A Review On 'Mukul Myrrh Tree' Formulations Used in Ayurveda

Parvez Shaikh, Pabitra Bhandari, Pratiksha Phad, Dnyaneshwari Jadhav, Pranit Waware,

doi:10.5281/zenodo.15381983

Review Paper | Open Access
Volume 03 | Issue 05 | Article Id IJPS/250304633

A Review On 'Mukul Myrrh Tree' Formulations Used in Ayurveda "(Guggulu)"
Parvez Shaikh* Pabitra Bhandari Pratiksha Phad Dnyaneshwari Jadhav Pranit Waware
Matoshri Institute of Pharmacy, Dhanore, Yeola.

Abstract

In Ayurveda, Guggulu is the best among herbs that are used for Medoroga and Vata disorders. It is widely used for obesity and it is also known as fat burning agent all over the world. It helps to lower cholesterol and triglycerides level. Guggulu is very effective in rheumatoid arthritis, gout and sciatica. It is also one of the most important Rasayana of Ayurveda. It has been used extensively by Ayurvedic physicians for centuries to treat a wide variety of disorders, besides its use in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. Guggulu is a gum or resin extracted from the plant Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhand. (Syn. Commiphora mukulHook. ex. Stocks) or Guggulu tree. Guggulu is a shrub or small tree belonging to Burseraceae family. Guggulu contains volatile oil, gum resin, gugulipids, guggulsterones, guggulsterols, mukolol and other steroids. Guggulu is very much used in Ayuvedic system of medicine as astringent, anti-septic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, carminative, anti spasmodic, emmenagogue. Basically it is used almost in every kind of Illness due to its amazing treating power. This review is an attempt to describe the Pharmacological activities of Guggulu and variable uses of Guggulu in several diseases.

Keywords

'Mukul Myrrh Tree, Ayurveda Guggulu, astringent, anti-septic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, carminative, anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue.

Introduction

Guggulu (Commiphora mukul) means "fights against disease"., is an indigenous well-known drug and has been used for centauries to treat several ailments. Guggulu is an oleo-gum resin that exudes spontaneously as a result of injury from the bark of Commiphora mukul. It is a key ingredient of a large number of Ayurvedic formulations. Hence, it is considered as one of the "Divyaushadhis" in Ayurveda. Guggulu was introduced as a medicine in 1966, and but approved as a hypo-lipidemic drug for marketing in India in 1986. Shutiestela produce in number farosis, accities like Anti-inflammatory, Anti-obesity, Anti-neoplastic, Anti-diabetic, Hypo-lipidemic, Anti-arthritic, Anti-fertility, Anti-Atherosclerotic etc.

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The Guggul plant may be Found from northern Africa to central Asia, but is Most common in Northern India. It prefers arid And semi-arid climates and is tolerant of poor soil. It is a shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum Height of 3m, with thin papery bark. Guggul Produces a resinous sap known as gum Guggul. Guggulu is a natural health Product used primarily to reduce elevated blood Cholesterol levels. It has been used for many years As a hypocholesterolaemic agent in India. Guggulu Is one of the best rewarding herbs for Vata Diseases. Various preparations of Guggulu used in. Sciatica, hemiplegia, gout, rheumatic diseases, Facial paralysis etc. Guggulu is beneficial in Cleansing and healing of wounds and to reduce Oedema due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. In digestive ailments also like Anorexia, flatulence, worm infestations, piles etc,

Vernacular Names

Table 1: Showing vernacular names of Guggulu

Bengal - Gugal, Guggul, Mukul, Ranghanturb

Sanskrit- Bhavabhishtha, Bhutahara, Devadhupa,

Deveshta, Dhurta, Divya, Durga, Guggulu,

Jatala, Jatayu, Kalaniriyasa, Kaushika

Gujarat - Gugal, Gugali, Gugar, Guggul, Ranghanturb

Hindi - Gogil, Gugal, Guggul, Mukul, Ranghanturb

Marathi - Guggala, Gulag, Mukul

Tamil- Gukkal, Gukkulu, Maishakshi

Telugu - Gugul, Mahisaksh, Maisakshi.

History

In Vedas – Specifically in Atharva Veda, it is mentioned that Yakshma and other diseases will not spread to the area fumigated by Guggulu and introduced as well known DHUPAN DRAVYA.
In Samhitas – It is observed that the internal usage of Guggulu was increased during Samhita period.
Charak samhita – Maharishi Charaka has described Guggulu as the best drug for MEDOROGA and VATA SAMAKA.

And also recommended the drug in Rasayana Chikitsa where Shilajeet and Guggulu were used with cow milk.
The drug also has been described by him in other diseases as highly effective medicine like Kustha, Bhagandara, Indralupta, Kitibha, Arsha, Apchi, Pama And Sweta Pradara.

Sushruta Samhita - Maharishi Sushruta has described Guggulu in the list of seven most important drugs for the treatment of Sthaulya.
Acharya Sushruta has prescribed Guggulu with cow urine in condition of vitiated Vata with Medodhatu dominated by Kapha dosha.
This drug is also mentioned as highly effective in the treatment of Hrdroga , Aruchi, Gulma and Antarvidradhi. He also documented that the new guggulu is VRSHYA while old guggulu is
Apakarsana-

Ashtang Hridya - Vagbhata has described it a drug of choice in Medoroga for its lipid lowering action. He has also used the drug in Snehavyapada and in diseases produced due to vitiated Medodhatu, Kapha, Vata and in Amavata.

Sharngdhara Samhita - He quoted it among the drugs to be used for Rasayan Karma.

In Nighantus -

Dhanwantari nighantu - included it under "Chandanadi Varga".
Madanpala Nighantu - included it under "Karpooradi Varga".
Kaiydev Nighantu - has mentioned it under "Aushadi Varga".
Bhavprakash Nighantu - has described it in "Karpooradi Varga".
Raj Nighantu - included it under "Chandanadi Varga".
Mahaushadi Nighantu - included it under "Chandanadi Varga".
Shaligram Nighantu has mentioned it under “Karpooradi Verga”.

Guggulu

Family: Burseraceae

It is a slow growing, highly branched, spiny shrub or a small tree with crooked branches ending in sharp spines. It is a desert plant adjusted to grow in difficult soil and moisture conditions. The plant remains leafless during winter season that is from October to March. New leaves sprout during April, are short lived and do not fall until September. A short spell of rainfall initiates leaf formation. Guggal, an oleo-gum resin of pale brown or dull green color, exuds from bark during winter season.

Common Names:

English: - Myrrh
Sanskrit: - Guggulu
Kannada: - Guggul
Hindi: - Guggal

Distribution:

Guggal in a xerophytes and grow naturally in and rocking zones of India… i.e Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and also in Pakistan.

Agroclimatic Requirements:

The plant grows very well in warm dry climatic and heme suitable dry regions. Sandy or sandy loam soils are best for cultivation. The plant susceptible to frost hence such situation to be avoided.

Cultivation:

It can be propagated by seeds and vegetatively through stem cuttings. The seed germination is erratic and also very poor (5%) due to the presence of hard seed coat. The seeds are mechanically scarified with sand paper and are kept under running water for 24hr, seedlings may be raised in polythene bags and are planted in the main field. Semi-hardwood cuttings of about 15-20cm length are taken and planted in well prepared nursery beds. The beds are irrigated lightly after planting and regularly thereafter. 10-12 months old seedlings are to be planted in the main filled.

Inputs:

Sr. No	Materials	Per acre	Perhectare
1	No. of plants	1000	2500
2	Farm Yard Manure (t)	10	25
	Fertilizers	_	_

Planting:

Land is prepared well in advance of rainy scasons by 2-3 ploughings and make field into plots of convenient size. Dig the plots of size 0.5x 0.5 x 0.5 m (0.5 cm3) with a spacing of 3x3m. Pits are filled with FYM and top soil. The rooted cutting is planted in the pits during the raining season. As the plant grows, they are trained properly by cutting the side branches.

Irrigation and Interculture:

Light imrigation during the summer season is required for good growth of plants. One weeding and one hoeing is needed in carly growth of the crop. But the soil is stirred up around the plants (bushes) two times per year.

Harvesting:

The plant should be allowed to grow for at least five to six years before commencing incision of thick branches for extracting oleo-gum resin. The oleo-gum resin is tapped during winter, from November - February, by making a 7-10 cm long incision in the muin stem near the base. The cut part is completely covered with resin in about a month's time. The exuded gum secreted is collected every week up to one month after which further exudation of gum stops.

Yield: from 10-year-old plant, about 700-900 g of gum resin may be obtained. This intrun may give an yield of about 700-900 kg of gum resign per hectare.

Chemical Constituents

In its chemical composition volatile oil, resins, gum and a bitter compound is found. Five types of guggul sterols, Z-guggul sterne, E- guggulsterone, guggul sterol - I, II, III, sesamine, cholesterol, mucolol and other steroids are also found. Monocyclic diterpenes- alpha - camphorene and cembrene isolated from resin; allylcembrol isolated from plant and characterized (Chem-Abstr. 1972,77, 111554 t). Three new steroids - guggulsterols I,II,IlI are isolated from gum resin (Tetrahedron 1972,28, 2341). Cembrene A isolated from resin and characterized (Tetrahedron 1973, 29, 341). Isolation and structure elucidation of two aliphatic tetrols octadecan - 1, 2, 3, 4 and eicosan - 1, 2, 3, 4 - tetrol from gum resin (Tetrahedron 1973, 29, 1595). Guggulsterol VI and Z - guggulsterol isolated from gum resin (Tetrahedron 1982, 38, 2949).

Macroscopic and Microscopic Features

Macroscopic Drug occurs in vermicular pieces of pale yellow or brown coloured mass, makes milky emulsion in hot water and readily burns, when fresh viscid and golden coloured, odour ;aromatic, taste is bitter and astringent.
Microscopic Foreign matter Not more than 4 %; Total Ash Not more than 5 %; Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1%; Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 27 %; Water-soluble extractive Not less than 53%; Volatile oil Not less than 1%.

Botanical Discrimination

Woody shrub or a small tree
Grows to the height of 2-3 meter
Much branched with characteristics silvery and paper like bark peelings.
Branches are knotty and crooked, divaricate, usually ending in a sharp spine.

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Leaves: The leaves are rhomboid-ovate, 1-3 foliate, serrate-toothed in the upper part, smooth and shinning, the lateral leaflets when present less than half the size of the terminal ones.

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Flowers: Flowers in the fascicles of 2-3; pedicles very short. Calyx campanulate, glandular, hairy; lobes are 4-5 in number, triangular, as long as the tube. Petals are brownish red, broadly linear, nearly thrice the length of the calyx, reflexed at the apex. Stamens are 8-10 in number, alternatively long and short, half the length of the petals. Ovary oblong-ovoid, attenuated into the style.

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Gum Resin: Pale yellow to brown aromatic gum resin obtained from the bark of the plant. Agglomerated tears of resin are somewhat transparent, with waxy surface and brittle in nature. Gum-resin is thick, scented, burnt on fire, liquifies in sun heat. When dissolved in water, it turns milky white.

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Varieties Of Guggulu

Bhavmishra described five varieties of Guggulu –

Mahishaksha - Mahishaksha has the colour of honey-bee or Anjana (antimony sulphide).
Mahanila is similar to its name and looks like a Sapphire, a precious stone.

Extremely blue in colour

3. Kumuda - Kumuda resembles Kumuda flower (white) in colour.

4. Padma - Padma resembles Manikya (ruby red).

5. Hiranya (Kanaka) - Hiranya is like gold in colour.

Mahikshaksh and Mahanila varieties are beneficial to elephants, Kumuda and Padma bestow health to horses, Hiranya variety is best suited for humans.

Generally, main two types of Guggulu are available :-

1. Kana guggulu

2. Bhainsa guggulu

Kana guggulu –

1. Found in Marwar.

2. Colour – Raktabh peeta

Bhainsa guggulu –

1. Found in Kutch and Sindh.

2. Colour – Haritabh peeta

Other two varieties of Guggulu has mentioned in the texts books of Ayurveda:

1) Nava Guggulu

2) Purana Guggulu

The freshly collected Guggulu is tissue builder and aphrodisiac and if stored for more than one year, it is a depletory of tissues. The characters of fresh one are, it is oily, yellowish looks like a ripen Jambu fruit, fragnant and gummy in nature.
Purana or old decayed Guggulu is dry, emitting bad smell, devoid of natural colour and potency.
Nava Guggulu is useful in debility, whereas the old variety - Purana Guggulu is salutary in obesity and diabetes.

Note - Guggulu older than 5 years is considered as Purana Guggulu.

	Nava (Fresh) Guggulu	Purana (Old) Guggulu
Verna (Colour)	Kanchana Sankasha (Bright Yellow) or pakva jambu phala sadrusha (Dark brown	Tyakta prakurti (yellowish brown)
Gandha (odour	Sugandha (pleasant)	Durgandha (offensive)
Guna (qualities)	Snigdha (oily/greasy), picchila (slimy)	Laghu (lighter), ruksha (rough), tikshna, Vishad (clean), sukshma, sara
Karma (actions)	Bruhana, Vrushya, Rasayana, Kamottejaka and Artavajanana	Lekhana, Medohara and shukranashana

Adulterants

There are many adulterants used in gum resin of Commiphora mukul for commercial purpose.
The Indian adulterants commonly used are gum resin of Boswellia serrata and Hymendictyon excelsum but out of both, Boswellia serrate (Salai guggulu) is major adulterant.
The colour and smell of both the gum resins after solidification almost resemble each other, since both the plants belong to the same family Burseraceae.
Gum resin of Boswellia serrate is distinguished by its yellowish green, golden or milky tears, seldom amalgamated into lumps and a characteristic terpentine like odour.

Commiphora (Guggul)

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Boswellia (Salai Guggul)

The other known adulterants are Commiphora myrrha, C. roxburghii.
Gum-oleo-resin of Commiphora myrrh, imported from Africa and constituting the drug Hirabole or bole of commerce is sometimes mixed with Guggulu.
Similarly, gum-oleo-resin obtained from Commiphora roxburghii, Occurring in central and eastern India is sold by the name of Guggulu.
The former is distinguished by large tears of yellowish brown colour, exposing on fracture, a brown surface having white markings will be seen, while the latter has a bluish tinge and a feeble balasmic odour.

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Purification Of Guggulu

Need of Guggulu Shodhana - As Guggulu is an exudate, external impurities in the form of dust, dry leaves and other foreign materials are accepted in Guggulu. After purification, the herb becomes safer and more effective for use.
Traditionally Guggulu is purified in Triphala kvatha for 12 hours (in Dola Yantra) and then fried with ghee before administered internally.
According to Nighantu Ratanakar decoctions of Guduchi, Triphala, Vasa and Cow's milk are to be used for purification.

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Pharmacology Actions

Anti – inflammatory and Anti – arthritic activity: -

Oleo – resin was found to be highly potent anti – inflammatory agent, as compared to hydrocortisone and buta – zoladin against Brownlee’s formaldehyde – induced arthritis in albino rats.
Oleo – resin fraction possessed significant anti – arthritic and anti – inflammatory activities, the minimum effective dose being 12.5mg/100g body weigh.
In arthritis, the extract suppress the activation of inflammatory cytokine and lowers the inflammation. It’s also suppresses the activation of interleukins and prostaglandins, and is compared to be more effective then betamethasone.

Anti-atherosclerotic activity: -

Effect of gum was observed on serum cholesterol, fibrino – lytic activity and platelet adhesive index in healthy individuals (group 1) and in patient of Cad (group 2) for a period of 30 days.
Serum fibrino – lytic activity improved by 22% and 19% at the end of 24 hrs, as after 30 days it was 40% and 30% in group 1 & 2 respectively.
Platelet adhesive index showed 22% and 19% after 30 days in group 1 and group 2 respectively.

Anti-obesity activity :-

Crude Guggulu was found to reduce the body weight of hydrogenated ground – nut oil treated rabbits.
Preliminary clinical trials on 22 patients of hyper-cholestrolaemia associated with obesity, lHD, HTN, DM etc.
Guggulu crude was administrated orally (6.12mg) in three divided doses for 15 days to one month.
A fall in total serum cholesterol and serum lipid – phosphorus was found in all the cases treated with Guggulu.
The body weight of 10 patients also found to be reduced significantly.

Hypo – lipidemic activity:-

Typical Guggul – lipid preparation contain 2.5-5% of the plant sterols Guggulsterone E and Z.
These two components have been reported to exert effects on lipids. To evaluate the effects of Guggul on disorders of lipid metabolism, with special reference to atherosclerosis and obesity, Satyavatietal. Conducted the first animal study on rabbits, from 1964-1966.
It was demonstrated that administration of gum Guggul significantly lowered the serum cholesterol levels of hyperlipidemic rabbits, prevented cholesterol – induced arteriosclerosis and decreased the body weight of the animals.

Cardio – protective effects :-

Several studies have reported the cardio – protective activity of Guggulsterone that showed the reversal of iso-proterenol induced cardiac damage and the associated metabolic changes and protects heart during low blood supply in rats.

Neuro protective effect :-

Guggulipid reversed strepto-zotocin drug induced neuronal damage and memory deficits.
In parallel with these reversals, levels of glutathione in the brains of Guggulipid – treated mice were significantly increased, suggesting that Guggulipid inhibits oxidative stress in the brain.
Guggulipid has an antioxidant and anti-acetylcholine esterase activities; showed protective effect against strepto – zotocin induced memory deficits in the model of dementia.
These observations suggest Guggulipid as a potential anti-dementia drug and cognitive enhancer.

Anti-bacterial activities :-

It has been reported that the essential oil, chloroform extract and seven sesquiterpenoid compounds form the Oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora mukul showed the inhibitory action against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. And hence, is effectively used as traditional antibiotics for treating acne.

Thyroid-Stimulatory effect :-

Several studies have shown that Guggulsterone stimulates the thyroid gland.
Administration of Guggulsterone restored thyroid activity like an increase in iodine uptake by the thyroid and enhanced the activities of thyroid peroxidase and protease (thyroid enzyme) as well as oxygen consumption in hypothyroid rats.

Anti – Acne effect :-

Guggulipid has been reported to be effective in the treatment of Nodulo-cyctic acne.
Patient with Nodulo-cyctic acne had shown progressive reduction in lesions when received Guggulipid for 3 months and patients with oily faces, the acne responded better to Guggulipid.

Antioxidant effects :-

Commiphora mukul extracts have been reported to possess antioxidant properties by inhibits the production of oxygen free radicals and prevents several tissues from damage. It is helpful for oxidative stress associated disease such as heart and nerve damage.

Anti-cancer Activities: -

Guggulsterone has been shown to suppress proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumour cells.
Various mechanisms have been suggested to explain the anti-carcinogenic effects of Guggulsterone, including suppression of inflammation and inhibition of nuclear receptors, transcription factors, inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins and cell cycle-related proteins.
Proliferation: Guggulsterone suppresses the growth and proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, including leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, multiple myeloma, lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma.

CONCLUSION

Guggulu is a multi-purpose drug and because of its magical properties, it is very beneficial in so many diseases. Guggulu has several uses which are supported by various researches done by researchers throughout the world. These findings could open a new window on the use of this plant in Ayurveda. Also, this plant is listed in IUCN list and thus rationale usage of the plant is the need of the hour so that we do not end up depleting this wonder drug of high therapeutic importance. Keeping this in view, stem, bark, and leaf of this plant should receive more attention so that the complete depletion on account of plant death due to tapping can be checked. This plant still possesses an unexplored potential and expansion of research materials would provide more opportunities for the discovery of novel bioactive principles from this plant. These conclusions could open a new window on the use of this plant in Ayurveda. This review clearly authenticates the Sanskrit definition of the term” guggul” which means one that protects against diseases. It is superbly reflected and proved by the diverse medicinal uses of this Ayurvedic drug.

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