A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Syrup

CONCEPT OF MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM :[3]

MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM :

The monophasic liquid lozenge form is a homogeneous admixture of result made by dissolving the solute in the applicable detergent phase, which contain two or further factors in single phases. Another name for the monophasic result is the genuine result. saccharinity, panaceas, fusions, linctus and gargles, mouthwash, embrocation, nose drops, and observance drops are some of the different kinds of monophasic cure forms that can be used external or internally.

Advantages :

• Because it a liquid lozenge form, it can be fluently administered through any system (parenteral, oral, etc.).
• The drug is formerly in the form a result, its immersion rate is quicker than that of a solid lozenge form.
• Compared to other biphasic liquid lozenge forms (similar as suspense or conflation), the livery cure distribution is more accurate since it's homogenous.
• Compared to suspense or conflation the expression is yield is important simpler or quicker.

Disadvantages :[4]

• further grueling to store and carry than solid lozenge form. It must be kept in a dark, cool, position.
• Oxidation or hydrolysis lower the stability of this kind of dosage.as a result, their expiration date is shorter than that of solid lozenge form.
• There are several significant problems similar as microbial growth and rush.

SYRUP :[5,6]

The syrup is an aqueous solution containing sugar, either with or without pharmaceutical components. The sugar content of the syrup is high, at 66.7% w/w as per I.P. The solution, which is 85% w/v as per U.S.P, is heated to prepare it. It is warmed to the right temperature and then kept in a dry, cool place in a tightly closed container to keep out moisture and unwanted particles. A thick liquid made from a sugar solution is called syrup. Concentrated sucrose solutions that are viscous and sweet are known as synthetic sucrose syrup.

Simple syrup

When mixed with 100 milliliters of water, it contains 66.7% sucrose by weight. That cough medication is delivered as a thick sweet syrup. A sweet syrup is made by adding sugar to it.

A nearly saturated water solution of sugar, like sucrose, with or without added flavor or medicine, is known as syrup.

The syrup is referred to as medicated syrup when it contains additional therapeutic ingredients. When it's concentrated, it has a texture like molasses. Flavored syrup is used to add taste and is not meant to be used for medicine, but it includes ingredients that give it flavor. It's important that the sugar level gets close to but doesn't reach the maximum it can hold. For many microbes, sucrose is a great nutrient in diluted solution. Conversely, its concentrated solution slows their growth. When the temperature changes, a saturated solution can make some of the sucrose form crystals.

Difference between syrup IP and syrup USP [7]

Table:1

QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR SYRUP :

1. Clean and Purified Vehicle (Water) :

Water is the main vehicle used in the preparation of syrups. It must be cleaned and purified to remove microorganisms and particulate matter. In making medicines, the water is cleaned and made very pure before it is used. Quality control professionals routinely test the water to ensure its purity and safety. The prepared syrup is filtered again before bottling to ensure product quality.

2. Light Transmittance Meter :

A light transmittance meter is a tool that helps check the colour quality of syrup by measuring how much light goes through a sample of syrup. The amount of light that passes through is checked against standard numbers for various syrup quality levels. During the test, the sample should be free from bubbles or cloudiness, and the test bottle should be clean and free from fingerprints, as these factors can reduce light transmission and affect the result.

3. Visual Inspection :

Visual inspection is a key part of ensuring quality in syrup making. During this process, both the ingredients and the final product are thoroughly checked for purity and appearance. The way the product looks matters a lot because it can affect how patients feel about it and whether they stick to their treatment. So, the syrup needs to look clear, have a nice colour, and appear stylish.

4. pH Measurement :

pH measurement is an important part of checking the quality of syrups. It helps ensure the product stays safe and stable. The pH indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the syrup. Two usual ways are used to check the pH level. The first way is to use pH paper. You put the paper into the sample, and then you check the colour it turns to. You compare that colour with a chart that shows what each colour means. The second way is using a pH meter, which is an electronic tool that gives a more accurate measurement of pH by using a glass electrode.

5. Physical Stability in Syrup :

Physical stability is crucial to ensure that syrups maintain their quality during storage. A stable syrup should not show microbial growth or sugar crystallization. The syrup needs to stay clear, and every ingredient should dissolve fully in the mixture. In addition, the syrup should have a good taste and smell so that patients are more likely to take it.

6. Sucrose Concentration :

The amount of sucrose in the syrup is a key part of making sure the product is good quality. If there is too much sugar, it can cause crystals to form, but if there is not enough sugar, it might allow bad bacteria to grow. Therefore, the amount of sucrose must be carefully controlled and analyzed. Analytical methods such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV spectroscopy are frequently employed to measure sucrose concentration.

7. By Using HPLC :

Using HPLC, which stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography, is a dependable way to check for sucrose in syrup. It can tell if sucrose is present and measure how much is there. In this method, the sample is tested, and the peaks that are found are checked against known sucrose peaks to make sure that sucrose is present. The area under the peak is also used to determine the amount of sucrose present in the sample.

8. By Using UV Spectrometer :[8]

Using a UV spectrometer, another way to find out how much sucrose is in syrup is by doing UV spectroscopy. This method is based on the Beer–Lambert law, which relates the absorbance of light to the concentration of a substance in solution. By checking how much light is absorbed at a certain wavelength and using values that show how much light sucrose absorbs, you can figure out how much sucrose is in the sample.

HERBAL MEDICINAL PLANT:[9]

The study of medicines made from plants and the use of healing herbs is called herbal medicine or herbalism. For most of human history, this has served as the foundation for medical treatments; this form of traditional medicine is still widely used today. Many chemicals made from plants are used in modern medicine as the basis for medicines that are supported by scientific evidence. There are not many good clinical studies or official guidelines about the purity or correct amount to use, even though some people in herbal medicine might use modern ways to test how well plants and natural medicines work. Minerals, shells, various animal parts, fungi, and bee products are sometimes included in the scope of herbal therapy.

Phytotherapy and phytomedicine are other names for herbal medicine. Para herbalism is a type of alternative and not scientifically supported practice that uses raw plant or animal extracts as untested medicines or ways to improve health. In standard pharmacology, herbalism differs from plant-derived medications in that it does not isolate or standardize biologically active compounds; instead, it is based on the unproven theory that preserving different substances from a particular source with less processing is safer or more effective. Most typically, herbal food supplements are classified as phytotherapy.

Bryophyllum pinnatum  : [10]

Bryophyllum pinnatum  is one of the most important medicinal plants in the family Crassulaceae. It is also known as Bryophyllum pinnatum  and is commonly called the "love plant," miracle leaf, life plant, and other names. This plant, which is commonly used in traditional medicine across Nigeria, is known in the local area as the “never die plant.” Traditional healers often utilize this herb, with its components including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, bufadienolides, and organic acids, among other substances. It is also used in ayurvedic medicine to treat bleeding disorders, ulcers, and diarrhea. common health issues include abscesses, insect bites, colds, asthma, skin problems, and high blood pressure. primary chemical.

It is a perennial herb that can grow up to a maximum height of about one meter. The youngest stems are shaped like cylinders; they are juicy and a bright red colour. It can be found all over the world, especially in rainforests. Ittastes sour and astringent. Ash had the lowest nutrient value, while carbohydrate levels were the highest in both fresh and dried Bryophyllum pinnatum  leaves.

In both fresh and dried samples, the amount of lead and zinc is low, while theamount of calcium and potassium is high. Due to the presence of several chemical components, the plant Bryophyllum pinnatum  is capable of being used to treat various ailments. The leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum  display several pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-nociceptive, anti-hypertensive, and neuroprotective effects.

Bryophyllum pinnatum  makes leaves that are fresh, simple, or complex. At the end of the stalk, there are branches with clusters of bell-shaped parts. The plant makes fruits that are covered with a thin membrane and are paper-like, having four thin sections inside. Some of Bryophyllum's pharmacological actions are discussed in this review. shaped, drooping flowers.

Figure: 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum

Plant Profile : [11]

Kingdom: plantae – plants

Subkingdom: tracheobionta – vascular plants

Division: spermatophyta – seed plants

Subdivision: magnoliophyte – flowering plants

Class: magnoliopsida – dicotyledons

Subclass: rosidae Order: rosales

Family: crassulaceae – stonecrop

Geneus: Bryophyllum

Species: Bryopyllum pinnatum [linn] Oken.

Chemical Constituents : [12]

• Flavonoid glycosides
• Anthocyanins
• Coumarins
• Bufadienolides {cardiac glycosides}
• Phenolic acids and megastigmane
• Sterols, triterpenes, phenanthrenes
• Organic salts
• Fatty acids

Boerhaavia diffusa : [13]

Boerhaavia L. The family Nyctaginaceae includes a genus with 40 species that are found in tropical and subtropical areas. These plants grow naturally in many different types of land environments, such as forest clearings, empty land, farmed grasslands, and agricultural areas. India, Brazil, Africa, Australia, China, Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, the United States, Iran, and other Middle Eastern nations are among the tropical and subtropical regions where the plant thrives as a weed. According to reports, six of these species of Boerhaavia are mentioned. diffusa, b. chinensis, b. erecta, b. repens, b. rependa and b. rubicunda occur in India.

The Atharvaveda referred to b. The plant is called Punarnava, which means "one that rejuvenates the old body," because the top part of the plant dries up in the summer and grows again during the rainy season. The plant was named after a famous Dutch surgeon from the 18th century called Hermann Boerhaave. A preparation made from the entire plant of 'Punarnava', which is officially recognized by the Indian Pharmacopoeia. diffusa, either fresh or dried. b. Diffusa l is a plant that grows year after year. It spreads along the ground with branches that can reach up to 1 meter in length. These branches can lie flat on the ground or stand upright. The stems are round, can be hard or fleshy, and are thick at the points where the leaves connect.

They are covered in hair and often have a purple color. The leaves are shaped like oval or rounded shapes, sometimes with a heart-like base, and their edges can be smooth, wavy, or have small waves; they can be as big as 5.5 centimeters long and 3.3 centimeters wide; each leaf is a single piece, thick, fleshy, and covered with fine hairs, growing in pairs that are not even; the top side is green and smooth, while the bottom side is usually white and hairless. In the development of the inflorescence, the calyx and corolla are replaced by a short, narrow, tubular perianth that is funnel-shaped at the top and constricted above the ovary; the flowers are small, subcapitate, and occur in groups of 4 to 10 within small bracteolate umbels, forming axillary and terminal panicles; they are hermaphrodite, pedicellate, and have a pink or pinkish-red color. The five tiny, sharp lobes are present.

There are two or three somewhat long stamens. Peltate is the stigma. The fruit is detachable, shaped like an egg or oval, slightly longer than wide, covered with fine hairs, has five ribs, and small glands. It is also sticky along the ribs and is a type of achene fruit.

Figure: 2 Boerhaavia diffusa

Chemical Constituents : [14]

• Flavonoids
• Alkaloids
• Steroids
• Triterpenoids
• Lipids
• Lignins
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Glycoproteins
• Punarnavine
• Ursolic Acid

Pharmacological Activity :

• Diuretic activity
• Hepatoprotective activity
• Neuroprotective activity
• Fibrinolytic activity
• Anti nociceptive activity

MATERIAL AND METHOD : [15]