A Review on Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens Glandulifera)

Abstract

Impatiens glandulifera belongs to family Balsaminaceae. It is found in the foothills of the western Himalaya, i.e. India, Pakistan, Nepal and also in European countries. Different parts of the plant has been used to treat various ailments. It is effective in joint pain. Plant seeds are chewed or seed oil is used as tonic and for the treatment of anxiety. The root extract or paste made from roots are applied to cool hands and feet. Roots, leaves and flowers powders and decoctions are used for depression and hypnosis. It is very good antidote for snake bites. Paste of leaves is applied externally to treat burns. The infusion from flowers is used for eye washes. Flowers are used as cathartic, diuretic, and emetic. Impatiens glandulifera has been reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer activity and also effective for some nervous system disorders. The main phytoconstituents found in plant are flavonoids, quinones, terpenes, sterols, coumarins, fatty acids, volatile compounds, essential oils.

Keywords

Introduction

Fig. 1. Impatiens glandulifera’s morphology.

A Whole plant, b. Detail of flower and capsules, c. Leaves, d. Seeds

Table 1: Various secondary metabolites identified in Impatiens glandulifera[5]

Phytochemistry

Table 2: Structure of Phycochemicals

Fig. 2 Kaempferol	Fig. 3 Astragalin	Fig. 4 Quercetin	Fig. 5 Isoquercitrin
Fig. 6 Hyperoside	Fig. 7 Caffeic acid	Fig. 8 Cinnamic acid	Fig. 9 Gallic acid
Fig. 10 Salicylic acid	Fig. 11 Vanillic acid	Fig. 12 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	Fig. 13 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
Fig. 14 Palmitic acid	Fig. 15 Stearic acid	Fig. 16 Linolenic acid	Fig. 17 Arachidic acid
Fig. 18 α-Terpinyl acetate	Fig. 19 Linalool	Fig. 20 Borneol	Fig. 21 β-Phellandrene
Fig. 22 Butylphthalide	Fig. 23 (Z)-Ligustilide	Fig. 24 Glucose	Fig. 25 Galactose
Fig. 26 Xylose	Fig. 27 Arabinose	Fig. 28 α-Spinasterol	Fig. 29 Parinaric acid

Ethnopharmacological Activities

I. gl?ndulif?r? demonstr?t?s th?r???uti? ?ffi???y in joint ??in m?n?gem?nt. As both ? g?n?r?l toni? ?nd t?rg?t?d tr??tm?nt, s??ds ?r? ?h?w?d to ?ddr?ss ?n?i?ty ?nd joint dis?omfort. Through st?nd?rdiz?d ?r???r?tion m?thods, ?owd?red roots/l??v?s/flow?r d??o?tions fun?tion ?s ?sy?hotro?i? ?djuv?nts ?nd v?nom ?ount?rm??sur?s. E?t?rn?l ???li??tion of l??v?s show good results in burn rem?di?tion. O?hth?lmi? solutions d?riv?d from flor?l infusions demonstr?t? s?nitizing ?ro??rti?s. Th? s???i?s' blossoms ?r? furth?r em?loy?d in ?rthr?lgi? mitig?tion ?longsid? ?urg?tiv?, em?ti? and diur?ti? int?rv?ntions. Flow?rs are also incorporated into sn?k?bit? ?ntidot?s. L??f-b?s?d ?r???r?tions ?rovid? lo??liz?d ?ooling through ??id?rm?l ???li??tion. Nutrition?l utiliz?tion ??tt?rns ?onfirm th? ?l?nt's fruits, s??ds, foli?g? and stems ?s vi?bl? di?t?ry ?om?on?nts.[10]

Biological Activity

Antioxidant activity

Thr?? ??tr??tion mod?liti?s—So?hl?t, ultr?sound-?ssist?d, ?nd ????l?r?t?d solv?nt w?r? system?ti??lly ?om??red for ?h?noli? ??id r??ov?ry from I. gl?ndulif?r? flor?l and v?g?t?tiv? tissu?s. O??r?tion?l ??r?m?t?rs (80-120°C, 100 b?r) ?rodu??d TPAC v?lu?s of 188.07-281.82 µg/mL, with So?hl?t-d?riv?d flow?r ??tr??ts ??hibiting ???k DPPH n?utr?liz?tion (IC₅₀ 0.06 mg/mL). HPLC-ESI–MS/MS ?rofiling id?ntifi?d ?roto??t??hui? ??id ?s th? domin?nt ?onstitu?nt, ???om??ni?d by gentilic acid, trans-caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, cis-ferulic acid, cis-caffeic acid, gallic acid and 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid as ?n?ill?ry ?h?noli? ??ids showing tissu?-s???ifi? distribution ??tt?rns.[7] M?th?nol ??tr??tion of ??ri?l ??rts yi?ld?d 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, aempferol 3-O-glucoside (astragalin), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercetin), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin), kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosyldiglucoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (trifolin), hyperoside, eriodictyol, and eriodictyol 7-O-β-D-glucoside ?h?noli? ?om?ounds, th?ir ?ntio?id?nt ?ot?nti?l qu?ntifi?d through du?l r?di??l ?ss?ys. Isoqu?r??tin em?rg?d ?s th? most ?ot?nt ?g?nt, demonstr?ting IC₅₀ v?lu?s of 0.11 mg/mL (DPPH) ?nd 0.01 mg/mL (ATBS). This ?om?ound ?lust?r in?luding hy??rosid? ?nd ?riodi?tyol d?riv?tiv?s highlights th? s???i?s' div?rs? ?hyto?hemi??l r???rtoir?.[8] Ess?nti?l oil hydrodistill?tion from ??ri?l stru?tur?s ?rodu??d sup?rior ?ntio?id?nt out?om?s v?rsus root-d?riv?d ?quiv?l?nts, ?vid?n??d by DPPH IC₅₀ 3.96 µg/mL ?nd linol?i? ??id inhibition ?t 102.08 µg/mL. GC-MS ?n?lysis of th? 0.22% w/yi?ld oil id?ntifi?d β-?h?ll?ndr?n? (7.4%) ?nd α-t?r?inyl ???t?t? (16.6%) ?s m?jor ?onstitu?nts, with ?rom?ti? vol?til?s ?om?rising 23% of th? tot?l ?hyto?om?l??.[9] An?lysis r?v??l?d ?ronoun??d ?ntio?id?nt ??tivity in ?st?rifi?d fr??tions from I. gl?ndulif?r? s??d, l??f ?nd root ??tr??ts. Not?bly, DPPH r?di??l s??v?nging ?ffi???y w?s most ?ronoun??d in th? l??f-d?riv?d f?tty ??id fr??tion (IC₅₀ 11.69 µg/mL), with m?t?l ?h?l?tion ?????ity ???king ?t IC₅₀ 5.49 µg/mL. GC-MS/FID qu?ntifi??tion id?ntifi?d α-linol?ni? ??id domin?n?? (40.5%) within this bio??tiv? ?rofil?.[11] Polys???h?rid? ??tr??tion m?thodologi?s w?r? o?timiz?d through hydro?l?oholi? m???r?tion ?nd ultr?sound-?ssist?d t??hniqu?s. GC-FID ?h?r??t?riz?tion demonstr?t?d g?l??turoni? ??id ?s th? ?rim?ry monos???h?rid? ??ross Im??ti?ns s???i?s, with I. gl?ndulif?r? yi?lding m??im?l ?on??ntr?tions. Subs?qu?nt in-vitro ?v?lu?tion ?onfirm?d sup?rior ?ntio?id?nt ??rform?n?? in th?s? ?olys???h?rid? m?tri??s.[12]

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities

R?s??r?h?rs isol?t?d ?olys???h?rid?s from ??ri?l ??rts ?nd roots of I. gl?ndulif?r?, demonstr?ting ? 32.7% redu?tion in IL-8 ???r?ssion within LPS-stimul?t?d hum?n n?utro?hils ?t 50 µg/mL ?on??ntr?tions during in vitro t?sting. Cytoto?i?ity ?ss?ssm?nts r?v??l?d no ?dv?rs? ?ff??ts on ??ll vi?bility ?t this dos?g?, ?onfirming bio?om??tibility.[12] Th? findings sugg?st o?timiz?d th?r???uti? ?ot?nti?l through t?rg?t?d infl?mm?tory ??thw?y modul?tion.

Antimicrobial activity

An?lysis r?v??ls th? ??ri?l ??rts ??tr??t of Im??ti?ns gl?ndulif?r? ??hibit?d no m??sur?bl? im???t on Gr?m-n?g?tiv? b??t?ri?l growth. Antib??t?ri?l ?ffi???y ?g?inst Gr?m-?ositiv? ??thog?ns was demonstr?t?d through ?g?r dilution t?sting, t?rg?ting S. ?ur?us, S. ??id?rmidis, M. lut?us, B. subtilis, B. ??r?us, Str. ?n?umoni??, ?nd Str. ?yog?n?s. Bro?d-s???trum ?ntimi?robi?l ??tivity ?h?r??t?riz?s I. gl?ndulif?r?, with o??r?tion?l thr?sholds r?v??ling str?t?gi? ?ot?nti?l. Minimum inhibitory ?on??ntr?tions r?ng?d from 250 to 1000 µg/ml ??ross r?f?r?n?? str?ins, findings sugg?sting mild to mod?r?t? bio??tivity gr?di?nts.[13]

Antineoplastic activity

Ph?rm??ologi??l ?rofiling of I. gl?ndulif?r? s??d d?riv?tiv?s r?v??l?d trit?r??noid fr??tions from ??trol?um ?th?r ??tr??ts (45-60°C) ??hibit?d height?n?d ?ffi???y ?g?inst HL-60 ?nd HL-60/MX2 l?ukemi? models, dis?l?ying IC₅₀ r?ng?s from 11.69-88.07 µg/mL. Chrom?ti? ?n?lysis ?onfirm?d α-s?in?st?rol ???t?t? ?s th? domin?nt ?om?ound within th?s? bio??tiv? fr??tions, ?onstituting 21.63% of th? isol?t?d m?t?ri?l.[11] Cytoto?i?ity ?v?lu?tions demonstr?t?d ?nh?n??d ??tivity in ?thyl ???t?t? stem ??tr??ts from I. gl?ndulif?r? ??ross A-549, U373, ?nd SMEL-28 ??ll lines, with stem-d?riv?d m?t?ri?l showing sup?rior ?ot?n?y (m?di?n IC₅₀ 33 μg/mL). Two k?y ?hyto?onstitu?nts—2-m?tho?y-1,4-n??hthoquinon? ?nd s?in?st?rol w?r? isol?t?d through t?rg?t?d fr??tion?tion of stems, l??v?s, ?nd roots. Also, gl?ndulif?rin A ?nd B w?r? uniqu?ly id?ntifi?d in stem ??tr??ts. Ag?inst SMEL-28 m?l?nom? lines, 2-m?tho?y-1,4-n??hthoquinon? em?rg?d ?s th? ?rim?ry ?ytoto?i? ?g?nt, ??hi?ving IC₅₀ v?lu?s b?tw??n 2-3 µg/mL.[14]

This ?r?s?nts ?n o??ortunity to ???lor? stru?tur?-??tivity r?l?tionshi?s within th? trit?r??noid class for th?r???uti? d?v?lo?m?nt.

Antidepressant and anxiolytic activities

Proto??t??hui? ??id ?nd hy??rosid?, isol?t?d from I. gl?ndulif?r?'s ?th?noli? ??tr??t demonstr?t?d ?ntid??r?ss?nt ?ffi???y in Albino Swiss mi??. Immobility tim? d??r??s?d signifi??ntly ?t 1.875 mg/kg intr???riton??l dos?s during Forced Swim Test ?nd Tail Suspension Test ?v?lu?tions. The hi??o??m??l Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor l?v?ls in?r??s?d subst?nti?lly ?t ?l?v?t?d dos?s of 3.75 mg/kg ?nd 7.5 mg/kg. This m??h?nism ?????rs ??ntr?l to th? obs?rv?d n?uror?gul?tory ?ff??ts, with BDNF u?r?gul?tion s?rving ?s ? ?rob?bl? m??h?nisti? ??thw?y for mood disord?r rem?di?tion.[15]

CONCLUSION

The plant Impatiens glandulifera consist a variety of phytoconstituents. Since much research work has not been done on plant and very less literature is available. The studies exhibit the different type of compounds like flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenoids, peptides and activities that has been reported, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects are the most frequent. Ethnobotanical information can guide to explore this plant for phytoconstituents and pharmacological screening and to make use of this plant in vivo pharmacological study may be conducted. It is concluded that the plant is of many uses.

Abbreviations

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