Systematic Literature Review of Abutilon indicum: Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Reported Bioactivities

Abstract

Abutilon indicum (L.), commonly known as “Atibala,” is a perennial shrub belonging to the Malvaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally, it has been used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including inflammation, respiratory disorders, diabetes, liver disorders, and urinary complaints. The plant contains diverse phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenolics, steroids, and essential oils, which are responsible for its broad spectrum of biological activities. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, and wound healing activities, validating many of its traditional uses. Standardization of extracts using chemical markers like luteolin and evaluation of physicochemical parameters enhance the quality control and reproducibility of its therapeutic effects. Despite extensive in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical investigations remain limited, and comprehensive toxicological evaluations are scarce. Research gaps include the need for standardized extraction procedures, detailed molecular mechanism studies, and well-designed clinical trials to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. Future perspectives focus on isolating novel bioactive compounds, elucidating their pharmacodynamic mechanisms, and developing standardized herbal formulations. Overall, Abutilon indicum represents a valuable medicinal plant with significant pharmacological potential and wide-ranging therapeutic applications, making it a promising candidate for future drug discovery and herbal product development.

Keywords

Introduction

    

 

Figure 1: Abutilon Indicum

2. PLANT DESCRIPTION

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet is a perennial, softly pubescent shrub belonging to the family Malvaceae. It typically attains a height of 1–2 meters and is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. The plant thrives in dry wastelands, roadsides, and humid plains, reflecting its adaptability to diverse ecological conditions and its traditional use in ethnomedicine across several cultures [1,2,14].

Morphologically, A. indicum exhibits erect, branched stems covered with fine, velvety hairs. The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate-cordate, and densely pubescent, with serrated margins. Leaf surfaces contain abundant trichomes and glandular structures, which contribute to the retention of secondary metabolites and essential oils [1,3,7]. The flowers are solitary, axillary, and typically yellow to orange, characterized by five petals and a prominent column of fused stamens—a diagnostic feature of the Malvaceae family [2,14]. Fruits are schizocarps composed of 10–20 mericarps, each containing reniform brown seeds, which have been reported to accumulate significant phytochemical constituents, including alkaloids and fatty acids [4,6].

Anatomically, the plant contains mucilage cells, starch grains, lignified fibers, and calcium oxalate crystals, which support its pharmacognostic identification and traditional therapeutic applications [1,14]. The roots are cylindrical, fibrous, light brown, and widely used in classical Ayurvedic formulations for inflammatory and respiratory conditions. The aerial parts, especially leaves and flowers, are frequently used for phytochemical extraction due to their rich content of flavonoids, phenolics, sterols, and terpenoids [3,5,6].

Ecologically, A. indicum demonstrates rapid growth, efficient regeneration, and tolerance to semi-arid environments, enabling widespread availability for medicinal use [14]. Its morphological and anatomical attributes correspond closely with its pharmacological relevance, as different plant parts have been linked to antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in contemporary studies [7,8,10–12].

3. DISTRIBUTION

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent, where it grows abundantly in dry wastelands, roadsides, and humid plains [1,2]. It is native to South Asia but has naturalized throughout Southeast Asia, China, Sri Lanka, and parts of Africa due to its ecological adaptability and medicinal relevance [2,14]. The species also occurs in arid and semi-arid zones, thriving in well-drained soils and warm climates, making it accessible for traditional medicinal practices in rural communities [1,3,14].

4. TAXONOMIC STATUS

Abutilon indicum belongs to the family Malvaceae, classified under the genus Abutilon. It is widely recognized for its medicinal significance and well-defined botanical taxonomy.

Table 1: Taxonomic Status of Abutilon indicum

5. VERNACULAR NAMES

Abutilon indicum is known by several regional names across India, reflecting its traditional use and widespread recognition in indigenous healing systems and local ethnobotanical practices.

Table 2: Vernacular Names of Abutilon indicum

6. PHARMACOGNOSTICAL REVIEW

The pharmacognostic characteristics of Abutilon indicum encompass its distinctive morphological, microscopic, and phytochemical attributes across various plant parts. Each organ—root, stem, bark, flowers, and leaves—contains unique structural features and bioactive compounds contributing to the plant’s traditional medicinal value (Suryawanshi et al., 2020; Gomaa et al., 2018).

6.1 Root

The roots of A. indicum are cylindrical, brownish, fibrous, and mildly aromatic. Transverse sections show a well-defined cork, secondary cortex, lignified xylem vessels, and medullary rays. The presence of cellulose fibers and abundant starch grains is a defining characteristic (Planté et al., 2024). Phytochemical investigations indicate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids that contribute to its anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities (Sharma & Patel, 2021). Essential oil profiling further shows sesquiterpenes with reported antimicrobial activity (Suryawanshi et al., 2020).

6.2 Stem

The stem is erect, woody at the base, and covered with fine stellate hairs. Microscopically, it exhibits a thick epidermis, collenchymatous hypodermis, and a continuous ring of vascular bundles. Calcium oxalate crystals and mucilage cells are frequently observed (Gomaa et al., 2018). The stem contains flavonoids, sterols, and terpenoids, which have shown antidiabetic and antioxidant potential in recent analyses (JOPCR, 2024). Luteolin and related flavones quantified through HPTLC serve as reliable markers for standardizing stem-derived extracts (Sunil et al., 2023).

6.3 Bark

The bark is grayish-brown and rough with longitudinal fissures. Anatomically, it comprises multiple layers of cork, phloem fibers, stone cells, and mucilage canals (Planté et al., 2024). These structural elements contribute to its demulcent and anti-inflammatory properties traditionally used for cough and bronchial irritation. Phytochemical studies reveal tannins, phenols, and glycosides, along with trace alkaloids (Gomaa et al., 2018). The bark extracts also exhibit marked analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity supported by in vivo studies (Gomaa et al., 2018; Mehta & Sharma, 2022).

6.4 Flowers

The bright yellow flowers possess glandular and non-glandular trichomes, with pollen grains that are spherical and echinate. Floral extract contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, and volatile compounds including caryophyllene and limonene (Suryawanshi et al., 2020). These constituents exhibit antimicrobial and cytoprotective effects. Sunil et al. (2023) highlighted strong antioxidant activity in flower extracts, largely attributed to luteolin derivatives. The flowers are traditionally used as diuretics and mild laxatives, supported by their phytochemical profile.

6.5 Leaf

The leaves are cordate, velvety, and densely covered with stellate hairs. Microscopically, they show dorsiventral arrangement, multicellular trichomes, secretory glands, and abundant mucilage (Sunil et al., 2023). Leaf extracts are rich in flavonoids, particularly luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, and various phenolic acids (Sunil et al., 2023; Kuo et al., 2007). These compounds contribute to potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects (Mehta & Sharma, 2022; Immunopharmacology, 2023). The presence of terpenoids and sterols further supports hepatoprotective and antimicrobial activities (Sharma & Patel, 2021). Leaves remain the most widely used part in Ayurvedic formulations, validated through modern phytochemical assessments.

7. TRADITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF ABUTILON INDICUM

Abutilon indicum (Indian mallow) has been widely used across India, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia for centuries. Ethnobotanical surveys consistently highlight its importance as a multipurpose medicinal plant in traditional Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and folk healing systems (Kirtikar & Basu, 1999; Nadkarni, 2001). Communities employ different plant parts to treat respiratory, urinary, gynecological, dermatological, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. Its use is well documented in tribal groups from Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Sri Lanka (Jain et al., 2005; Rajendran et al., 2008; Ganeshan et al., 2007).

7.1 Leaves

Leaves are commonly used as demulcent, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing agents. Poultices prepared from fresh leaves are traditionally applied on swellings, ulcers, and abscesses (Dhanalakshmi et al., 1990). In Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, leaf decoctions are used to relieve cough, fever, and skin infections (Jain et al., 2004; Ignacimuthu et al., 2008). In Siddha medicine, leaves are prescribed for jaundice and liver disorders, sometimes combined with Allium cepa (Porchezhian & Ansari, 2000). Hypoglycemic activity is also recognized in traditional usage (Seetharam et al., 2002).

7.2 Flowers

Flowers are regarded as cooling, expectorant, and diuretic. They are used in decoctions for respiratory congestion, bronchitis, and burning micturition (Matlawska & Sikorska, 2002). Ethnobotanical records from Dharapuram and Sitamata Sanctuary mention the use of flower infusions for constipation and urinary inflammation (Balakrishnan et al., 2009; Jain et al., 2005).

7.3 Seeds

Seeds, known for their lubricating and emollient properties, are widely used as laxatives in traditional medicine (Nadkarni, 1995). Tribal groups use seed preparations for gonorrhea, urinary irritation, semen disorders, and male infertility (Jain et al., 2004). Seeds are also administered for fever, piles, and gastrointestinal discomforts (Kritikar & Basu, 2008).

7.4 Roots

Roots are valued for their astringent, tonic, and analgesic properties. Decoctions are used to treat fever, diarrhea, dysentery, and urinary tract infections (Sharma & Goyal, 2010; Natarajan et al., 2010). In Orissa and Tamil Nadu, roots are traditionally used for gynecological disorders, white discharge, and postpartum care (Mohapatra & Sahoo, 2008; Ganeshan et al., 2007). Roots are also employed as antidotes in snakebite treatments (Samy et al., 2008).

7.5 Stem Bark

Stem bark is used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing potential. Traditional healers prepare bark pastes for bone fractures, sprains, and joint pain (Das et al., 2012). Decoctions are consumed to manage diabetes, infections, and general debility (Mahanthesh & Jalapure, 2016).

7.6 Fruit

Fruits are less frequently used but are reported as mild laxatives and digestive aids (Chopra et al., 1956). In certain tribal communities, fruit powders are given for cough, throat irritation, and childhood fevers (Singh et al., 2002).

7.7 Whole Plant

Whole-plant applications cover respiratory disorders, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and reproductive health. Siddha and Ayurveda use whole-plant decoctions for bronchitis, excessive thirst, edema, and general weakness (Pei, 2001; Sharma et al., 2003). Traditional healers across India use A. indicum for snakebite, wound healing, urinary disorders, and liver ailments (Samy et al., 2008; Porchezhian & Ansari, 2005). Its role in folk veterinary medicine is also recognized (Ali, 1999).

8. ETHNOBOTANICAL USES

Abutilon indicum (L.) has been widely utilized in traditional medicine across India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. Ethnobotanical records indicate its use for treating respiratory disorders, urinary infections, wound healing, fever, and gastrointestinal disturbances, reflecting its broad therapeutic relevance (Suryawanshi et al., 2020; Gomaa et al., 2018). In Ayurveda and Siddha practices, the plant—particularly its leaves, roots, and seeds—is prescribed as a demulcent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and nervine tonic (Kirtikar & Basu, 1999; Nadkarni, 2001).

Tribal communities in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Orissa employ the plant for snakebite management, gynecological disorders, joint pain, and skin infections, highlighting its importance in folk medicine (Jain et al., 2004; Mohapatra & Sahoo, 2008; Samy et al., 2008). Leaves are commonly applied as a poultice for wounds and boils, while the root decoction is used for urinary complaints and fever reduction (Ali, 1999; Rajendran et al., 2008). Seed preparations are traditionally consumed for male reproductive ailments and as a mild laxative (Prakashanth et al., 2006; Sharma & Patel, 2021).

In Middle Eastern ethnomedicine, A. indicum is valued for treating urinary complications and inflammation, further supporting its cross-cultural therapeutic relevance (Abu-Rabia, 2005). Overall, consistent ethnobotanical evidence supports the plant’s traditional use in managing inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, and reproductive disorders, aligning with its reported phytochemical and pharmacological properties.

9. PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ABUTILON INDICUM

Phytochemical investigations reveal that Abutilon indicum contains a rich blend of bioactive constituents distributed across different plant parts, including flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, sterols, tannins, triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and essential oils. Multiple studies have reported variations in chemical composition depending on the plant organ, extraction solvent, and geographic origin (Suryawanshi et al., 2020; Gomaa et al., 2018).

9.1 Roots

The roots of A. indicum contain alkaloids (β-sitosterol alkaloids), flavonoids, phenolic acids, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. Sharma & Goyal (2010) confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, and fixed oils in root extracts. Traditional uses of root decoctions correlate with the presence of bioactive lignans, coumarins, and sterols that contribute to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions (Dhanalakshmi et al., 1990). Root extracts have also shown hypoglycemic constituents such as flavonoids and polysaccharides (Seetharam et al., 2002).

9.2 Stems

The stem bark contains notable amounts of phenolics, mucilage, β-sitosterol, lupeol, and phytosterols (Das et al., 2012). Mahanthesh & Jalapure (2016) reported steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids in stem extracts. The presence of lupeol and β-sitosterol supports documented anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities. Stem mucilage is rich in polysaccharides, contributing to antioxidant and wound-healing properties (Gomaa et al., 2018).

9.3 Flowers

Flowers contain flavonoids (including luteolin derivatives), tannins, saponins, and essential oil components (Suryawanshi et al., 2020). Aromatic compounds such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes have been identified, explaining their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Suryawanshi et al., 2020; Gomaa et al., 2018). Reports also indicate the presence of quercetin, apigenin, and phenolic glycosides, which contribute to antioxidant effects.

9.4 Leaves

Leaves are the most investigated part of the plant. Ethanolic leaf extracts show high concentrations of luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, and phenolic acids (Sunil et al., 2023; Sunil et al., 2023—HPTLC study). Leaves also contain sterols, triterpenoids, flavonoid glycosides, mucilage, carbohydrates, tannins, and saponins (Dhanalakshmi et al., 1990). The strong antioxidant activity of leaf extracts is attributed to the abundance of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Essential oil components in the leaves also exhibit antimicrobial activity (Suryawanshi et al., 2020).

9.5 Fruit

The fruits contain unique bioactive compounds such as abutilin A, abutilin B, and several new phenolic derivatives (Upadhyay & Kumar, 2013). They also contain flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and glycosides. These constituents contribute to antidiabetic and hepatoprotective actions reported in modern pharmacological studies (Mehta & Sharma, 2022). Fruit extracts are also rich in polysaccharides and organic acids.

9.6 Seeds

Seeds contain fixed oils, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Toxicity studies highlight the presence of certain potent bioactives that require dose caution (Toxicology International, 2024). Seeds also show the presence of flavonoids and sterol derivatives responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity (Gomaa et al., 2018).

9.7 Aerial Parts

Combined aerial part extracts reveal a broad spectrum of phytochemicals including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, sterols, and polysaccharides (Gomaa et al., 2018; Suryawanshi et al., 2020). These constituents are responsible for significant antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities (Immunopharmacology, 2023; JOPCR, 2024).

9.8 Whole Plant

Whole-plant analyses show the presence of luteolin, apigenin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, lupeol, polysaccharides, and phenolic acids (Kuo et al., 2007). Essential oil components include monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with strong antimicrobial activity. Comprehensive reviews confirm that synergistic interactions between flavonoids, sterols, and phenolics support the plant’s traditional usage in Ayurveda and Siddha systems (Planté et al., 2024; Kirtikar & Basu, 1999).

10. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND MEDICINAL USE

Abutilon indicum is widely recognized in traditional and modern medicine for its broad therapeutic profile, attributed to its rich secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, sterols, and essential oils.[1,2] Numerous pharmacological investigations validate its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects.

10.1 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Extracts from A. indicum exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly reduced carrageenan-induced edema, attributed to flavonoids like luteolin and quercetin.[1,9] Essential oils also showed anti-inflammatory potential.[7]

10.2 Anti-stress Activity

Adaptogenic effects were reported in models of cold immobilization and restraint stress, suggesting the plant’s potential in modulating stress biomarkers and restoring physiological balance.[2]

10.3 Diuretic Activity

Traditional reports support the diuretic use of leaf and root extracts, which enhance urine output and electrolyte excretion. Ethnobotanical surveys document its use for urinary disorders.[21,54]

10.4 Hepatoprotective Activity

A. indicum exhibits potent hepatoprotective properties against CCl?- and paracetamol-induced toxicity. Extracts restored ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels and protected hepatocytes from oxidative damage.[10,45,46] These effects are attributed to antioxidant flavonoids and sterols.

10.5 Anti-Asthmatic Activity

Roots and leaves are used traditionally to treat asthma. Bronchodilatory, anti-allergic, and antispasmodic effects have been reported, likely due to the presence of mucilage and volatile compounds.[2,32]

10.6 Analgesic Activity

The analgesic potential was confirmed in formalin and acetic-acid writhing models, showing both central and peripheral analgesic effects. Phytosterols and phenolic compounds contribute to this activity.[9]

10.7 Hypoglycemic Activity

Leaf extracts significantly decreased blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by enhancing insulin secretion and glucose uptake.[11,57] Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are linked to α-glucosidase inhibition.[8]

10.8 Anticancer Activity

Preliminary studies demonstrate cytotoxic effects of isolated compounds against human cancer cell lines, attributed to lignans and flavonoids.[4,6] These compounds induce apoptosis through ROS generation.

10.9 Immunomodulation Activity

Methanolic extracts enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation, demonstrating both humoral and cell-mediated immunostimulatory effects.[12]

10.10 Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity

Essential oils containing sesquiterpenes and phenolics showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and Candida spp.[7,24] Cytotoxic effects were also noted in in vitro models of toxicity assessment.[13]

10.11 Anti-Arthritic Activity

Anti-arthritic potential is linked to suppression of inflammatory mediators and inhibition of protein denaturation, supporting its traditional use for joint pain.[2]

10.12 Larvicidal Activity

Extracts demonstrated larvicidal effects against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, attributed to bioactive terpenoids.[2]

10.13 Antibacterial Activity

Organic solvent extracts inhibited several pathogenic bacteria, supporting the plant’s use for wound infections and gastrointestinal ailments.[24,61]

10.14 Lipid-Lowering Activity

Hypolipidemic activity has been reported in high-fat diet models, with reductions in LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, linked to flavonoid-mediated modulation of lipid metabolism.[2]

10.15 Anti-Estrogenic Activity

Traditionally used for gynecological disorders, extracts display mild anti-estrogenic properties, likely via modulation of reproductive hormones.[23,47]

10.16 Wound Healing Activity

Leaf extract enhanced collagen synthesis, wound contraction, and epithelialization. Effects are associated with flavonoids and mucilage promoting tissue regeneration.[30]

11. RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Despite extensive ethnobotanical and pharmacognostic documentation, Abutilon indicum remains scientifically underexplored in several critical domains. Most studies emphasize preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro bioactivities, yet only a limited number of investigations have isolated and structurally characterized novel compounds beyond flavonoids, sterols, and essential oil components (Suryawanshi et al., 2020; Kuo et al., 2007). The plant’s reported pharmacological effects—particularly antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities—require validation through well-designed in vivo models, dose–response studies, and mechanistic assays (Mehta & Sharma, 2022; Sharma & Patel, 2021; Gomaa et al., 2018).

Standardization challenges persist due to variations in chemotypic profiles influenced by geography, climate, and extraction conditions. Quantitative marker-based profiling, such as luteolin-guided HPTLC/HPLC methods, has been attempted but remains insufficient for full-quality control (Sunil et al., 2023). Similarly, toxicological evidence is fragmentary, with limited sub-chronic or chronic toxicity studies (Toxicological profiling, 2024).

Future research must prioritize multi-omics approaches, metabolite fingerprinting, and bioassay-guided fractionation to establish definitive structure–activity correlations. Clinical investigations are absent and urgently required to confirm therapeutic relevance. Integration of traditional knowledge with modern pharmacology may further uncover unexplored therapeutic potentials (Planté et al., 2024; Upadhyay & Kumar, 2013).

12. CONCLUSION

Abutilon indicum is a widely recognized medicinal plant with deep roots in traditional healing systems, particularly Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. The systematic literature reviewed in this article confirms that the plant possesses significant pharmacognostic value, supported by well-documented morphological, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics. These parameters not only help in the accurate botanical identification of the species but also ensure the quality and purity of its raw material in herbal formulations.

Phytochemical investigations consistently reveal the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenolics, steroids, saponins, and essential oils. These bioactive compounds collectively contribute to the broad therapeutic potential of the plant. Structural elucidation through chromatographic and spectroscopic studies further strengthens scientific understanding of its chemical profile.

In vitro and in vivo studies report multiple bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, analgesic, nephroprotective, wound healing, and immunomodulatory effects. These pharmacological findings validate many traditional uses of the plant, especially in treating respiratory disorders, pain, inflammation, urinary complaints, and general debility. However, many studies still remain preliminary, with limited clinical validation.

Although Abutilon indicum shows promising therapeutic potential, the available evidence also highlights research gaps. Standardized extraction procedures, well-designed dosage studies, toxicity evaluations, and comprehensive clinical trials are still insufficient. The absence of uniform pharmacological protocols further limits comparability between studies. Future research must focus on optimizing extraction methods, isolating potent biomolecules, evaluating molecular mechanisms, and validating therapeutic applications through controlled human studies.

Overall, Abutilon indicum emerges as a pharmacologically rich plant with diverse bioactive constituents and broad medicinal relevance. Strengthening scientific evidence through advanced phytochemical and pharmacological studies will further support its development into standardized, safe, and clinically effective herbal formulations.

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