts of Asia; not typically highlighted in Indian flora.
Morphological Characters:
Growth Habit: Perennial climbing herb.
Leaves: Pinnate leaves with tendrils.
Flowers: Typically, white or pale flowers in racemes.
Description:
Growth Habit: It has a climbing or sprawling habit, often using tendrils to support itself on other plants.
Leaves: The leaves are pinnate, meaning they are divided into leaflets arranged along a central stem, with tendrils at the tips.
Flowers: The flowers are typically small, pale, or white, and are arranged in racemes (long clusters).
Stems: The stems are slender and can grow quite long, allowing the plant to climb over other vegetation.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Anti-inflammatory properties
2. Antioxidant properties
3. Treatment of various ailments, such as fever and rheumatism.
74.Marigold
Synonyms:
Calendula (common name for some species, though not all marigolds are Calendula)
Tagetes (genus name for many marigold species)
Vernacular Names:
Marigold (English)
Genda (Hindi)
Biological Source:
The biological source of marigold includes the flowers and leaves of plants in the Tagetes and Calendula genera.
Family: Asteraceae
Chemical Constituents:
Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin), Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Essential oils
Morphological Characteristics:
Annual or perennial herbs
Simple or branched stems
Leaves are usually simple and aromatic
Flowers are bright yellow, orange, or red, in solitary or clustered heads
Geographical Source:
Native to the Americas and Africa, but now cultivated worldwide
Description: Marigold is known for its vibrant flowers and aromatic foliage. It is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes and has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiseptic properties.
Medicinal Uses:
- Wound healing
- Skin conditions (acne, eczema)
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antimicrobial
- Antioxidant
75.Custard Apple
Synonyms:
Sugar apple, sweetsop, sitaphal
Vernacular Names:
Hindi: Sharifa, Seetaphal
English: Custard apple, Sugar apple
Kannada: Seetaphal
Tamil: Seetapazham, Cintamaram
Telugu: Sitaphalamu, Seetapandu
Biological Source:
- Plant name: Annona squamosa Linn.
Family: Annonaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Alkaloids (e.g., squamone, bullatacinone, anoniane)
- Flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin, kamepherol)
- Phenolic compounds
- Saponins
- Terpenoids
- Acetogenins
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Small to medium-sized, growing up to 10 meters tall
- Leaves: Thin, 10-15 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, rounded at the base, and pointed at the tip
- Flowers: Solitary or in short clusters, pale green to pale yellow, about 3 cm long
- Fruits: Round to heart-shaped, green, and segmented, with sweet and creamy pulp
Geographical Source:
- Native to the West Indies and Central America
- Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including India, Mexico, and Egypt
Description:
- Custard apple is a small tree with edible fruit, traditionally used for its medicinal and nutritional properties.
Medicinal Uses:
- Digestive issues: Fruit pulp is used to treat diarrhea and other digestive problems
- Antidiabetic properties: Leaves and bark are used to manage blood sugar levels
- Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties: Leaves and seeds are used to treat various infections and diseases
- Cardiac health: Fruit pulp is believed to strengthen cardiac muscles
- Other uses: Treatment of head lice, skin diseases, and as an expectorant.
76.Sapodilla
Synonyms:
Sapote, Naseberry, Chicozapote, Chiku
Vernacular Names:
- India: Chikoo, Chicku
- Brazil: Sapoti, Sapotilha
- Mexico: Chicopote, Chicozapote
- West Indies: Nasebery
- Singapore: Ciku
Biological Source:
Plant Name: Manilkara zapota
Family: Sapotaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Saponins, Flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) & Tannins
- Phenolic compounds, Lupeol acetate, Oleanolic acid & Caffeic acid
- Apigenin-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside
- Myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Evergreen, 100 ft tall, with alternately arranged leaves
- Leaves: Oblong-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, medium green, glossy
- Flowers: Small, white, bell-shaped
- Fruit: Ovoid or ellipsoid, brown, grainy texture, 2-4 inches in diameter
- Seeds: 3-12, smooth, flattened, black
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Southern Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
- Cultivated in: Thailand, India, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Philippines
Description:
Sapodilla is an evergreen tree with edible fruit, traditionally used for its medicinal properties. The fruit has a sweet taste and is rich in nutrients, including dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
Medicinal Uses:
- Digestive issues: Fruit pulp treats diarrhea and other digestive problems
- Anti-inflammatory: Leaves and bark have anti-inflammatory properties
- Antimicrobial: Plant extracts show antibacterial and antifungal activities
- Antidiabetic: Seeds, leaves, and roots have hypoglycemic properties
- Antioxidant: Plant extracts exhibit antioxidant activity
- Wound healing: Fruit pulp and plant extracts may aid in wound healing.
77.Datura
Synonyms:
Jimsonweed, Devil's Trumpet, Thorn Apple, Stramonium
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Dhatura, Ummatta
- Sanskrit: Dhattura, Moorchhita
- English: Thorn Apple, Devil's Trumpet
- Tamil: Ummattai
- Telugu: Ummetta
Biological Source:
- Plant Name: Datura stramonium (most common species)
Family: Solanaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Tropane alkaloids (e.g., scopolamine, hyoscyamine)
- Atropine, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds & Saponins
Morphological Characteristics:
- Plant: Annual herb or shrub, 2-5 feet tall
- Leaves: Large, alternate, ovate, coarsely toothed
- Flowers: Large, trumpet-shaped, white or purple
- Fruits: Spiny capsules containing seeds
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Americas
- Found in: Worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate regions
Description:
Datura is a plant with medicinal and toxic properties, traditionally used for its anticholinergic and antispasmodic effects.
Medicinal Uses:
- Pain relief: Used for pain management
- Asthma and respiratory issues: Used to treat bronchial asthma and COPD
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory: Plant extracts exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities
- Anxiety and insomnia: Used in traditional medicine for anxiety and insomnia.
78.Tamarind
Synonyms:
Tamarin, Tamarindo, Tentul
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Amli, Imli
- Tamil: Puli, Ambilam, Amilam
- Bengali: Tentul, Tinturi, Amli, Ambli, Nuli
- Telugu: Chinta, Chinta pandu
Biological Source:
- Plant Name: Tamarindus indica
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Chemical Constituents:
- Tartaric acid, Citric acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Volatile oils (geraniol, limonene)
- Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Tannins, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, Steroids
- Vitamin B3 and C
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Evergreen, 20-30 meters tall, spreading crown
- Stem: Grey-brown, rough, fissured
- Leaves: Compound, ovate
- Flowers: Small, yellow
- Fruit: Brown pod with sour pulp and seeds
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Tropical Central Africa
- Cultivated in: India, Thailand, Mexico, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and other tropical countries
Description:
Tamarind is an evergreen tree with edible fruit, traditionally used for its medicinal properties. The fruit pulp is used to make beverages, confections, curries, and sauces.
Medicinal Uses:
- Digestive issues: Laxative, antacid, and digestive properties
- Infections: Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
- Diabetes: Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties
- Pain relief: Analgesic properties
- Skin and wound healing: Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
- Other uses: Treatment of jaundice, liver complaints, yellow fever, and parasitic infestation.
79.Fiery Costus
Synonyms:
Chamaecostus cuspidatus, Costus cuspidatus, Costus igneus and Globba cuspidata
Vernacular Names:
- English: Fiery Costus, Spiral Flag, Insulin Plant
- Hindi: Baanda
- Malayalam: Honne
- Tamil: Neyccarikamaram
- Kannada: Kemou Honne
Biological Source:
- Plant Name: Chamaecostus cuspidatus
Family:Costaceae
Chemical Constituents:
The exact chemical constituents aren't fully listed, but the plant is known to have potential anti-diabetic properties and antioxidant activity.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Growth Habit: Perennial herb, upright, and spreading
- Height: Up to 2 feet tall
- Leaves: Large, fleshy, smooth, dark green with light purple undersides, spirally arranged around stems
- Flowers: Orange, 1.5-2 inches in diameter, on cone-like heads at branch tips
- Fruits: Green, less than 0.5 inches
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Eastern Brazil (Bahia and Espírito Santo)
- Cultivated in: India, particularly in Kashmir and the Himalayan regions, as well as tropical regions worldwide
Description:
Fiery Costus is a tropical, evergreen herb with vibrant orange flowers and large, dark green leaves. It's known for its potential medicinal properties, particularly in managing blood sugar levels.
Medicinal Uses:
- Blood Sugar Regulation: May help regulate blood sugar levels, making it beneficial for individuals with diabetes
- Anti-inflammatory: Possesses anti-inflammatory properties
- Antioxidant: Rich in antioxidants that protect cells from damage
- Other potential uses: Aids digestion, alleviates digestive issues, accelerates wound healing, and boosts the immune system
- Traditional Use: Used in Ayurvedic medicine to help regulate blood sugar levels and treat various ailments.
80.Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)
Synonyms:
Hibiscus esculentus, Okra
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Bhindi
2. English: Okra, Lady's Finger
3. Other names: Gumbo (US), Bamya (Middle East), Quiabo (Brazil)
Biological Source:
Abelmoschus esculentus is a flowering plant cultivated for its edible green pods.
Family:Malvaceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Tropical Africa (likely Ethiopia).
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in tropical, subtropical regions globally (India, Africa, Americas).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Herbaceous annual plant, erect, 1-2 meters tall.
2. Leaves: Alternate, lobed (often 5-7 lobes), hairy.
3. Flowers: Showy, yellow with red/purple center, axillary.
4. Fruits: Elongated, ridged pods (often eaten immature).
5. Seeds: Round, numerous in pods.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Mucilage: Okra pods contain mucilage (polysaccharides).
2. Flavonoids: Quercetin and other flavonoids present.
3. Vitamins and minerals: Vitamin C, folate, calcium, potassium.
4. Fiber: Good source of dietary fiber.
Description:
1. Plant use: Primarily cultivated for edible immature pods.
2. Culinary: Pods used in soups, stews (gumbo), fried, etc.
3. Texture: Mucilaginous when cooked.
Uses:
Nutritional: Okra is a source of vitamins, minerals, fiber.
Digestive health: Traditionally used for digestive support.
Demulcent: Mucilage may soothe irritated tissues.
Potential benefits: Antioxidant properties, possible anti-diabetic effects (research ongoing).
Traditional medicine: Used in various traditional systems.
81.Cocoa Plant
Synonyms:
Cocoa, Cacao, Chocolate Tree
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Not specified
- English: Cocoa, Cacao
- Other: Theobroma cacao (scientific name), Cocao seed, cocoa bean
Biological Source:
- Plant Name: Theobroma cacao
Family:
Malvaceae (previously classified under Sterculiaceae)
Chemical Constituents:
- Main Components: Theobromine, cocoa butter, caffeine, volatile compounds, flavonoids
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Small evergreen tree, 4-8 meters tall
- Leaves: Large, alternate, simple
- Flowers: Small, yellow, and clustered on the trunk and branches
- Fruits: Pod-like, 15-30 cm long, containing 20-40 seeds (cocoa beans)
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Tropical regions of Central and South America, specifically the Amazon basin
- Cultivated in: Tropical regions worldwide, including West Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
Description:
The cocoa plant is a small evergreen tree with edible seeds, used to produce chocolate and cocoa products. Its seeds have been valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties for centuries.
Medicinal Uses:
- Cardiovascular Health: Flavonoids in cocoa may help lower blood pressure and improve blood flow
- Antioxidant Properties: Cocoa contains antioxidants that can help protect against cell damage
- Anti-inflammatory: Some studies suggest that cocoa may have anti-inflammatory properties
- Traditional Uses: Folk remedy for burns, cough, fever, malaria, and wounds.
82.Allium cepa (Onion)
Synonyms:
Cepa vulgaris, Common Onion
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Pyaaz
2. English: Onion
3. Other names: Basal (Bengali), Kanda (Marathi), Ullipaya (Telugu)
Biological Source:
Allium cepa is a biennial herb cultivated for its edible bulb.
Family:
Amaryllidaceae (Allium family)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Central Asia (likely Iran/Afghanistan region).
2. Cultivation: Widely grown globally in temperate to tropical regions.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Biennial herb with bulb formation.
2. Bulb: Composed of fleshy scales (edible part).
3. Leaves: Hollow, cylindrical, green.
4. Flowers: Small, white/greenish in umbels on tall scape.
5. Roots: Fibrous.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Sulfur compounds: Allyl propyl disulfide, allicin (related compounds).
2. Flavonoids: Quercetin.
3. Volatile oils: Responsible for pungency.
4. Vitamins and minerals: Vitamin C, potassium.
Description:
1. Edible part: Bulb used widely in cooking.
2. Forms: Available as fresh, dried, powdered.
3. Pungency: Characteristic due to sulfur compounds.
Medicinal Uses:
- Antioxidant: Contains compounds with antioxidant properties.
- Anti-inflammatory: Traditional uses suggest benefits.
- Antimicrobial: Some studies indicate potential.
- Cardiovascular health: Possible benefits (research ongoing).
-Traditional medicine: Used in various systems for ailments like colds, digestive issues.
- Food preservation: Used for flavor and potential antimicrobial effects.
83.Bougainvillea spectabilis
Synonyms:
- Bougainvillea bracteata, Bougainvillea brasiliensis, Bougainvillea speciosa, Bougainvillea virescens
Vernacular Names:
- English: Great Bougainvillea, Paper Flower
- Hindi: Booganbel, Bogambilya
- Bengali: Baganbilas
- Indonesian: Bunga Kertas
- Telugu: Kagithala Puvvu
Biological Source:
Bougainvillea spectabilis is a flowering plant native to Brazil, widely cultivated as an ornamental.
Family:
Nyctaginaceae
Geographical Source:
- Native: Brazil
- Cultivation: Tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions worldwide, including Asia, Africa, tropical America, West Indies, Mediterranean, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands
Morphological Characteristics:
- Habit: Aggressive climbing vine or shrub (>10 m high)
- Bracts: Thin, papery, colorful (rose, magenta, purple, white, orange)
- Leaves: Alternate, often with hairy tufts
- Flowers: Small, surrounded by showy bracts
- Fruit: Elongated, five-lobed achene
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, quercetagetin
- Phenolics: Various phenolic compounds
- Alkaloids: Present
- Saponins, Tannins, Terpenoids: Reported
- Peltogynoids: Bougainvinones (stem bark)
- Volatile compounds: Including methyl salicylate, terpinolene
Description:
Bougainvillea spectabilis is a popular ornamental plant known for vibrant bracts, used in gardens and hedges. It's considered invasive in some areas like Easter Island.
Uses:
- Antidiabetic: Traditional use and studies indicate potential
- Antioxidant: Presence of flavonoids, phenolics
- Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiulcer: Reported properties
- Antifertility: Some traditional uses and studies
- Hepatoprotective, Antiviral: Indicated in research
84.Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Synonyms:
Curcuma domestica & Amomum curcuma
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Haldi
2. English: Turmeric
3. Other names: Manjal (Tamil), Pasupu (Telugu), Arishina (Kannada), Kungkum (Malayalam), Safed Haldi (Marathi)
Biological Source:
Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous perennial herb cultivated for its underground rhizomes.
Family:
Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Southeast Asia (likely India).
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in tropical regions (India, China, Indonesia, other parts of Asia).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Perennial herb with rhizomes.
2. Rhizomes: Underground, branched, orange-yellow inside.
3. Leaves: Large, lanceolate, green.
4. Flowers: Yellowish, in spikes with bracts.
5. Roots: Fibrous from rhizomes.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Curcuminoids: Curcumin (major component), demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin.
2. Volatile oils: Turmerone, atlantone.
3. Other compounds: Flavonoids, phenolics.
Description:
1. Rhizome use: Rhizomes are primary part used (dried, powdered as spice, medicinally).
2. Color: Bright yellow-orange color due to curcuminoids.
3. Aroma: Characteristic aroma.
Medicinal Uses:
- Anti-inflammatory: Curcumin has potent anti-inflammatory properties.
- Antioxidant: Curcuminoids show antioxidant activity.
- Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine for various ailments.
- Potential benefits: Research on curcumin for arthritis, digestive issues, cancer prevention.
-Cosmetic: Used in some cosmetics, skin care.
-Dye: Turmeric is a natural dye.
85.Acacia arabica
Synonyms:
- Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
Biological Source:
The biological source of Acacia arabica is the plant itself, specifically the bark, leaves, seeds, and gum.
Family:
Acacia arabica belongs to the Fabaceae family, also known as the legume family.
Vernacular Names:
- English: Gum arabic tree, Babul tree
- Hindi: Babul, Kikar
Chemical Constituents:
- Tannins: Gallic acid, ellagic acid
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
- Gums: Arabinogalactan proteins
- Other compounds: Alkaloids, saponins
Geographical Source:
Acacia arabica is native to Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and parts of the Middle East. It is widely distributed in India, particularly in drier regions.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Compound leaves: Feathery, bipinnate leaves
- Thorns: Paired, hooked thorns
- Pods: Brown, constricted pods containing seeds
- Bark: Rough, dark brown bark
Description:
- Gum: Utilized for its demulcent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it effective in treating digestive issues, respiratory problems, and skin conditions. It's also used as a vehicle in herbal formulations and capsule coatings.
- Leaves: Employed to treat digestive issues, eye conditions, bronchitis, and fractures due to their astringent properties.
- Flowers: Used in traditional medicine, although specific uses may vary.
Bark: Used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, and bleeding disorders due to its astringent and haemostatic properties.
Medicinal Uses:
- Astringent properties: Used to treat diarrhea, dysentery
- Antimicrobial properties: Effective against various bacteria and fungi
- Wound healing: Used in traditional medicine for wound care
- Other uses: Used in Ayurveda for various purposes, including diabetes management and as a general tonic.
86.Dolichos lablab (Hyacinth Bean, Lablab Bean)
Synonyms:
Lablab purpureus, Dolichos purpureus
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Sem, Lablab
2. English: Hyacinth Bean, Lablab Bean, Egyptian Bean
3. Other names: Avare (Kannada), Thambattai (Tamil), Chimbada (Marathi), Alsande (Kannada), Walawalu (Sinhala)
Biological Source:
Dolichos lablab (now often referred to as Lablab purpureus) is a leguminous plant cultivated for food and fodder.
Family:
Fabaceae (Legume family)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Likely Africa or Asia (tropical regions).
2. Cultivation: Grown in tropical, subtropical areas (Asia, Africa, Americas) for food, fodder.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Twining vine or bushy annual/ perennial legume.
2. Leaves: Trifoliate leaves.
3. Flowers: Purple, pink, or white flowers in racemes.
4. Pods: Flattened pods containing seeds.
5. Seeds: Variable in color.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Proteins: Seeds and pods are protein-rich.
2. Carbohydrates: Starch, fibers present.
3. Antinutritional factors: Like other legumes, may contain lectins, phytates.
4. Phytochemicals: Flavonoids, phenolics may be present.
Description:
1. Edible parts: Young pods, seeds eaten (cooked).
2. Use patterns: Vegetable in various cuisines; also fodder.
3. Growth: Adaptable to different tropical conditions.
Uses:
1. Food: Pods and seeds used as vegetable.
2. Fodder: Used for animal feed.
3. Medicinal:
- Traditional uses: Parts used in traditional medicine in some regions.
- Potential activities: Some studies on antioxidant, nutritional aspects.
4. Agricultural: Nitrogen fixation (legume); cover crop.
5. Cultural: Used in local cuisines (e.g., Indian, African).
87.Calotropis gigantea
Synonyms:
- Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (sometimes considered a separate species)
- Asclepias gigantea L. (basionym)
Biological Source:
The biological source of Calotropis gigantea is the plant itself, specifically the latex, leaves, flowers, and roots.
Family: Asclepiadoidea
Vernacular Names:
- English: Giant milkweed, Crown flower
- Hindi: Aak, Madar
Chemical Constituents:
- Cardiac glycosides: Calotropin, calactin
- Terpenoids: α-amyrin, β-sitosterol
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
Geographical Source:
Calotropis gigantea is native to South Asia, including India, and Southeast Asia. It is commonly found in wastelands, roadsides, and dry areas.
Morphological Characters:
Calotropis gigantea is a large shrub or small tree with:
- Large leaves: Ovate to elliptical, 10-20 cm long
- Flowers: Purple or white, in clusters, with a distinctive crown-like structure
- Fruits: Follicles, 7-10 cm long, containing seeds with silky tufts
- Latex: Milky latex present in all parts of the plant.
Description:
- Large leaves: Ovate to elliptical, 10-20 cm long, with a milky latex when broken.
- Flowers: Purple or white, in clusters, with a distinctive crown-like structure.
- Fruits: Follicles, 7-10 cm long, containing seeds with silky tufts.
- Growth Habit: It grows in a variety of environments, often in wastelands, roadsides, and dry areas.
Medicinal Uses:
- Traditional medicine: Used to treat various ailments, including skin conditions, fever, and digestive issues
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties: Effective against various bacteria and inflammation
- Wound healing: Used in traditional medicine for wound care
- Other uses: Used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine for various purposes.
88.Lawsonia inermis (Henna)
Synonyms:
Lawsonia alba, Alcanna spinosa (historical)
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Mehndi
2. English: Henna
3. Other names: Mendi (Bengali), Goranta (Telugu), Maruthoni (Tamil), Henna (Arabic/Persian contexts)
Biological Source:
Lawsonia inermis is a flowering shrub cultivated for its leaves used for dyeing and traditional medicine.
Family: Lythraceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: North Africa, Southwest Asia, Indian subcontinent.
2. Cultivation: Grown in tropical, subtropical regions (India, Middle East, North Africa, parts of Asia).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Shrub or small tree (up to 6 meters).
2. Leaves: Opposite, simple, elliptic to lanceolate.
3. Flowers: Small, fragrant, white/pinkish in panicles.
4. Fruits: Small capsules.
5. Thorns: May have thorns on branches.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Lawsone: Major active compound (naphthoquinone).
2. Other compounds: Flavonoids, tannins, phenolics.
3. Essential oils: Present in plant parts.
Description:
1. Leaf use: Leaves powdered for henna dye (hair, skin).
2. Dyeing property: Lawsone gives staining property.
3. Cultural use: Widely used for cosmetic, ritual purposes.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda, Unani for skin, hair conditions.
2. Skin benefits: Traditionally for skin disorders; antifungal, antimicrobial activities reported.
3. Antibacterial: Lawsone shows antibacterial properties.
4. Wound healing: Some traditional applications.
5. Other uses:
- Hair care: Henna for hair dyeing, conditioning.
- Cosmetic: Body art (mehndi designs).
89.Gmelina asiatica
Synonyms:
- Gmelina asiatica L.
Biological Source:
The biological source of Gmelina asiatica is the plant itself, specifically the leaves, roots, and fruits.
Family: Lamiaceae.
Vernacular Names:
- English: Asian gmelina, White teak
- Hindi: Gambhar, Gmelina
Chemical Constituents:
- Iridoids: Gmelinosides
- Flavonoids: Luteolin, apigenin
- Terpenoids: β-sitosterol
Geographical Source:
Gmelina asiatica is native to tropical Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Gmelina asiatica is a shrub or small tree with:
- Leaves: Ovate to elliptical, 5-15 cm long
- Flowers: Yellow or greenish-yellow, in clusters
- Fruits: Drupes, 2-3 cm long, yellow or orange when ripe
- Growth Habit: It grows in a variety of environments, often in forests and along roadsides.
Medicinal Uses:
- Traditional medicine: Used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties: Effective against various bacteria and inflammation
- Other uses: Used in Ayurveda and traditional medicine for various purposes.
90. Mentha spicata (Spearmint)
Synonyms:
Mentha viridis, Mentha crispa
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Pudina, Spearmint
2. English: Spearmint
3. Other names: Podina (Urdu), Spearmint (common global name), Mentha
Biological Source:
Mentha spicata is a perennial herb cultivated for its aromatic leaves.
Family:Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Mediterranean region, Europe.
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in temperate, subtropical regions globally (India, Europe, North America).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Perennial herb, stoloniferous.
2. Leaves: Opposite, lanceolate, serrate margins, aromatic.
3. Flowers: Small, pinkish/lilac in terminal spikes.
4. Stems: Square stems typical of Lamiaceae.
5. Aroma: Characteristic spearmint scent.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Volatile oils: Major component is carvone (characteristic flavor/aroma).
2. Other compounds: Menthol, limonene, other terpenoids.
3. Flavonoids: Present.
Description:
1. Aromatic use: Leaves used fresh, dried for flavor, fragrance.
2. Culinary: Used in foods, teas, confections.
3. Essential oil: Spearmint oil used in aromatherapy, flavorings.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Digestive aid: Traditionally used for digestive issues.
2. Carminative: Helps relieve gas, bloating.
3. Antispasmodic: Used for gastrointestinal spasms.
4. Antimicrobial: Some studies indicate antimicrobial properties.
5. Other uses:
- Aromatherapy: For relaxation, respiratory issues.
- Culinary/mouth freshener: Common in teas, mouthwashes.
6. Traditional medicine: Used in various systems for digestive, other complaints.
91. Moringa oleifera (Moringa, Drumstick Tree)
Synonyms:
Moringa pterygosperma, Hyperanthera moringa
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Sahjan, Moringa
2. English: Moringa, Drumstick Tree, Horseradish Tree
3. Other names: Munaga (Telugu), Murungai (Tamil), Nugge (Kannada), Shigru (Sanskrit)
Biological Source:
Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing tree cultivated for its edible parts and medicinal properties.
Family: Moringaceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Indian subcontinent (likely Northwest India).
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in tropical, subtropical regions (Asia, Africa, Americas, Pacific).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Medium-sized tree (up to 10-12 meters).
2. Leaves: Compound, tripinnate, leaflets small.
3. Flowers: White/cream, fragrant in panicles.
4. Fruits: Long pods ("drumsticks"), triangular in cross-section.
5. Seeds: Winged seeds in pods.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Vitamins and minerals: Rich in vitamins (A, C), calcium, potassium.
2. Protein: Leaves are protein-rich.
3. Glucosinolates: Bioactive compounds like moringin.
4. Flavonoids, phenolics: Antioxidant compounds present.
5. Other phytochemicals: Including alkaloids.
Description:
1. Edible parts: Leaves, pods ("drumsticks"), flowers used as food.
2. Nutritional: Known for high nutritional value ("superfood").
3. Growth: Fast-growing, drought-tolerant.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Nutritional supplement: Leaves used for malnutrition.
2. Antioxidant: Rich in antioxidants.
3. Anti-inflammatory: Traditional and studied uses.
4. Antimicrobial: Some studies indicate antimicrobial activity.
5. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda for various ailments.
6. Other potential benefits:
- Blood sugar management: Some research.
- Cardiovascular: Studies on potential benefits.
- Neuroprotective: Areas of research interest.
92.Piper betle
Synonyms:
Piper betle is also known as Betle vine, Betel pepper or simply Paan.
Biological Source:
The biological source of Piper betle is the plant itself, specifically the leaves, which are widely used in traditional medicine and as a mouth freshener.
Family: Piperaceae
Vernacular Names:
- Sanskrit: Nagavalli, Tambool, Mukhbhushan
- Hindi: Paan
- Tamil: Vetrilai
- Telugu: Nagballi, Tamalapaku
- English: Betle, Betle pepper, Betle-vine
Chemical Constituents:
- Essential oils: Chavibetol, chavicol, eugenol, and safrole
- Phenols: Hydroxychavicol, allylpyrocatechol
- Terpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, caryophyllene
- Flavonoids: Quercetin
- Alkaloids: Piper betle contains various alkaloids
Geographical Source:
Piper betle is native to Malaysia and is cultivated in tropical Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Piper betle is a perennial creeper with:
- Heart-shaped leaves: Glossy, alternate, and long-stalked
- White catkins: Small, greenish-white flowers
- Climbing habit: It roots at nodes and has swollen branches
Medicinal Uses:
- Digestive aid: Stimulates digestion and appetite
- Antimicrobial properties: Effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Reduces inflammation and pain
- Antioxidant properties: Protects against oxidative stress
- Traditional uses: Used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues
- Ayurvedic and Unani medicine: Used as an anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, breath freshener, and more.
93. Tectona grandis
Synonyms:
- Tectona grandis L.f.
Biological Source:
The biological source of Tectona grandis is the plant itself, specifically the wood, leaves, and bark.
Family: Lamiaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Teak
- Hindi: Sagwan, Tekka
Chemical Constituents:
- Tectol: A naphthoquinone compound
- Deoxylapachol: A compound with potential medicinal properties
- Other compounds: Anthraquinones, flavonoids
Geographical Source:
Tectona grandis is native to Southeast Asia, including India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. It is widely cultivated in tropical regions for its valuable timber.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Tectona grandis is a large deciduous tree with:
- Large leaves: Ovate to elliptical, 30-60 cm long, with a soft, velvety texture
- Flowers: Small, white or yellowish, in panicles
- Fruits: Small, drupe-like, enclosed in a calyx
- Wood: Highly valued for its durability, strength, and resistance to decay
Medicinal Uses:
- Traditional medicine: Used to treat various ailments, including skin conditions, inflammation, and digestive issues
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties: Effective against various bacteria and inflammation
- Other uses: Used in traditional medicine for wound healing, anti-diabetic properties, and more.
94.Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred Lotus, Indian Lotus)
Synonyms:
- Nelumbium speciosum (older name), Nymphaea nelumbo
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Kamal
2. English: Sacred Lotus, Indian Lotus
3. Other names: Padma (Sanskrit), Thamara (Tamil), Kamala (Kannada), Renkon (Japanese)
Biological Source:
Nelumbo nucifera is an aquatic perennial plant with significant cultural, ornamental, and medicinal uses.
Family: Nelumbonaceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Asia (India, China, Southeast Asia).
2. Distribution: Found in tropical, subtropical Asia, Australia; cultivated globally.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Aquatic perennial with rhizomes.
2. Leaves: Large, peltate, floating/emergent.
3. Flowers: Showy, fragrant, pink/white, large.
4. Fruits: Receptacle forms distinctive seed pod.
5. Rhizomes: Underground, edible ("lotus root").
Chemical Constituents:
1. Alkaloids: Nuciferine, liensinine.
2. Flavonoids: Present.
3. Other compounds: Phenolics, saponins.
4. Starch: Rhizomes are starchy.
Description:
1. Cultural significance: Sacred in Hindu, Buddhist traditions.
2. Edible parts: Rhizomes ("lotus root"), seeds eaten.
3. Ornamental: Popular Pond plant.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine.
2. Antioxidant: Studies indicate antioxidant properties.
3. Anti-inflammatory: Some traditional/ studied aspects.
4. Cardiovascular effects: Research on potential benefits.
5. Other traditional uses:
- Digestive: Parts used traditionally.
- Tonic: Reputed tonic properties.
6. Parts used: Rhizomes, seeds, leaves in various preparations.
95.Zingiber officinale
Synonyms:
- Amomum zingiber L.
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Biological Source:
The biological source of Zingiber officinale is the plant itself, specifically the rhizome.
Family: Zingiberaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Ginger
- Hindi: Adrak
- Sanskrit: Vishwabheshaja, Mahaaushadha
Chemical Constituents:
- Gingerol: The primary active compound responsible for its medicinal properties
- Shogaol: A compound with potential medicinal properties
- Zingiberene: A sesquiterpene compound
- Other compounds: Volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds
Geographical Source:
Zingiber officinale is native to Southeast Asia and is widely cultivated in tropical regions, including India, China, and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Zingiber officinale is a perennial herb with:
- Rhizome: Thick, fleshy, and aromatic
- Leaves: Alternate, lanceolate, and sheathing
- Flowers: Greenish-yellow, in spikes
- Growth Habit: It grows in clumps, with stems reaching up to 3 feet tall
Medicinal Uses:
Zingiber officinale has various medicinal uses, including:
- Digestive aid: Relieves nausea, vomiting, and indigestion
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Reduces pain and inflammation
- Antioxidant properties: Protects against oxidative stress
- Cold and flu relief: Helps alleviate symptoms of respiratory infections
- Traditional uses: Used in Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes.
96.Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon, Bitter Gourd)
Synonyms:
Momordica indica, Momordica muricata
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Karela
2. English: Bitter Melon, Bitter Gourd
3. Other names: Pavakai (Tamil), Karla (Marathi), Kakarakaya (Telugu), Hagalakai (Kannada)
Biological Source:
Momordica charantia is a tropical vine cultivated for its edible fruit.
Family:
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Likely tropical Asia/Africa.
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in tropical regions (Asia, Africa, Caribbean, South America).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Climbing annual vine.
2. Leaves: Lobed, alternate.
3. Flowers: Yellow, unisexual.
4. Fruits: Distinctive warty/bumpy, elongated fruits, bitter taste.
5. Seeds: Flat, enclosed in red aril.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Charantin: Hypoglycemic compound.
2. Momordicin: Bitter principles.
3. Vicine: Compound of interest.
4. Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics: Present.
5. Other phytochemicals: Including cucurbitane triterpenoids.
Description:
1. Bitter taste: Fruit is notably bitter.
2. Culinary: Used in Asian, other cuisines (cooked to reduce bitterness).
3. Traditional uses: Fruit, other parts used medicinally.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Antidiabetic properties: Traditionally used; research on hypoglycemic effects.
2. Antioxidant: Studies indicate antioxidant activity.
3. Anticancer: Some studies on potential anticancer properties.
4. Antimicrobial: Reported antimicrobial activities.
5. Traditional uses:
- Digestive: Used for digestive issues traditionally.
97.Zea mays Information
Synonyms:
Zea mays L., Maize
Biological Source:
The biological source of Zea mays is the plant itself, specifically the kernels (seeds), leaves, and silk.
Family: Gramineae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Corn, Maize
- Hindi: Makka
- Other local names: Varies across regions in India and worldwide.
Chemical Constituents:
- Carbohydrates: Starch, fiber
- Proteins: Zein, glutelin
- Vitamins: Vitamin C, thiamine, folate
- Minerals: Potassium, phosphorus, magnesium
- Other compounds: Anthocyanins, phenolic acids
Geographical Source:
Zea mays is native to Central America and is widely cultivated in many parts of the world, including India, the United States, and China.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Zea mays is an annual crop with:
- Tall stalks: Reaching up to 3 meters in height
- Leaves: Long, narrow, and flat
- Ears: Containing kernels (seeds) in rows
- Silk: The styles and stigmas of the female flowers
Medicinal Uses:
- Nutritional value: Provides essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins
- Digestive health: Corn silk is used to treat urinary and digestive issues
- Antioxidant properties: Contains antioxidants that help protect against oxidative stress
- Traditional uses: Used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating kidney stones and urinary tract infections.
98.Oryza sativa (Rice)
Synonyms:
1. Oryza communissima
2. Oryza formosana
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Chawal
2. English: Rice
3. Other names: Dhanya (Bengali), Arisi (Tamil), Vari (Malayalam), Bihun (Assamese)
Biological Source:
Oryza sativa is a cereal grain cultivated globally as a staple food.
Family: Gramineae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Likely Asia (India/China region).
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in tropical, subtropical regions globally (Asia, Africa, Americas).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Annual grass.
2. Leaves: Linear, sheathed.
3. Inflorescence: Panicle with spikelets.
4. Grains: Caryopsis (husked grain is rice).
5. Growth: Adapted to wetland (paddy) cultivation commonly.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Carbohydrates: Starch major component.
2. Proteins: Present; variable by variety.
3. Lipids: Small amounts in bran.
4. Fiber: Bran has dietary fiber.
5. Vitamins/minerals: Varied; fortification common.
6. Phytochemicals: Phenolics, anthocyanins in some varieties.
Description:
1. Staple food: Major food crop globally, especially Asia.
2. Types: White rice, brown rice, varieties like basmati, jasmine.
3. Processing: Milling affects nutrient content.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional use: Used in traditional medicine in various cultures.
2. Digestive: Easily digestible; rice water used traditionally.
3. Nutritional: Energy source; hypoallergenic properties noted.
4. Rice bran: Used for potential health benefits (fiber, antioxidants).
5. Specific preparations:
- Congee: Traditional rice porridge for digestive issues.
- Rice water: Traditional uses for diarrhea, hydration.
99.Pongamia pinnata (Indian Beech, Karanj)
Synonyms:
Pongamia glabra & Millettia pinnata
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Karanj
2. English: Indian Beech, Pongam
3. Other names: Pungai (Tamil), Karanja (Marathi), Kanuga (Telugu), Honge (Kannada)
Biological Source:
Pongamia pinnata is a tree cultivated for its seeds, oil, and traditional medicinal uses.
Family:Fabaceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia.
2. Distribution: Tropical Asia, Australia, Pacific islands; cultivated in tropics.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Medium-sized tree.
2. Leaves: Pinnate, leaflets ovate.
3. Flowers: White/pinkish, fragrant in axillary racemes.
4. Fruits: Pods, seeds contain oil.
5. Bark: Greyish, rough.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Flavonoids: Karanjin, pongamol.
2. Furanoflavonoids: Present.
3. Oil: Seeds yield pongamia oil (karanj oil).
4. Other compounds: Terpenoids, phenolics.
Description:
1. Multipurpose tree: Used for oil, medicine, shade.
2. Seed oil: Used traditionally, for biodiesel interest.
3. Parts used: Seeds, leaves, bark in traditional medicine.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional medicine: Used in Ayurveda, folk medicine.
2. Skin conditions: Traditionally for skin issues.
3. Antimicrobial: Some studies indicate antimicrobial activity.
4. Anti-inflammatory: Reported properties.
5. Other uses:
- Pest control: Some traditional uses.
- Wound healing: Traditional applications.
6. Parts used: Seeds, leaves, bark for various preparations.
100.Shankham Poovu
Synonyms:
- Shankhpushpi: Commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine
- Morning Glory: English synonym for Convolvulus pluricaulis, one of the botanical sources
Biological Source:
- Convolvulus pluricaulis (Convolvulaceae family)
- Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae family), also known as Butterfly Pea or Aparajita
Family: Convolvulaceae
Vernacular Names:
- Sanskrit: Shankhpushpi, Shankhamalin
- Hindi: Shankhpushpi, Aparajita (for Clitoria ternatea)
- Tamil: Sangu Poo (for Clitoria ternatea)
- Malayalam: Shankhupushpam (for Clitoria ternatea)
- English: Morning Glory (for Convolvulus pluricaulis), Butterfly Pea (for Clitoria ternatea)
Chemical Constituents:
- Convolvulus pluricaulis: Convolamine, Scopoletin, β-sitosterol, Shankhapushpine
- Clitoria ternatea: Anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other compounds
Geographical Source:
Shankham Poovu is native to tropical regions, including India and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters & Description:
- Convolvulus pluricaulis: Prostrate herb with white flowers, bitter and astringent taste
- Clitoria ternatea: Climbing plant with blue flowers, known for its medicinal properties
Medicinal Uses:
- Cognitive Function: Enhances memory, concentration, and intellect
- Stress and Anxiety Relief: Acts as a natural sedative and anxiolytic
- Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties: Protects against oxidative stress and inflammation
- Hair and Skin Health: Supports healthy skin and hair growth
- Eye Health: Traditionally used to improve vision and reduce eye irritation
- Neuroprotection: May help protect brain cells from age-related damage and oxidative stress.
101. Punica granatum (Pomegranate)
Synonyms:
1. Punica nana (dwarf pomegranate)
2. Granatum punicum (historical)
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Anar
2. English: Pomegranate
3. Other names: Dalim (Bengali), Madulai (Tamil), Dhanim (Marathi), Ramaradham (Telugu)
Biological Source:
Punica granatum is a deciduous shrub/small tree cultivated for its edible fruit and medicinal properties.
Family:
Lythraceae (formerly placed in Punicaceae)
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Iran to Himalayas.
2. Cultivation: Widely grown in Mediterranean, tropical/subtropical regions (India, Middle East, California).
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Shrub/small tree.
2. Leaves: Opposite/glossy.
3. Flowers: Orange-red, showy.
4. Fruits: Leathery rind, many seeds ("arils") edible.
5. Thorns: Often spiny branches.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Punicalagins: Ellagitannins (major antioxidants).
2. Anthocyanins: Pigments in juice.
3. Ellagic acid: Present.
4. Other polyphenols: Flavonoids.
5. Vitamin C: Fruit is a source.
Description:
1. Edible fruit: Arils consumed fresh, juice.
2. Nutritional: Rich in antioxidants.
3. Cultural: Symbolic in various cultures.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Antioxidant: High antioxidant capacity.
2. Cardiovascular health: Research on potential benefits.
3. Anti-inflammatory: Studies indicate properties.
4. Antimicrobial: Some studies show activity.
5. Cancer research: Potential chemopreventive interest.
6. Traditional uses:
- Digestive: Used traditionally.
- Other ailments: In Ayurveda, Unani.
7. Parts used: Fruit, peel, seeds for various preparations.
102.Rosa damascene
Synonyms:
- Rosa × damascena Mill.
- Damask Rose
Biological Source:
The biological source of Rosa damascena is the plant itself, specifically the flowers, petals, and essential oils.
Family: Rosaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Damask Rose, Rose of Castile
- Hindi: Gulab
Chemical Constituents:
- Essential oils: Geraniol, citronellol, nerol, and linalool
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
- Anthocyanins: Responsible for the flower's color
Geographical Source:
Rosa damascena is native to the Middle East and Europe, particularly Bulgaria, Turkey, and India.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Rosa damascena is a deciduous shrub with:
- Pink or light red flowers: Highly fragrant and used for essential oil production
- Thorny stems: With pinnate leaves
- Fragrant petals: Used in traditional medicine, perfumery, and culinary applications
Medicinal Uses:
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties: Effective against various bacteria and inflammation
- Antidepressant and anxiolytic properties: Used to treat stress, anxiety, and depression
- Digestive health: Used to treat digestive issues, including nausea and vomiting
- Skin and wound care: Used in traditional medicine for skin conditions, wounds, and burns
- Aromatherapy: Used for relaxation, stress relief, and mood enhancement.
103.Solanum melongena (Eggplant, Brinjal)
Synonyms:
1. Solanum esculentum
2. Solanum ovigerum
Vernacular Names:
1. Hindi: Baingan
2. English: Eggplant, Brinjal
3. Other names: Vangi (Marathi), Kathiri (Tamil), Brinjal (common in some regions), Badanekayi (Kannada)
Biological Source:
Solanum melongena is a widely cultivated vegetable plant.
Family:Solanaceae
Geographical Source:
1. Origin: Likely India/Southeast Asia.
2. Cultivation: Grown globally in tropical, subtropical regions.
Morphological Characteristics:
1. Habit: Herbaceous/ shrubby plant.
2. Leaves: Large, lobed, often spiny.
3. Flowers: Purple, star-shaped.
4. Fruits: Variable shapes/sizes (commonly purple).
5. Stems: Often spiny.
Chemical Constituents:
1. Alkaloids: Solasodine (in some parts).
2. Phenolics: Chlorogenic acid.
3. Anthocyanins: Pigments in purple varieties.
4. Fiber: Fruit is a source of dietary fiber.
5. Other compounds: Nasunin (antioxidant).
Description:
1. Culinary: Widely used vegetable.
2. Varieties: Differ in size, color (purple, white, green).
3. Nutritional: Low calorie, fiber source.
Medicinal Uses:
1. Traditional medicine: Used in various traditional systems.
2. Antioxidant: Contains antioxidants like nasunin.
3. Potential benefits:
- Cardiovascular: Some studies on effects.
- Anti-inflammatory: Reported properties.
4. Other uses:
- Digestive: Traditional digestive uses.
104.Pimpinella tirupatiensis
Synonyms:
Pimpinella tirupatiensis.
Vernacular Names:
The local name for Pimpinella tirupatiensis is "Kondakothimera".
Biological Source:
Pimpinella tirupatiensis is a plant species that grows in the wild, specifically in the Seshachalam hills of the Eastern Ghats, India. It is an erect herb with a perennial tuberous rootstock.
Family:
Pimpinella tirupatiensis belongs to the family Apiaceae.
Chemical Constituents:
No specific chemical constituents are listed for Pimpinella tirupatiensis, but plants in the Apiaceae family often contain compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes.
Morphological Characteristics:
- Growth Habit: Erect herb with a perennial tuberous rootstock, 30-100 cm tall.
- Stem: Simple below, branched above, striate, and glabrous.
- Leaves: Basal leaves are simple, ovate-obtuse or acute, deeply cordate, 1.7-3.8 x 1.3-3.8 cm, with petioles 2.5 cm long. Cauline leaves are small and palmately 3-partite.
- Flowers: Small, white, 5-16 in compound umbels, with 1-2 small, linear bracteoles.
- Fruits: 1.5 mm long, ovoid, papillose-scabrous.
Geographical Source:
Pimpinella tirupatiensis is endemic to the Seshachalam hills of the Eastern Ghats, India, specifically in the Tirupati hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Description:
Pimpinella tirupatiensis is a rare and endangered medicinal plant. It has a tuberous rootstock and is used in traditional medicine for its various properties.
Medicinal Uses:
- Antimicrobial: Used as an antimicrobial agent.
- Purgative: Acts as a purgative.
- Hypoglycemic: May help regulate blood sugar levels.
- Abortifacient: Traditionally used to terminate pregnancy in the first trimester.
- Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory: Used for pain relief and reducing inflammation.
- Antiseptic and Antipyretic: Exhibits antiseptic and antipyretic properties.
- Treatment of Various Ailments: Used to cure asthma, flatulent colic, stomach ulcers, throat issues, genital problems, and sexual debility.
105.Cotton Plant
Synonyms:
Raw cotton, purified cotton, absorbent cotton
Vernacular Names:
Cotton is known by different names in various regions, but specific vernacular names are not extensively listed in available sources.
Biological Source:
Plant Name: Gossypium herbaceum, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense
Family:
Malvaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Terpenes: Monoterpenes (myrcene, pinene, camphene, limonene, sabinene) and sesquiterpenes (α-bergamotene, caryophyllene, bisabolene, farnesene, humulene)
- Phenolic Compounds: Flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, herbacetin), tannins, gossypol
- Other Compounds: Carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, steroids, fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, linoleic), proteins (vicilin, legumin), and lipids
Morphological Characteristics:
- Growth Habit: Shrubs or shrub-like plants, ranging from fire-adapted, herbaceous perennials to trees
- Leaves: Variable shapes and sizes, depending on the species
- Flowers: Typically yellow with a purple spot in the center
- Fruits: Capsules that split open to reveal cotton fibers surrounding the seeds
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Tropics and warm regions worldwide, including India, Africa, and the Americas
- Cultivated in: United States, Egypt, parts of Africa, and India
Description:
Cotton is a versatile plant valued for its fiber, seeds, and medicinal properties. The plant's fibers are used to make clothing and textiles, while its seeds are a source of edible oil and other products.
Medicinal Uses:
- Antimicrobial: Cotton extracts have shown antimicrobial properties, effective against various microorganisms
- Anti-inflammatory: Compounds in cotton, such as sesquiterpenoids, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity
- Pain Relief: Cotton seeds are used as a pain reliever and have been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes
- Wound Healing: Cotton extracts have potential wound-healing properties, attributed to flavonoids and tannins
- Other Uses: Treatment of digestive issues, bronchial asthma, dysmenorrhea, and skin conditions.
106.Lemon
Synonyms:
Citrus limon, Citrus limonum
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Nimbu, Narangi
- English: Lemon
- Other: Limon (Spanish), Citron (French)
Biological Source:
Plant Name: Citrus limon
Family:Rutaceae
Chemical Constituents:
- Citric Acid: Main organic acid in lemons
- Vitamin C: Abundant in lemons
- Flavonoids: Hesperidin, eriocitrin, and others
- Volatile Oils: Limonene, beta-pinene, gamma-terpinene
- Other Compounds: Flavonols, anthocyanins, coumarins
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Small, evergreen tree, 3-6 meters tall
- Leaves: Dark green, elliptical, and pointed
- Flowers: Small, white, and fragrant
- Fruits: Yellow, oval or spherical, with a thick, rough rind
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Southeast Asia
- Cultivated in: Worldwide, especially in Mediterranean and subtropical regions
Description:
Lemon is a widely cultivated citrus fruit tree known for its sour fruit, which is used in culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic applications.
Medicinal Uses:
- Antioxidant: Rich in vitamin C and flavonoids, which help protect against oxidative stress
- Antimicrobial: Lemon juice and essential oil have antimicrobial properties
- Digestive Aid: Lemon juice may help stimulate digestion and relieve symptoms of indigestion
- Immune System: High vitamin C content supports immune function
- Other Uses: Treatment of scurvy, skin issues, and respiratory problems
107.Sapindus emarginatus
Synonyms:
Sapindus trifoliata sensu Hiern in FBI 1875, non L. 1753, Sapindus laurifolius Vahl
Vernacular Names:
- Hindi: Reetha
- Kannada: Koogate kayi, Kudale-kaye, Kukate-kayi
- Tamil: Ponnankottai, Manipungan maram, Poovandikottai
- Telugu: Kukudu-kayalu, Kungititkaya, Kunkudu-chettu
- Sanskrit: Arishta, Arishtaphalam, Aristam, Phenila, Rishta
Biological Source:
Plant Name: Sapindus emarginatus Vahl
Family: Sapindaceae
Chemical Constituents:
Saponins
Morphological Characteristics:
- Tree: Medium to large-sized deciduous tree, up to 18 meters tall
- Leaves: Pinnate, 12-30 cm long, with 2-3 pairs of leaflets
- Leaflets: Lance-shaped, elliptic or oblong, with a notched tip
- Flowers: White, polygamous, in rusty-velvety panicles
- Fruits: Fleshy, 2-3 partially united drupelets, with saponaceous fibrous pericarp
Geographical Source:
- Native to: Tropical Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar
- Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and other parts of India
Description:
Sapindus emarginatus is a deciduous tree with medicinal properties, known for its soap-rich seeds and various traditional uses.
Medicinal Uses:
- Asthma and Respiratory Issues: Fruits are used to treat asthma, colic, and dysentery
- Childbirth: Fruits are used during childbirth
- Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory: Seeds and fruits have medicinal properties
- Other Uses: Seeds are used as a natural soap substitute, and the tree has various traditional uses.
108.Terminalia catappa
Synonyms:
- Terminalia catappa L.
- Indian almond, Tropical almond, Desert almond, Sea almond, or Catappa.
Biological Source:
The biological source of Terminalia catappa is the plant itself, specifically the leaves, bark, and fruits.
Family: Combretaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Indian Almond, Tropical Almond
- Hindi: Badam, Desi Badam
Chemical Constituents:
- Punicalagins: Ellagitannins with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
- Terpenoids: Ursolic acid, betulinic acid
- Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, ellagic acid
Geographical Source:
Terminalia catappa is native to tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. It is widely cultivated in coastal areas for its shade and ornamental value.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Terminalia catappa is a large deciduous tree with:
- Large leaves: Ovate to elliptical, 15-25 cm long, with a distinctive shape
- Fruits: Drupe-like, green to red or purple, edible
- Bark: Greyish-brown, smooth or fissured
- Growth Habit: It grows in coastal areas, often near beaches and rivers.
Medicinal Uses:
Terminalia catappa has various medicinal uses, including:
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties: Protects against oxidative stress and inflammation
- Antimicrobial properties: Effective against various bacteria, fungi, and viruses
- Cardiovascular health: May help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health
- Wound healing: Accelerates wound healing process
- Traditional uses: Used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating digestive issues, skin conditions, and fever.
109.Phoenix sylvestris
Synonyms:
- Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
Biological Source:
The biological source of Phoenix sylvestris is the plant itself, specifically the fruits (dates), leaves, and sap.
Family:Arecaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Wild Date Palm, Silver Date Palm
- Hindi: Khaajur, Khajuri
- Other local names: Varies across regions in India and Southeast Asia.
Chemical Constituents:
- Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol
- Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, caffeic acid
- Sugars: Fructose, glucose
- Other compounds: Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids
Geographical Source:
Phoenix sylvestris is native to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and parts of the Middle East.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Phoenix sylvestris is a palm tree with:
- Feathery leaves: Pinnate, 3-4 meters long
- Fruits: Dates, brown to black, sweet and edible
- Trunk: Tall, slender, covered with persistent leaf bases
- Growth Habit: It grows in a variety of environments, often near water sources.
Medicinal Uses:
- Antioxidant properties: Protects against oxidative stress
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Reduces inflammation and pain
- Digestive health: Used to treat digestive issues, including constipation
- Cardiovascular health: May help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health
- Traditional uses: Used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating skin conditions, fever, and respiratory issues.
110.Borassus flabellifer
Synonyms:
- Borassus flabellifer (L.) Roxb.
- Palmyra palm, Toddy palm, Asian palmyra palm
Biological Source:
The biological source of Borassus flabellifer is the plant itself, specifically the fruits, leaves, and sap.
Family:Arecaceae
Vernacular Names:
- English: Palmyra Palm, Toddy Palm
- Hindi: Taad, Tadgola
- Tamil: Panai, Palmyra
Chemical Constituents:
- Sugars: Sucrose, glucose, fructose
- Phenolic compounds: Flavonoids, phenolic acids
- Other compounds: Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids
Geographical Source:
Borassus flabellifer is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Morphological Characters & Description:
Borassus flabellifer is a palm tree with:
- Large, fan-shaped leaves: Palmate, 1-3 meters in diameter
- Fruits: Large, brown or black, with a sweet pulp
- Trunk: Tall, sturdy, and columnar
- Growth Habit: It grows in a variety of environments, often in tropical regions.
Medicinal Uses:
Borassus flabellifer has various medicinal uses, including:
- Antioxidant properties: Protects against oxidative stress
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Reduces inflammation and pain
- Digestive health: Used to treat digestive issues, including constipation
- Cardiovascular health: May help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart health.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
The present investigation comprises110 species of phyto medicinal plant species belonging 54
families of East Godavari dist, Andhra Pradesh, India. For each species medicinal plants its Source, Family, chemical constitutes, morphological characteristics, therapeutic applications and the parts of the plant uses are provided. The most dominant families in the study were, Fabaceae (11), Apocynaceae (08), Areaceae (06), Laminaceae (05), Rutacae (05), Euphorbiaceae (04),
Solanaceae (5), Apocynaceae (5), Caesalpinaceae (5), Astraceae (04), Malveceae (04), Posaseae (03)
, Cucurbitaceae (03), Nyctaginaceae (03), Moraceae (03) Rosaceae(03), Zigiberaceae (02), Cythraceae (02) Myrtaceae (03), Rosaceae (03), Solanaceae (03), Oleaceae(02),Amaranthaceae (02), Sapindaceae (02), Phyllantheceae (02), Crosslaceae (02), Papavaraceae, piperaceae, nehmbanaceae, hypericaea each one remaining families have each one single species. Most of the time medicinal plants are utilized in the fresh or dried state, the most frequently used traditional medicine preparations are powders, concentrated extracts or pastes, juices, decoction and oil or fats. The medicines are given orally or by external applications. The methods and period of administration may be widely different. The dosage and duration of intake of these crude drugs may slightly
vary from one healer to another. Most popular method of application of plant material is the direct application.
5. CONCLUSION
Although medicinal plants are safe, many other plants are not, so it is important to research their toxicity before consuming them. The therapy of various illnesses may benefit from this examination of ethnomedical data. Just a small number of people are practicing with minimal knowledge that was passed down verbally from their elders. In order to isolate the active compounds for an effective therapy, scientists, drug designers, medicinal plant boards, and other scientific bodies might use the documented information.
REFERENCE
District, Tamilnadu, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2010; 14:774-80. 7.
India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2010; 14: 920-41. 9.
Suresh Babu Emandi*, Dr. G. Sumalatha, Pasalapudi Lakshmi Poojitha, Pedde Kusumanjali, Penki Anusha, Peruvalli Bhargvi, Polavarapu Pooja Pranathi, An Overview of Medicinal Plants Available in Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Near Airport Rajahendravaram & Rural Areas, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 9, 3436-3543 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17227159
10.5281/zenodo.17227159
