Goldenseal is also known as orange root or yellow puccoon found in lush hardwood forests across the northeastern united states, goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is an herbaceous perennial belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) [1]. Similar natural environments or shade construction are frequently used to cultivate goldenseal and ginseng. In fact, goldenseal is a perfect success in crop for ginseng growers because to the comparable culture requirement. Growing condition for cultivated plant need to resemble those found in natural areas. The comprises that is moist, well drained and rich in organic matter. Furthermore, this plants diverse parts particularly the rhizomes, contains a large number of alkaloids such as berberine, hydrastine, palmatine, canadine and hydrastinine as well as a small amount of flavonoids such as sideroxylen,8-desmethyl-sideroxylen and 6-desmethyl -sideroxylen and organic acids such as chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid [2]. The most pharmacologically active of these  constituents is berberine which is used in contemporary clinical  operation to treat a range of illness  similar as infection, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular condition. A quaternary ammonia  swab belonging to the protoberberine group is called berberine(  3,4).  Complaint of the eye, skin and digestive system have all been treated using the dried roots. also, goldenseal has been  vended as an vulnerable system  supporter( 5- 8).  Goldenseal has been used historically for a variety of  remedial purposes including an eye  marshland( hence the common name eye root and eye  attar) a bitter alcohol, an appetite  goad and digestive aid and mucous membrane  remedy( 5- 8).   Goldenseal has been  employed as an antibiotic, immunostimulatory, anticonvulsants, alcohol and opiate in contemporary  drug infections of the eyes,  cognizance, nose, throat, stomach, bowel, uterus and vagina have been treated with it most  constantly( 9).

PLANT PROFILE:

       
           
       
    Fig no.1

Habitats:

Deciduous forests

Woodlands

Rocky hillsides

Moist soils

Name : Hydrastis canadensis

Common name: Goldenseal

Family : Rananculaceae

Vernacular names:

Goldenseal

Orange root

Yellow root

Indian Turmeric

Taxonomy:

Kingdom : Plantae

Clade : Angiosperms

Order : Ranunculaceae

Genus : Hydrastis

Species : H. canadensis

Binomial name: Hydrastis canadensis L.

Chemical Constituents:

Alkaloids

Berberine

Canadine

Hydrastine

Medicinal uses:

Digestive issues.

Infections

Skin conditions

Eye infections.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: [15-20]

Collection:

1. Timing:
2. Identification:
3. Harvesting:

Extraction:

Extraction of Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) using

1. Soxhlet Extraction (SOX)
2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Soxhlet Extraction (SOX):

Materials:

1. Dried and powdered goldenseal root.
2. Soxhlet extractor
3. Solvent (eg., ethanol or methanol)
4. Heating mantle
5. Condenser

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE):

Materials:

1. Dried and powdered goldenseal root
2. Supercritical fluid extraction apparatus
3. Supercritical CO2 (commonly used solvent)
4. Modifier (e.g., ethanol, if need)

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES:

MACROSCOPIC EVALUATION OF GOLDENSEAL:[18,19]

1. Appearance:
2. Size and Shape:
3. Colour:

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF GOLDEN SEAL (POWDER):

1. Colour:
2. Cork cells:
3. Parenchyma cells:
4. Starch grains:

T.S  of Hydrastis canadensis

1. Epidermis:
2. Cortex:
3. Endodermis:
4. Vascular cylinder:

This includes both xylem and phloem.

1. Xylem:
2. Phloem:

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF GOLDENSEAL:

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

PH:

The PH of an aqueous extract of goldenseal can range from mildly acidic to neutral.

Specific gravity:

The specific gravity of the extract can be measured to ensure consistency in preparations.

Ash value:

 Total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash are parameter used to assess the purity and quality of plant material.

Moisture content:

Determining the moisture content is crucial for the storage and stability of dried herb.

Extractive yield:

The percentage (%) of extractable compounds obtained using various solvents (eg.H2O, Ethanol) can be measured to evaluate the efficiency of the extraction process.

Foreign matter:

It should be less than 2% by weight, ensuring purity.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING                 

Detection of Alkaloids:

1. Mayer’s test:

• Detection of Glycosides:
• Test for Anthraquinone Glycosides:

2. Borntrager’s test:

• Test for Cardiac Glycosides:

3. Keller Killiani test:
4. Detection of Saponins:
5. Foam test:
6. Detection of Tannin:
7. Gelatin test:

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

1. Anti-obesity Activity:

It is reduced the raised levels of CD36 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ?(C/EBp?) that were brought on by a fat diet in mice’s epididymal adipose tissue. [21]

2. Hypoglycemic Activity:

Goldenseal insulin-dependent reaction may also be linked under varying circumstances and mechanisms to hypoglycemia the opposite state of diabetes. [22,23]

3. Antibacterial Activity:

Inhibition of bacteria because goldenseal rhizome extract has potent antibacterial properties, it has long been used to treat a range of skin illnesses. The antibacterial activity was examined by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). [24,25]

4. Antifungal Activity:

Goldenseal is one of the most significant antifungal plants used to treat a variety of skin infections.  Berberine’s antifungal effect was linked to change in the integrity of the mitochondrial and plasma membranes as well as DNA damage that caused cell death, presumably through apoptosis. [26,27]

5. Antiviral activity:

The alkaloid berberine found in goldenseal has antiviral properties against a variety of viruses, including enterovirus,influenza and chikungunya. Against H1N1 influenza A, berberine demonstrated substantial growth inhibition capability in an in vitro investigation using human lung epithelial cells and mouse bone marrow macrophages. [28,29]

6. Anti tumour activity:

The natural compounds have strong anti-cancer properties. The phytochemical research has revealed a novel therapeutic idea for employing phytochemicals as pharmacological substitutes against human cancers through medication repositioning. Growth receptor antagonistic and antiproliferative properties have been used in cancer treatment. [30]

7. Immunogenic activity:

The goldenseal plant as an immune booster. Glycan-domain-containing phytochemicals have demonstrated interactions with complexed antigens to functions as immune cell nanocarriers and immunomodulation via CD8+T cell-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunological response. [31]

8. Anti- inflammatory activity:

The goldenseal extract, in a dose-dependent manner, alter lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage responses, including the lowering of TNF-?, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 production. Likewise, berberine dramatically reduced TNF-?-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in ARPE-19 cells.  [32]

9. Anti-arthritic activity:

By controlling particular immunological responses, berberine has been shown to reduce rheumatoid arthritis caused by collagen and freund’s complete adjuvant. In investigation conducted on animals, berberine has lowering the expressions of TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-17, CD34, and VEGE and elevating those of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-?(TGF-?). [33]

10. Relaxant activity:

Berberine and goldenseal extract have calming properties. Goldenseal extract was shown to contraction  guinea-pig trachea induced by carbachol and the contraction of rat uterine smooth muscle induced by 5HT, oxytocin and acetylcholine in in vitro experiments. [34]

11. Anti platelets aggregation:

The clumping of platelets together in the bloodstream is known as platelet aggregation and results in the formation of a thrombus clotting. Numerous therapeutic plants and conventional medical systems have demonstrated the potential of natural supplements to lower platelet aggregation. Research revealed that berberine prevented platelet aggregation caused by collagen.[35]

12. Anti aging activity:

Age-reversing action skin aging results from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which  increases the production of IL-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and lowers the expression of procollagen type 1 genes. [36]

13. Gastrointestinal activity:

By preventing the growth of enterobacteria and colonic expression of iNOS, COX-2, IFN-?, IL-17, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? as well as raising colonic IL-22 and secretory immunoglobulin A levels, berberine reduced inflammatory responses linked to a variety of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. Further it prevented Th17 and Th1 cell development and the phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT1, and NF-?B while having no effect on regulatory T cells. [3]

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

E- cross section details of medullary

ga- starch grains

F-Rhizome powder

Extraction:

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION