IVMs, Krishnarao Bhegade Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Talegaon Dabhade.
Pelargonium genus (Geraniaceae) comprises about 750 species that are growing wild in temperate and subtropical climates. Pelargonium endlicherianum this species which grows on stony, rocky, and sloping land was collected in August 2012. Pelargonium Endlicherianum is the hardiest species of Pelargonium. It can withstand the winter climate in much of the UK, providing it is planted in a position that avoids heavy rainfall. This makes it a good species for the alpine house.Roots of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl were collected from Kaledibi Village, Iskenderun, Hatay in Turkey, in May 2014. In Turkish Folk Medicine, the decoction prepared from the roots and fresh flowers of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl., known as "solucanotu" by local people in Turkey, has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitism in small ruminants. Pelargonium endlicherianum growing in Turkey is completely natural and uncultivated. These species have a rhizome root structure. The probability of germination is weak. It is usually distributed by rhizomes. Pelargonium endlicherianum from this genus naturally grows in Turkey and N. Iraq. These species are perennial herbaceous or semi-woody bushes, have different colored flowers (red, fire red, orange-red, pink, and white-edged), and fruit beaked, splitting from base to apex into 5 mericarps. Pelargonium endlicherianum was collected from Hakkari in the C9 grid of Flora of Turkey.
There are two recorded species of Pelargoniums (Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. and Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew.) known in Turkishflora. Pelargonium endlicherianum is known by the common name solucanotu (tansy) in Turkey; the decoction prepared from its roots and the fresh flowers of the plant is traditionally used to treat intestinal parasites [1]. Many Pelargonium species, hybrids, and cultures derived from them have fragrant leaves that produce Pelargonium endlicherianum essential oil (PEO). The geranium essential oil obtained from Pelargonium species is known to be significantly beneficial in the treatment of the skin for fungal and general infections, acne, burns, bruises shingles, eczema, and dermatitis. The flowers of Pelargonim endlicherianum Fenzl. (Geraniaceae) are used as a traditional medicine for intestinal parasites among people [2]. Pelargonium endlicherianum growing in Turkey is completely natural and uncultivated. These species have a rhizome root structure. The fruit is beaked and they have poured into the surroundings after maturity. The probability of germination is weak. It is usually distributed by rhizomes. Pelargonium endlicherianum from this genus naturally grows in Turkey and North Iraq. These species are perennial herbaceous or semi-woody bushes, have different colored flowers (red, fire red, orange-red, pink, and white-edged), and fruit beaked, splitting from base to apex into 5 mericarps. In a preliminary study of the family Geraniceae, Bortenschlager (1967) demonstrated that, in the compound light microscope, pollen morphology among the different genera was heterogeneous. At the same time, Pelargonium endlicherianum was collected from Hakkari in the C9 grid of Flora of Turkey [3]. Pelargonium is a genus of plants in the family Geraniaceae and the order Geraniales which mostly occur in Africa and Australia. The genus consists of five main clades: A1, A2, B, C1, and C2, as shown in a phylogenetic tree constructed by Bakker et al (2004). In their study, Bakker et al (2004) have described the geographic distributions of these different Pelargonium clades. Clade A is the biggest, and all of its species are found in South Africa. Clade B contains mostly small annual weeds, and apart from the southern-African species it also contains species that are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and St. Helena. Dispersal events are likely to have happened within this clade. Clade C2, mostly distributed in southern and eastern Africa, has some disjunct distribution patterns. The species Pelargonium endlicherianum and Pelargonium quercetorum are found in Asia Minor, and their closest sister, Pelargonium caylae, is found in Madagascar. The sister to these three is Pelargonium karooicum, which occurs in Southern Africa. Pelargonium insularis is found on Socotra, and its close relatives Pelargonium quinquelobatum and Pelargonium multibracteatum, occur in Ethiopia, while most species in clade C remain in Africa. Some notable biological events are behind this distribution. Another phylogeny of Pelargonium was reconstructed in 2012 using five markers: rbcL, matK, ndhF, rpoC1, and trnL-F. It is similar to earlier reconstructions, except the modern methods have shown much better support for the clades. The newest Pelargonium phylogenetic tree was constructed by Kerke et al (2019). This phylogenetic tree still supports the five clades found by Bakker et al (2004) and does not contradict the clade C2 distributions[4]Pelargonium endlicherianum, though it is a larger plant – the increase in size may come from Pelargonium quercetorum. Like both parents, it is quite cold and hardy. Its method of dormancy is inherited from Pelargonium quercetorum and hence it has no problem with warm spells in winter. It also appears to have inherited heat tolerance from Pelargonium quercetorum and does well in full sun or partial shade. Like Pelargonium endlicherianum, it flowers from late spring into July, and even more profusely than that parent[5]. Natural Flowering Period: June -August[6]. One of the wild species, pelargonium endlicherianum (local name "solucanotu"), and the decoction is prepared from the roots and fresh flowers.Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. (Geraniaceae) belongs to the family Geraniaceae which has about 750 species scattered widely around the world growing as annuals. Members of the family occur mostly in temperate and subtropical climates and have many important medicinal features[7].
Morphology Description:
This hardy variety if kept in a crevice or on the drier side through winter has grown in our rock garden retaining wall for a few years now. It is very reluctant to produce seed so we only have a few each year for sale. This is also a great addition to the alpine house.(Morphology of Pelargonium Endlicherianum is shown in Fig(1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4, 1.5).
Flowering time: Summer
Hardiness: Hardy – if kept as above
Height: 30cm
Spread: 20cm
Common Name: soluncanto ,Geraniospermum endlicherianum, Kuntze.
Life Cycle: Perennial
Family: Geraniaceae
Foliage: palmate
Basic Colour: ( pink )
Flower Color: pink
Natural Flowering: May – July
Winter Hardiness: Fully Hardy
Height with Flowers: 35cm
Soil Requirements: Well-drained / average/dry
Soil pH: Acid/alkaline / neutral
Location: Mediterranean / container/rock garden
Usage: ornamental
Pruning: Cut back after flowering
Tolerates: Drought tolerant / deer resistance/rabbit resistance
Origin: Turkey, Armenia
Weight: 100 g
Climate: Fully hardy -12c
Flowering season - Summer
Height: 10-30cm
Planting area: Crevice / Walls, Drought / Sandy
Position - Full / midday sun, Morning/afternoon sun
Flower Colour-Pink [8].
Fig1.1: Young plant of Pelargonium Endlicherianum
Fig1.2: Older plants might lose the caudex
Fig1.3: Nice, little, and round caudex of a young seedling and the year after
Fig1.4: Large Plant of Pelargonium Endlicherianum
Fig1.5: Flower of Pelargonium Endlicherianum
These species are perennial herbaceous or semi-woody bushes, have different colored flowers (red, fire red, orange-red, pink, and white-edged), and fruit beaked, splitting from base to apex into 5 mericarps. Pelargonium endlicherianum was collected from Hakkari in the C9 grid of Flora of Turkey[9].
Geographic Distribution:
Nowadays we Roots of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. were collected from Kaledibi Village, Iskenderun, Hatay in Turkey, in May 2014. A voucher specimen (24520) authenticated by Prof. Dr. Hayri Dumani was deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. In Turkish Folk Medicine, the decoction is prepared from the roots and fresh flowers of Pelargonium endlicherianum(9). Pelargonium endlicherianum which is growing stony, rocky, and sloping land was collected in August 2012.Pelargonium endlicherianum is the hardiest species of Pelargonium. It can withstand the winter climate in much of the UK, providing it is planted in a position that avoids heavy rainfall. This makes it a good species for the alpine house. An ordinary, well-drained soil will suit. Ensure it receives plenty of sun to allow the rhizome to ripen[10]Here Pelargonium Endlicherianum is planted in a raised border with a free-draining soil with other alpine plants such as Penstemon montanus, Parahebe lyallii, and Phlox douglasii. Protection is provided in winter as previously described[11]. The habitats of Pelargonium endlicherianum have yearly rainfalls ranging from almost twice to five times the amount of Los Lunas. Summers are warm. It remains dormant until spring, even through warm spells in winter against which it is probably protected by the deep snow prevalent in its region. Pelargonium endlicherianum, on the other hand, has a different strategy: with the first autumn frosts this species does not lose all its basal foliage; the leaves retained become thick and rugose, and will remain on the plant throughout the winter unless the air temperature drops below -13 C, at which point the plant drops all its leaves. But the crucial point with this species is that it is dormant only so long as the ambient temperature remains below the point at which vegetative growth is suspended – about 5 C – or at least does not rise and stay above that temperature long enough to induce the plant to break dormancy. In parts of its range, winter cold is not always accompanied by reliable snow cover. The lack of unbroken cold spells for the duration that Pelargonium endlicherianum needs to complete its dormancy requirement, and excessively high summertime heat[5]. These seeds germinate rapidly depending on species and origin. If germination does not occur after 3–4 weeks a cooling period of 2–4 weeks is recommended[6].
Cultivation :
Pelargonium Endlicherianum which is growing on stony, rocky, and sloping land was collected in August 2012. Pelargonium Endlicherianum is the hardiest species of Pelargonium. It can withstand the winter climate in much of the UK, providing it is planted in a position that avoids heavy rainfall. This makes it a good species for the alpine house. An ordinary, well-drained soil will suit. Ensure it receives plenty of sun to allow the rhizome to ripen[10]. Here Pelargonium endlicherianum is planted in a raised border with a free-draining soil with other alpine plants such as Penstemon montanus, Parahebe lyallii, and Phlox douglasii. Protection is provided in winter as previously described[11].
Collection :
Roots of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. were collected from Kaledibi Village, Iskenderun, Hatay in Turkey, in May 2014. A voucher specimen (24520) authenticated by Prof. Dr. Hayri Duman is deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. Pelargonium endlicherianum which is growing stony, rocky, and sloping land was collected in August 2012[9].
Extraction Method:
Preparation of the extracts:
The dried Pelargonium endlicherianum root (500?g) was powdered
250?g of plant material was extracted with 750?mL of 70% methanol (shown in table1.1)
The same amount of plant material was extracted with 750?mL of 11% ethanol (shown in table1.1)
For 24?h at 40?°C in a water bath with shaking
By using the same batch of starting material repeat this procedure 3 times
The resultant filtrates were combined and the solvent was removed under a vacuum (40?°C)
The 70% Methanol extract (53.44?g) was then fractioned with ethyl acetate and butanol
Both the ethyl acetate and butanol solvent were evaporated to dryness under a vacuum
All extracts were lyophilized and stored at ?20?°C until analysis [1].
Table1.1: The yeilds and amount of total phenol of Pelargonium end licherianum
|
Extract |
Yield % |
Amount of total phenol (reggae/texture) |
|
11%ethanol |
1.5 |
20.92 ± 2.42 |
|
70%methanol |
7.2 |
130.50 ± 2.49 |
Phytoconstituents:
2, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Caffeic acid, Homovanillic acid , Apocynin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Vanillic acid, Ferulic acid, Quercetin, Gallic acid [1].
Uses:
The presence of phenols and the methanol extract of Pelargonium endlicherianum displayed a higher antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The reason for this activity could be due to the presence of large amounts of phenolic compounds in 70% methanol extract Pelargonium endlicherianum. the presence of phenols and the methanol extract of Pelargonium endlicherianum displayed a higher antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms. The reason for this activity could be due to the presence of large amounts of phenolic compounds in 70% methanol extract Pelargonium endlicherianum[7]. Pelargonium endlicherianum is rich in apocynin and probably exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of LPS-induced activation MAP kinase signaling pathways over apocynin[12]. Pelargonium endlicherianum might be a useful herbal medicine for dissecting inflammation-related pathologies. Pelargonium endlicherianum might be a useful herbal medicine for dissecting inflammation-related pathologies[13]. Pelargonium endlicherianum is used as an ornamental plant in gardens due to its attractive foliage and flowers. It is also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as fever, headache, and stomachache[14].
Adverse Effect:
There is no Adverse Effect of Pelargonium Endlicherianum.
Marketed Formulation:
Marketed formulations of Pelargonium Endlicherianum. To date not available.
Homemade Remedies:
A member of the geranium family, pelargonium is native to South Africa and grows throughout the Eastern Cape. Pelargonium has scented, green leaves and is easy to grow, being popular with gardeners in hanging baskets! Pelargonium (or Umckaloabo) has long been used by Zulu tribes for a variety of illnesses and ailments. It first made its appearance in the UK in the 1920's when an Englishman Charles Stevens who was suffering from tuberculosis made a trip to South Africa in search of a cure. He returned home fully recovered after taking pelargonium. By 1931 he had employed people to manufacture his remedy as lozenges and capsules. Today pelargonium is used as a natural alternative to antibiotics for treating symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. This includes colds, coughs, and sore throats as well as helping to prevent secondary infections such as bronchitis[15].
CONCLUSION:
Pelargonium Endlicherianum is the hardiest species of Pelargonium. Roots of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. were collected from Kaledibi Village, Iskenderun, Hatay in Turkey, in May 2014. In Turkish Folk Medicine, the decoction prepared from the roots and fresh flowers of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl., known as "solucanotu" by local people in Turkey, has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitism in small ruminants. Pelargonium endlicherianum is planted in a raised border with free-draining soil with other alpine plants. Protection is provided in winter as previously described. The habitats of Pelargonium endlicherianum have yearly rainfalls ranging from almost twice to five times the amount of Los Lunas. Summers are warm. It remains dormant until spring, even though warm spells in winter against which it is probably protected by the deep snow prevalent in its region. Pelargonium endlicherianum this species which grows on stony, rocky, and sloping land was collected in August 2012.Phytoconstituents of this plant are Gallic acid,2,3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Caffeic acid, Homovanillic acid, Apocynin,1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl, glucose, Vanillic acid, Ferulic acid, Quercetin. Marketed formulations of this plant are to date not available. There is no Adverse Effect of Pelargonium Endlicherianum. Today pelargonium is used as a natural alternative to antibiotics for treating symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. This includes colds, coughs, and sore throats as well as helping to prevent secondary infections such as bronchitis.
REFERENCES
Pratik Bhaik*, Rutuja Bhaik, Pranay Pukle, Pranav Batwal, Priyanka Panmand, A Review on an overview on Pelargonium Endlicherianum, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 12, 2525-2532. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14528027
10.5281/zenodo.14528027
