Department of Pharmacology Malla Reddy Institute Of Pharmaceutical Science’s
Over the past three decades, formulation technology has significantly advanced, particularly in drug delivery systems. Innovations include novel dosage forms and new uses for existing drugs, offering benefits like improved patient compliance, sustained drug concentration, reduced dosing frequency, targeted delivery, and minimized side effects. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are key developments, allowing controlled, continuous medication administration through the skin, bypassing gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism, and enhancing bioavailability and patient compliance. The FDA approves roughly one transdermal product every 2.2 years, with the first patch approved four decades ago. This research examines the skin's role as a barrier, clinical trials, patents, commercialization, and the benefits and limitations of TDDS. Various TDDS methods are reviewed, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications. Recent advancements demonstrate TDDS's effectiveness and potential across diverse sectors, emphasizing their transformative impact on drug delivery and therapeutic practices.
Hypolipidemic activity refers to the ability of a substance or drug to lower the lipid levels in the body. Lipids are fatty substance like cholesterol and triglycerides that are important for various body functions. However, high levels of lipids in the blood can lead to the health problems like heart diseases. When a substance exhibits hypolipidemic activity, it helps to reduce the levels of lipids in the blood, promoting better cardiovascular health. This can be achieved through different mechanisms such as inhibiting the production of lipids, increasing their breakdown, or enhancing their elimination from the body. There are several natural and synthetic compounds that have been found to possess hypolipidemic activity. For example certain plant extracts, such as garlic and fenugreek, have been shown to have lipid-lowering effects. These extracts contain bioactive compounds that can regulate lipid metabolism and improve lipid profiles. In addition to natural compounds, pharmaceutical drugs like statins are commonly prescribed for their hypolipidemic condition. Statins work by inhibiting an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, there by reducing cholesterol levels in the blood. Regular physical activity and a healthy diet also play a crucial role in maintaining optimal lipid levels. Engaging in aerobic exercises like jogging, swimming, or cycling can help to increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, also known as “good” cholesterol, while reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or “bad” cholesterol. When it comes to diet, incorporating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish( like salmon and mackerel ), walnuts, and flax seeds, can have positive impact on lipid levels. These healthy fats help to lower the triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol. Its important to note that hypolipidemic condition always be approached under the guidance of a healthcare professional. They can assess your lipid profile, recommend appropriate interventions, and monitor your progress. PIPER BETEL, commonly known as evergreen vine that belongs to the Piperaceae family. It has heart shaped leaves with a glossy appearance and can grow upto 5-6 feet in height. The plant thrives in warm and humid climates, which makes it perfect for regions like Southeast Asia. In addition to its traditional use in medicine and a stimulant, the leaves of the Piper Betel plant also have cultural significance. They are often used in religious ceremonies, as well as in culinary preparations like wrapping food or adding flavor to dishes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
PLANT COLLECTION
Fig no 1 Piper Betel plant
The piper betel plant was identified and the leaves are collected from the Narsapur regional area.
PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT :
The leaves of piper betel were washed with tap water and shade dried. The leaves were taken and powdered coarsely and stored in a container for further use. The air dried and powdered piper betel leaves are taken and weighed (50gm) were extracted with ethanol solvent by using Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours, at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point. Then the extract was collected from the Soxhlet apparatus is a glass beaker (500ml) and kept the extract in heating mantle for air drying and the residues were collected and stored in a room temperature.
Fig no 2 Soxhlet extraction process
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL :
Were six female wistar rats (250 – 270 g) were selected and divided into three groups each group has two animals. The animals were maintained in a well ventilated room in polypropylene cages and the rats were fed on pellets and vanaspathi dalda and tap water. All the experiments were carried out according to the guidelines recommended by the committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals ( CPCSEA), Government of india.
INDUCTION OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA :
Induction of hyperlipidemia was done by high fat food, using vanaspathi dalda and pellets foe two weeks (14 days). Then blood samples was collected and sent to near by diagnostic center ( Ayesha diagnostic center ) and the lipid profile shows the hyperlipidemic results.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN :
Induction of hyperlipidemia in female wistar rats by inducing high fat diet, after two weeks the blood samples were taken and checks the lipid profile of high fat diet induced female wistar rats.
The rats are divided into three groups, each group contains two rats.
Fig no 3 Oral route of administration.
Fig no 4 Intraperitoneal route of administration
GROUP 1 :
control group rats are administered with distilled water.
GROUP 2 :
High fat diet induced rats are administered orally by ethanolic extract of piper Betel leaves ( Dose 30 mg/kg ) to seven days.
GROUP 3 :
Hyperlipidemia induced rats are administered intraperitoneal route by prepared Extract of piper betel ( Dose 20 mg/kg ) to seven days.
GROUP 4 :
Standard group animals are administered orally by ATARVOSTATIN drug 10 mg/kg.
BLOOD COLLECTION :
Fig no 5 Tail vein blood collection
Fig no 6 1ml of collected blood sample
After seven days of drug administration the blood sample was collected through the tail vein technique, under the light concentration of chloroform anesthesia. Upto 1ml blood were collected from the rats and stored in heparin tubes. Then samples are sent to near by Ayesha diagnostic center.
The lab reports are given below ( lipid profile )
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING :
Phytochemical test were done to identify the presence of bioactive chemical constituents such as terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, glucosides and carbohydrates by the following procedure.
Test for Terpenoids :
Test for Tannins :
1ml filtrate is dissolved in 3ml distilled water and 3 drops 10?rric chloride solution is added in the solution. Then the solution turns into blue green color, it indicate the positive response for test of Tannins.
Test for Glucosides :
1ml dil. H2SO4 is added to 0.2ml extract and the solution is boiled for 15 min, and allowed to cool. It is neutralized with 10% NaOH and 0.2 ml fehling’s solution A and B. A brick red precipitation is formed which indicates the presence of glucosides.
Test for Phenols :
The leaf extract is dissolved in 5ml distilled water after which 3ml of 10% lead acetate solution is added to the solution. Due to formation of white precipitate the presence of phenolic compounds are identified.
Test for Carbohydrates :
In 2ml filtrate, 2 drops of alcoholic alpha naphthol and 1ml conc. H2SO4. The violet ring formed at the separation of the liquid, and indicate the presence of carbohydrates.
Test for Alkaloids :
Add a few ml filtrate with 1-2ml Hangers reagents. The positive results gives a creamy white precipitate.
Few ml of filtrate is added with 1-2ml. dragendroffs reagents. Presence of alkaloids indicated by a reddish – brown precipitate.
Test for Saponins :
a. Fronth test :
0.5gm leaf extract is added in 2ml tap water and shaken vigorously. A persistent foam is observed for 10 minutes in presence of Saponins.
Test for Flavonoids :
2-3 drops of H2SO4 were added to 2ml of extract. Initially, deep yellow color appeared then it gradually became colorless by adding of few drops of dil. HCL, it indicate that flavonoids were present.
RESULTS :
The present study establishes the hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic leaf extraction of Piper Betel in wistar rats. The results of different hypolipidemic parameters are shown in table. Atarvostatin treated animals significantly decreased the hypolipidemic activity. Ethanolic extract of piper betel can treated animals significantly decreased hypolipidemic condition.
Table 1. Effect of treatment of piper betel extract on cholesterol levels in high fat diet induced wistar rats.
DISCUSSION :
The objective of the present study is to evaluate hypolipidemic action of ethanolic extract of piper betel leaves. And high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in female wistar rats. Development of atherosclerosis disease is complicated process involving accumulation of lipid containing particles in the walls of coronary arteries and other major arteries within the body. A high fat diet increased cholesterol levels to people which leads to obesity. High cholesterol diet increased serum levels and LDL-C significantly a rise deposition of cholesterol in arteries and aorta and it is a direct risk factor for coronary heart diseases. Piper Betel a well known traditional medicinal plant it has been used to treat diabetics and related hyperlipidemic condition.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion from the above results, it can be suggested that the ethanolic extract of piper betel is an effective hypolipidemic activity, which supports the claim that the plant can be used to treat Hypolipidemic condition. The present study also provides basis for traditional use of Piper Betel in treatment of diabetes insipidus.
REFERENCES
P. Vijay Kumar , G. Gopala Krishna, D. Vinuthna, Hypolipidemic Activity Of Piper Betel In High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 8, 3360-3368. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13337279
10.5281/zenodo.13337279
