Pravara Rural Education Society’s College of Pharmacy, (For Women) Chincholi, Nashik 422102 Maharashtra, India.
Mosquitoes, especially Anopheles and Aedes species, are major vectors for life-threatening maladies such as jungle fever, dengue fever, and Zika infection, driving to over one million passings yearly. Conventional anticipation strategies essentially center on lessening mosquito nibbles through repellents. Whereas manufactured repellents like DEET and Allethrin are commonly utilized, they posture wellbeing dangers and natural concerns. In differentiate, normal repellents inferred from plants have been utilized for centuries and offer a promising, eco-friendly alternative. There see highlights a few successful plant-based repellents, counting basil (Ocimum basilicum),neem (Azadirachtaindica), marigold(Tageteserecta), Camphor, cedar, Chamomile, citronella, Cinnamon, Clove, Eucalyptus, Geranium, Jasmine, Juniper, Lavender, Lemon,Lemongrass, Lemon Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Rosemary, Orange and lantana camara. Basic oils from basil contain compounds such as eugenol and linalool that illustrate noteworthy repellent properties. Neem oil, wealthy in azadirachtin and terpenoids, viably hinders mosquitoes whereas advancing maintainable hones. Marigold, through compounds like a-terthienyl, repulses mosquitoes without destructive chemicals, making it a profitable component in companion planting. Lantana camara, whereas a common weed, has appeared potential in mosquito control without the unfavorable natural impacts related with manufactured alternatives. Moreover, home grown extraction strategies permit for the arrangement of viable mosquito repellents that are non-toxic and ecologically neighborly. Procedures such as microencapsulation encourage upgrade the viability and life span of these homegrown repellents.
Mosquito have been known to mortal for numerous decades and are little canvases that transmit a variety of disease through there slaver. Several mosquito species from the rubrics Anopheles and Aedes serve as vectors for pathogens that beget conditions similar as Dengue fever, Malaria, Yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, and other infections. Mosquitoes alone are responsible for the transmission of conditions to roughly 700 million people worldwide, with over one million deaths reported each time. Herbal phrasings, which are proven to be helpful against a wide range of conditions and affections, are gradationally gaining fashionability around the world1. still, including a statement that factory cures are effective and have no side goods is a good idea.(1) Mosquito borne conditions are major mortal health problem and controls of similar serious conditions are getting decreasingly delicate because of the high rate of reduplication and development of resistance to germicides in mosquitoes. Synthetic fungicides repellants have been considerably used for mosquito control by either killing, precluding adult mosquitoes to suck mortal beings or by killing mosquito naiads at the parentage spots of the vectors. still its injurious impact on non-target population and the development of resistance urged for the hunt of volition, simple and sustainable styles of mosquito control. The need for development of effective germicides repellents( 2).
Herbal Method for Mosquito Repellent Finish:
Home-grown Strategy FOR MOSQUITO REPELLENT Wrap up Herbal repellents are ideal than chemical repellents since they are non-toxic, non-allergenic, and ecologically neighborly. On utilize home-grown repellent, to begin with make home-grown extricates, at that point apply this extricates to textures.
1.Herbal Extract Extraction:
Fresh herbs are isolated and shadow dried some time recently being beat into a fine powder. For extraction, an adequate sum of dry powder is blended with solvents such as methanol, ethanol, humane, or water and kept up in a closed holder overnight, for a few days, or for a few hours. To extricate is along these lines sifted utilizing channel paper. The home-grown extricates are condensed by dissipating the solvents and kept for consequent utilize after filtration (3,4).
2. Application Of Herbal Extracts:
he created extricate is instantly connected to the texture utilizing the pad-dry-cure strategy in this strategy. The texture is pressed, dried, and cured after being cushioned with extricate.
Method Of Microencapsulation-Herbal extricates are encased in microcapsules in this prepare. The depletion strategy is at that point utilized to wrap up the texture. The cloth is soaked in the microcapsule arrangement for a brief period of time some time recently being evacuated, crushed, dried, and cured (5)
History:
Mosquito- transmitted conditions remain a main source of illness and death nonentity repellent composites have been employed to displace or kill insects since age, when colorful factory canvases , smokes, seamen, and other substances were used. There were only four main repellents accessible before WWII citronella oil painting, which was occasionally used as a hair remedy for head lice, dimethyl phthalate, which was set up in 1929, Indalone, which was patented in 1937, and Rutgers 612, which was retailed in 1939.As a result, the US government had delved over 20,000 possible mosquito repellent chemicals by 1956(7)
Types of repellants:
Mosquito repellents are codified in a variety of ways. Depending on their source, they're distributed as chemical or herbal repellents.Germicides that repel insects and pests rather than killing or killing them are known as repellent germicides.
Methods of mosquito’s repellant:
1)Chemical repellant:
There are a number of common and chemical mosquito repellents that work to repulse mosquitoes. The engineered chemical repellent, DEET, is the most successful. It is basically a harm that covers the common odor and carbon monoxide that is discharged from the human body.(8)
A) Synthetic repellant:
The manufactured compound DEET (N, N-diethyl-mtoluamide) has been the most compelling single creepy crawly repellent for numerous a long time and is the premise for numerous commercial mosquito repellent items on the showcase. In spite of reports of major poisonous qualities that can have a critical affect on grown-ups and children, such as dermatitis, unfavorably susceptible responses, neurological (seizures, coma)(9)
Table No 1: Extensively Used Mosquito Repellants and Their Limitations
2)Natural Repellant:
Numerous repellents are these days accessible which can effectively battle off the mosquitoes but are not great for the wellbeing as it contain a hurtful chemical called DEET. Basic oil repellents can be short-lived in their viability, since fundamental oils can vanish totally may require more visit re-application to keep up full security cannot apply straightforwardly on the skin, if connected can cause rashes on skin.
Importance or needs of Herbal mosquito repellent:
In show disdain toward of the distant coming to utilize of DEET-containing things, investigators such as Tenenbein and records from hurt control center phone data have nitty gritty and found as it were a few cases of dermatitis, unfavorably helpless reactions, and neurologic and cardiovascular toxicities such as seizures taking after the utilize, ingestion, and high-concentration utilize of DEET on children and grown-ups(10,11)
Plant based repellant:
Plant-based repellents have been utilized as a individual defensive technique against numerous Anopheles species for eras in conventional hone. Conventional repellent plant information is a profitable asset for creating unused common repellents as an elective to chemical repellents.
Table No 2: Part Of Plants with Their Compositions.
|
Plant oil |
Plant species |
Part |
Major component |
Repellency % |
Protection time (hours) |
|
Basil |
Ocimum basilicum L. |
leaf, flower top |
estragole, limonene, fenchone, linalool, eugenol E-methyl cinnamate, 1,8- cineole(12) |
66.3 |
3.5 |
|
Camphor |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl |
wood, bark, leaf |
1, 8-cineole, αterpineol, α-pinene, linalool, camphor, sabinene(13) |
- |
- |
|
Cedar |
Cedrus Trew (Cupressus L., Juniperus L.) spp. |
wood |
thujopsene, eudesmol, E-(+)-αatlantone;α,β & γ-himachalenes; α- & βcedrenes; limonene, β-phellandrene, α & β-pinene, 3 carene; p-methyl-Δ-3- tetrahydro &p-methyl acetophenones; hinokitiol, carvacrol(14) |
38.1 |
8 |
|
Chamomile |
Chamaemelu m nobile (L.) All. |
seed, leaf, flower |
Roman: isobutyl, isoamyl & 2- methylpentyl angelates, αpinene German: E-βfarnesene, E, E-α farnesene, αbisabolol, α-bisabolol oxides A& B(15) |
76.2 |
8 |
|
Citronella |
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, C. winterianus Jowitt ex Bor |
leaf |
citronellal, geraniol, citronellol, geranyl acetate(16) |
100 |
11 |
|
Cinnamon |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume |
bark, leaf |
eugenol, cinnamaldehyde(17) |
100 |
8 |
|
Clove |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perr y |
flower bud |
eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate(18) |
100 |
3.5 |
|
Eucalyptus |
E. dives Schauer |
leaf |
1, 8-cineole, p- menthane-3,8- diol, α- pinene, p-cymene, γterpinene, eucamalol, allo-ocimene, citronellol, α-terpineol(19) |
28.6 |
5.5 |
|
Geranium |
Pelargonium graveolens L?Hér. |
leaf, stem |
2-phenylethanol, geraniol, citronellol, geranyl acetate(20) |
61.9 |
8 |
|
Jasmine |
Jasminum grandiflorum L. |
flower |
linalool, benzyl acetate,methyl & benzyl benzoates, methyl anthranilate, Zjasmone, eugenol(21) |
100 |
8 |
|
Juniper |
Juniperus communis L. |
fruit |
α-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, germacrene D(22) |
76.2 |
8 |
|
Lavender |
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. |
flower |
linalool, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate, α- terpineol, geranyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole(23) |
80.9 |
8 |
|
Lemon |
Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck |
peel |
limonene, β-pinene, γterpinene(24) |
9.5 |
7 |
|
Lemongrass |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stap |
leaf |
geranial, neral,myrcene (25) |
100 |
8 |
|
Lemon eucalyptus |
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook |
leaf, twig |
citronellal, citronellol(26) |
52.4 |
8 |
|
Peppermint |
Mentha × piperita L. |
Aerial part |
somenthol, pmenthone, isomenthyl & menthyl acetates(27,28) |
100 |
11 |
|
Rosemary |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. |
Flower |
verbenone, camphor, borneol, bornyl acetate, α-terpineol, terpinen-4- ol(29) |
100 |
8 |
|
Orange |
Citrus Sinensis |
Peel |
limonene, myrcene(30) |
100 |
2 |
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
The plants having a place to the basil genome or Ocimum sort of the Lamiaceae family are fragrant ones for its culinary and restorative properties, has moreover been investigated for its insect-repellent qualities, especially against mosquitoes. The fundamental oils extricated from basil contain compounds such as eugenol, linalool, and citronellol, which have illustrated repellent impacts., known for its culinary and restorative properties, has too been investigated for its insect-repellent qualities, especially against mosquitoes(31)
Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)
Mosquitoes are major vectors for infections such as intestinal sickness, dengue, and Zika infection, requiring successful repellent methodologies. Whereas chemical repellents are broadly utilized, concerns regarding their security and natural affect have impelled intrigued in normal options. Camphor has risen as a candidate due to its insect-repelling properties. Its essential dynamic component, camphor itself, is known for its repellent and insecticidal properties (32)
Cedar
Authorized from the wood of cedar trees, cedar wood oil is frequently mentioned for its ability to repel insects, particularly mosquitoes (33)
Chamomile (Aedes aegypti L)
Serves as the essential dengue and yellow fever vector. The n-humane, ethyl acetic acid derivation extricates, and fundamental oils from the blooms of Roman (Chamaemelum mobile L.) ,German (Patricia chamomile L.), and Jurua (Chrysanthemum moratorium Rama.) (34)
Citronella (Cymbopogon spp.)
Citronella oil is broadly recognized for its mosquito-repelling properties. It is determined from the takes off and stems of different species of Cymbopogon (lemongrass). Inferred from different species of the Cymbopogon sort, The essential dynamic fixing in citronella oil is citronellal, along with geranium, citronellal, and other terpenoids. Inquire about has illustrated the adequacy of citronella oil in repulsing mosquitoes, possibly lessening the chance of mosquito-borne maladies such as intestinal sickness, dengue fever, and Zika infection(35)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
Cinnamon has been prescribed for utilize as a eerie crawly repellent. Cinnamon oils and their constituents, such as cinnamaldehyde, are insecticidal chemicals that have been utilized to control a wide run of eerie crawlies(36)
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Clove oil has been inspected for its antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal impacts against cutaneous irresistible indications, and has been found to be environmentally secure and safe to individuals, making it appropriate for utilization in pharmaceutical, aroma, and nourishment flavoring(37)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
Eucalyptus is moreover one of the best mosquito repellent plant , P-Menthane-3, 8-diol (PMD) is a dynamic constituent found in eucalyptus oil ,When USDA analysts tried the victory of PMenthane-3, 8-diol as a mosquito repellent, they found that it has given assurance from nibbles for approximately 7 hours. Eucalyptus has been utilized for centuries as a therapeutic herb, and is accepted to have characteristic sterile, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties (38)
Geranium (Pelargonium genus)
Is a species in the Pelargonium sort and is frequently called a geranium since ,It is a vital fragrance based treatment oil since geranium oil, as well as its major constituents ( citronellal, geranium, and linalool), have appeared smooth muscle relaxant (guinea pig ileum) properties (44) uranium, commonly known as cranes bill, is a plant commonly found in calm and mountain locales. Geranium has a place to the family Geraniaceae(39)
Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum L.)
Jasmine fundamental oil created from Jasminum grandiflorum L. has been appeared to repulse mosquitos in tests. As it were three investigate have inspected the mosquito repellent adequacy of Roman chamomile basic oil, in spite of the truth that its chemical cosmetics has been identified (40)
Juniper
In tests, jasmine fundamental oil determined from Jasminum grandiflorum L. was found to repulse mosquitos. In spite of the truth that the chemical cosmetics of Roman chamomile fundamental oil has been known, fair three ponders have looked at its mosquito repellent potential (41)
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Lavender, with its relieving scent and restorative properties, moreover shows striking mosquito repellent characteristics. Inferred from the Tarantula class, lavender oil contains compounds like linalool and finally acetic acid derivation, which contribute to its insect-repelling impacts. Inquire about has appeared that lavender oil can viably prevent mosquitoes, possibly decreasing the chance of mosquito-borne infections such as jungle fever, dengue fever, and Zika infection(42)
Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora)
Emon eucalyptus, logically known as Eucalyptus citriodora, has surprising mosquito repellent properties, making it a prevalent normal elective for repulsing mosquitoes. The fragrance of lemon eucalyptus oil acts as a strong mosquito repellent by veiling human odors and disturbing mosquitoes' olfactory receptors, making it troublesome for them to find and bolster on human has.(43)
Peppermint (Mentha spp.)
Peppermint, known for its reviving smell and cooling sensation, too has momentous mosquito repellent properties, making it a well-known common alternative for discouraging mosquitoes. In any case, it is fundamental to perform a fix test some time recently broad utilize and weaken peppermint oil with a carrier oil to avoid skin aggravation in delicate people (44)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary is a fragrant evergreen bush with needle-like takes off and a woody stem Rosemary is neighborhood to the Mediterranean district, but it creates in various other places around the world, customarily in warm climates. Rosemary has a strong, pine-like scent and upgrade, and it can be utilized to season meats, vegetables, and other dishes. It additionally has various helpful properties. Rosemary contains essential oils, which are acknowledged to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antispasmodic properties(45)
Orange
Important micronutrients, such as vitamins C and E, as well as carotenoids and flavonoids, are found in the human thin down and are fundamental for keeping up human prosperity (46). The closeness of these utilitarian food components and antioxidant nutraceutical or phytochemicals contributes to the wholesome regard of nourishment. It can slaughter or control ants and other unpleasant crawlies by erasing their scent-pheromone way pointers, or dissolving their exoskeleton, slaughtering the intrusion or aggravating re-infestation. Orange oil is said to have a grouping of benefits in scent based treatment, tallying the capacity to diminish extend, supervise uneasiness, empower loosening up, and make strides mood(47)
Plant Based Repellant in Flow diagram:
Others plant source used as mosquito’s repellant:
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
is famous for its distinctive helpful properties, tallying its maleness as a mosquito repellent. Need oil, removed from the seeds of the need tree, contains compounds such as azadirachtin, ammonoids, and terpenoids, which show solid insect-repelling impacts. Examine has showed up that need oil can suitably anticipate mosquitoes, conceivably diminishing the chance of mosquito-borne contamination such as intestinal affliction, dengue fever, and Zika contamination(48)
Merigold (Tagetes erecta)
Merrygold parts as sensible components of the mosquito coil/ incense follow to be conveyed. It does not contain pernicious chemical which are show in a few commercial things it repulses mosquitoes without destroying the environment.merigold is said dishearten a few common frightening crawly bugs, as well as nematodes. There are various plants which shows up unfriendly to repellent activity, this is required for security against contamination. This is plant based so they are eco-friendly and does not have any side impacts most of the time(49)
Lantana camara
Anopheles mosquitoes are reliable for the transmission of wilderness fever from one individual to the other.A basic perspective of intestinal ailment shirking is mosquito repellence. In show disdain toward of the reality that made chemicals and bug showers have been utilized to control these vectors, they have actuated decline irremediable hurt to the ecosystem since various of them are non-degradable(50)
CONCLUSION:
Herbal mosquito repellents offer an eco-friendly and non-toxic alternative to synthetic options.
REFERENCES
Pratiksha Nagare*, Sheetal Gosavi, Charushila Bhangale, Review on Herbal Mosquitoes’ Repellant, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 4, 2644-2656 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15261405
10.5281/zenodo.15261405
