The Herbs Used in Treatment of Neurological Disorder : An Overview

Hormones are the chemical messenger in living organism which responsible for life processes like energy production, metabolism, in the body. the hormones are released from the glands. The glands are of two types which release the hormones which are endocrine and exocrine. the gland are responsible for the neurological stimuli-es. The harmons are the chemicals which generate the human emotions. The harmons are not only responsible for the emotions but also held the responsibility of functioning of neurological responses. The hormone which measurely responsible for the controlling the emotions are cortisol which also known as the stress hormone, serotonin which also known as the happy  hormone or feel good hormone, dopamine which causes the excitation properties which can be harmful for the body if it released in high quantity also plays measure role in the positive and negative feedback mechanism, oxytocin is emotion hormone which have main responsibility to decrease labour pain in labour but also responsible love between two opposite gender individual. It is also called as the love hormone. Adrenaline, nor adrenaline, vasopressin, gonads also affect the human emotions and cause affect on neurological function of the body. (1; 2) Stress is responsible for the many disorder because it cause the measure neuro degenerative properties. The stress causes many psychological disorder which disturbs the chronological functions of body. The everyday life is consist of various activities like work,studying ,relationship and much more. The things are crucial part of every individual life . but due to the unhealthy lifestyle , heavy work load , tension about career , effect of study preparation ,failure in relationship , unhealthy diet etc.. person may get stress and constant hammering of this stress load develop into the psychological disorder like depression , anxiety ,panic attack, alzeimers disease etc.the treatment for this consist of many narcotic drugs which comes under schedule X drugs. The schedule x drugs are generally specified as the addictive drugs so they are both habit forming and harmful to body there are several methods which used to control the stress are physiological methods like yoga , exercise , book reading , ounce of entertainment etc. (3) We are going to discuss about the natural herbs that have tendency to reduce depression, anxiety ,alzeimers disease. Not only these but they can be also to use as the nootropics the drugs that increase the memory concentration and also give the natural relief of freshness. They have lesser side effect than the synthetic drugs used. The herbs that we are going to discuss as follows:

Table 1: Herbs Used to Treat Psychological Treatment

50. Psychological diseases: (2)

21. Depression: the depression is a psychological disease which cause due to the consistent stress about any situation. The depression is result of hormonal changes in hormones like cortisol , dopamine , nor adrenaline , serotonin etc. The long term depression may cause changes in chronophrmacology of human body and give enhancement to other diseases.
21. Anxiety :the anxiety is a disorder which result in constant fear , excessive stress and change psychological behavior. The anxiety is cause due to the increase in hormones like cortisol , epinephrine etc
21. Post-traumatic stress disorder: there are a lot of types of trauma the mental trauma is caused due to the stress and hormonal imbalance which may results in serious cell injury.
21. Alzeimers disease : the alzeimers disease is a disease which cause memory loss which can cause due to genetic defect or serious brain injury. It is a type of dementia.
21. Eating problems: the sudden hormonal imbalance may cause change in apetite which further develop into the loss of weight and energy.
21. Schizophrenia: these is the disease which resist the persons ability to think and clearly behave. It is due to the imbalance of the hormons like serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate.

50. Herbs Used in The Psychological Disorder

1. Bacopa Moniieri:

Fig 1: Bacopa Moniieri

Bacopa moniieri is a herbal plant from the family planataginaceae. These plant is used from ancient times by our ansisters in the treatment of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, Parkinson and Alzheimer's disease.it is especially used in the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases. It is also used in the cure of diseases like anxiety, depression etc.the Bacopa moniieri is a herbal plant which have alot of branches , oblong leaves and the purple flowers. The Bacopa moniieri have main chemical constituents are bacosides, bacopasides, bacopasaponin, cucurbitacin etc. (4)

Fig 2: Chemical constituents of bacopa monieri (5)

• B. monieri in treatment of psychological disorder

1.Parkinson is a disease that distroy the nerve cell which are present in the substantia nigra.as par the cologycal study performed in the caenorhabditis elegans model with the extract of bacopasides from Bacopa moniieri. The bacopasides reduce the aggregation of alpha synuclein which successfuly stopped the degeneration of dopamine nerve cells.

2.In the treatment of Alzheimer's disease the active constituent present in the b.moniiri brahmi supress beta amyloid deposition in the brain. Which increase the memory enhancing properties. The herb increase the recovery and retention of nerve cells.

3.According to cological study performed with amyloid peptide which eventually increase the acetylcholine esterase (AChE)  and that caused the increase in stress stimulation. The animal treated with the brahmi normalised the AChE level reduced the neural death and decreased or controlled the stress condition.

4.As per the clinical studies performed with BME to determine the cognitive performance the 46 people are examined  with the placebo effect and 320 mg of BME for about 12 weeks.In the result the people with drug have significant increase in learning capabilities, information processing and have less stress as compared to people with placebo. (6)

1. Centella Asiatica: -

Fig 3: Centella Asiatica

Centella asiatica is a medicinal herbal plant which have various theraupatic benefits. It also known as the native name gotu kola belongs to family apiaceae.The stem of the gotu kola is green in colour.the flowers are white and in colour some also appears to be crimson.The centella asiatica have many more pharmacological activities in dermatological disease, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological diseases.the C.asiatica mainly contain pentacyclic triterpenoids and trisaccharide derivatives which includes brahmoside,Asiatic acid,brahmic acid,centellosoid etc (7)

Fig 4: Chemical constituents of centella asiatica (8)

• Psychological benefits of  C.aciatica

1.Antidepressant activity are showed due to the triterpenoids present in th C.A .the pharmacological study is performed in the swimming mice with immobility activity and imbalance of amino acid.the imipramine and triterpenes decreased the immobility and imbalance of amino acid showing potent antidepressants activity.

2.C.A also increase the attention and concentration of individual.A study performed on the rats shows increase in the cognitive function and anti oxident properties. The dose administered is (100,200 and 300 mg/kg for 21 days)was tested in intracerebroventricular(i.c.v) streptozotocin(STZ)-induced cognitive and stress cause by oxygen. The normal rat which are given with the dose of CA showed the dose dependent increase in cognitive performance in elevated plus maze paradigms.

3. A clinical study was performed in which  28 participants (<61 year of age) received either CA or placebo in order to study the cognitive properties of CA with dose of (250,500,or 750 mg daily). After the time span of 2 months cognitive properties (with event related potential and the computerized assessment battery test) and mood(using Bond-lader visual analogue) was determined. The most improvement in cognitive function was shown by 750 mg dose of CA extract.

4. A clinical study also performed to test anxiolytic properties of CA. A study performed in 60 elderly subject of 65 and above, using diagnostic tool like diagnostic tool like mini mental state examination scoring (MMSE). The study showed significant after the taking dose of CA for 6 months in elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with dose of 500mg twice a day. (8) (7)

2. Rosemarinus Officinalis: -

Fig 5: Rosemarinus Officinalis

Rosemarinus officinalis L. is a herb that belongs to family lamiaceae.It also have a common name as rosemary.The betulinic acid,oleanolic acid,micromeric, rosmanol, epirosmanol and luteolin are the main chemical constituents present in rosemary.The extract of rosemary show various theraupatic benefits such as antioxidant, antidepressants,in treatment of epilepsy, preservation of food etc. (9)

Fig 6: Chemical constituents of Rosemarinus officinalis

• R.officinalis in psychological disorder:

1. Depression is major psychological disorder. The clinical studies performed pn the crude hydro-alcoholic extract of rosemary showed potent antidepressants activity. The hydro alcoholic extract of leaves of rosemary (100mg/kg) was given for 14 days was revealed the antidepressants activity in mice. The activity depends on interaction with receptor like nor adrenergic (alpha 1-receptor), secretionergic(5-HT1A,5HT2A and 5HT3A receptor), dopaminergic (D1 and D2 receptors). The study reported that the extract is similar to the fluoxetine(10 mg/kg,PO). although the study can't determine which cc is responsible for the activity. That is the drawback of using crude extract.

2. According to survey the no of elderly adults above  65 years old will double by the year 2030, so as the concern it is important to enhance conginitivity of people. The herbs are probably solve this concern so many herbs are getting tested for improvement in cognitive activity. Rosemary have potent antioxidant activity and the oxidative stress mainly responsible for decline in conginitivity. The rosemary extract contains 60 or 10% carnosic acid and 5% of rosemarinic acid. The extract was tested on mice for 90 days which show memory improvement in mice.

3. The diseases of CNS like anxiety, depression, Parkinson, Alzheimer's etc are dangerous and rapidly increasing. The R.officinalis is tested gradually in recent years for treatment.  Over the studies regarding depression their is decrease in neurotransmitter like dopamine, nor epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine and gene expression in mice brain like TH ,PC, and MAPK phosphate (MKP-1). These study contribute to understand the anti depressant activities of R.officinalis.

Hericium Erinaceus:-

Fig 7: Hericium Erinaceus

Hericium erinaceus is mushroom herb belong to family hericiaceae. It is also commonly known as lion's Mane. It known to be potent neuro protective agent.which reduce oxidative stress , stimulate nerve growth factor release, reduce stress and anxiety. It have main active constituent such as terpenoids,cerebrosides, phenols ,sterols , hericenones, and erinacine etc. It have higher cognitive function due to have high neuro regeneration properties. (10)

Erinacin A

Fig 8: Chemical constituents of Hericium erinaceus

• Psychological properties of hericium erinaceus:-

1.The first cognitive function was studied in wild mice(in vivo). The oral supplementation of H.erinaceus significantly improved recognition memory of mice.By the behaviour test and increased spontaneous and induced synaptic activity in the CA3 synapse in mice in the hippocampal section. Which concluded the cognitive activity of H.erinaceus.

2.Oxidative stress is a main reason of memory loss which leads to Major diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease. Research has demonstrated that hot water extract from HE have high radical scavenging properties which inhibit lipid peroxidation.previos studies conducted on MPTP-induced mouse model showed that HE extract countered oxidative stress. The studies concluded that HE reduced nitrotyrosine and 4-HNE expression and restored motor function in mice. These studies showed that HE extract significantly decreased neurodegenerative activity.

3.In an mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The HE extract administered orally increased expression of mRNA in hippocampas which restricted impairment of short term and visual recognition of memory induced by amyloid beta plaque that were observed in un treated mice. (10)

3. Melissa Officinalis: -

Fig 9: Melissa Officinalis

Melissa officinalis L. is a plant which widely used as a neuroprotective agent belongs to family Lamiaceae. Is is rich in biological compound contain mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, tannins , essential oils. The main chemical composition of m.officinalis are volatile oils(geranial,neral,citronella and geraniol),ursolic acid, oleanolic acid,rosmanic acid etc. The plant commonly grows in meditation region ,Europe and western Asia. It also known to be lemon balm. The plant have activity like anti-inflammatory,antipain, improvement in behaviour, anxiolytic, stress reliever etc (11)

Fig 10:Chemical constituents of M.officinalis (11)

• Psychological effects of M. officinalis

1.In the pharmacological study the total of 60 patients are treated with the extract of M.officinalis or placebo in which 44 patients completed the blind type of clinical trial for 12 weeks in which significant decrease is observed in the symptoms of depression and anxiety (p<0.0001 & p=0.04 respectively)

2.In the pharmacological study the animals were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=12/group) control as restraint stress (+M50,+M75,+M150)the animal's are kept in kages and received 0.9% salineby gavage. the mice with restraint stress +M50,+M75,+M150 are given with doses 50 ,75 and 150 mgkg-1day-1 of HAEMO respectively for 14 days then by performing various test like behaviour analysis, open field test, elevated plus maze , forced swimming test,taila suspension test etc the antidepressants and anxiolytic study of MO was determined. (11)

4. Withania Somnifera

Fig 11: Withania Somnifera

In the recent years the withania somnifera also known as ashwagandha,winter cherry etc used as a effective adaptogen ,sedative, neuroprotective and effect on sleep disorder. It also have properties like anti-inflammatory,anti-microbial, anti diabetic etc. It have various chemical constituents that are responsible for the therapeutic activity are  alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine, cuseohygrine, anahygrine, etc.), steroidal lactones (withanolides, withaferins) and saponins etc (12)

Fig 12: Chemical constituents of withania somnifera (12)