D K Patil Institute of Pharmacy, Loha
Hemorrhoids are a common anorectal disorder characterized by inflammation, pain, and bleeding of the rectal veins. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a herbal anti-hemorrhoidal cream using extracts of Ricinus communis Linn (castor oil) and Cinnamomum camphora (camphor). The plant materials were selected for their well-documented anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing properties. The cream was prepared by the fusion method using an oil-in-water base. Various formulations were developed and evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and stability. In vitro diffusion studies and antimicrobial tests were also performed to assess drug release and microbial resistance. The optimized formulation showed good consistency, acceptable pH (6.2 ± 0.1), and excellent spreadability with no phase separation upon storage. Pharmacological evaluation demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activity compared with the standard marketed formulation. The study concludes that the herbal combination of Ricinus communis and Cinnamomum camphora can be effectively formulated into a topical cream for the management of hemorrhoids with minimal side effects.
The WHO predicts that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 20301 India leads the world in the number of diabetics who experience the dubious diversity of so-called "diabetic world capital". is increasing worldwide, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising dramatically, perhaps due to obesity, declining employment rates as countries develop economically and as a result of aging. Over time, diabetes can increase the risk of developing health problems, including blindness, kidney damage, nerve damage, amputation, and cardio vascular disease. Although diabetes cannot be cured, the disease can be controlled by non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies, where the development of glycemic control factors is important factors in delaying the onset and progression of diabetes-related complications. A great way to manage diabetes can be achieved through diet, exercise and / or treatment instead of insulin.
INTRODUCTION OF DIABETES:
Diabetes Mellitus is a long-lasting metabolic condition marked by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). This may happen due to not enough insulin production or the body's inability to use insulin effectively. It is a growing health problem worldwide and a leading cause of illness and death.
2. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
a. Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)
b. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)
This is the most common type and is usually caused by insulin resistance and not enough insulin. It is closely linked to obesity, a lack of physical activity, and an unhealthy diet. It can often be managed with changes in lifestyle, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.
c. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
d. Other Specific Types
This category includes genetic defects in β-cell function, pancreatic diseases, or diabetes caused by medications.
3. Pathophysiology
Insulin Role: Insulin is a hormone made by β-cells in the pancreas. It helps regulate blood sugar by encouraging its uptake into cells.
In diabetes, insulin is either not produced (Type 1) or the body's cells resist it (Type 2).This leads to high blood sugar levels, which can harm organs and systems in the body over time.
4. Causes and Risk Factors
5. Symptoms of Diabetes
6. Complications of Diabetes
If not managed, diabetes can lead to serious health problems:
7. Diagnosis of Diabetes
Common tests used for diagnosis include:
8. Management of Diabetes
9. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
DRUG PROFILE :-
Synonyms- Jambolan, Black Plum, Jamun, Java Plum.
Biological Source - The biological source of jamun is the Syzygium cumini tree.
Family- Myrtaceae
Chemical Constituents:- Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Phenolic, Anti-Inflammatory. Anthocyanins, Gallic Acids, Tannins, Phenols, Alkaloids, Ellagic Acid, Glycoside, Isoquercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Tannins.
Uses-
2. Amla
Scientific Name - Emblica officinalis
Biological Source - The biological source of amla is the Phyllanthus emblica tree, which is also known as the Indian gooseberry tree.
Family – Phyllanthaceae
3. Methi Seeds:-
Scientific Name: Fenugreek Seed
Biological Source: The biological source of fenugreek is the dried seeds of the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum
Kingdom: Plantea
Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Chemical Constituent: Fiber, Protein, and Carbohydrates, as well as minerals like Saponins, Flavonoids, And Alkaloids. Iron, Magnesium, and Manganese contains a variety of nutrients and bioactive compounds.
Uses:
4. Turmeric
Biological Source: Curcuma Longa
Synonym: Termeric , Curcuma Longa
Biological Source: It is the dried rhizome (underground stem) of the plant Curcuma longa. It belongs to the ginger
Family: Zingiberaceae.
Chemical Constituent: Curcuminoids, Curcuminoids consist of curcumin. demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, turmerone, ar-turmerone, and zingiberene.
Uses:
5) TULSI:
Synonym: Lamiaceae
Biological Source: The biological source of Tulsi (also known as Holy Basil) is the plant species Ocimum sanctum fresh and dried leaves of this plant are used.
Family: Lamiaceae
Chemical Constituent: Eugenol, Methyl Eugenol, Carvacrlo, Fatty acids, Terponoids, Flevonoids.
Uses:
6) CINNAMON
Synonym: Ceylon Cinnamon, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, and Dalchini
Biological Source: The Biological Source of cinnamon bark is the dried inner bark of the shoots of trees belonging to the genus Cinnamomum
Chemical Constituent: cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, linalool, and ?-caryophyllene.
Uses:-
Objectives:-
MATERIAL & METHODS:
All the raw materials were procured from a certified Ayurvedic herb supplier or localauthentic market. Analytical grade chemicals and solvents (ethanol, distilled water, etc.) were used for processing and quality analysis.
2. Instruments and Apparatus Used:
3. Preformulation study:
Pre formulation study is an important phase in the development of pharmaceutical products. It involves evaluating the characteristics of the drug substance and its compatibility with excipients before creating the final formulation.
a) Bulk Density:
The bulk density of a powder is the ratio of the mass of an untapped powder sample and its volume including the contribution of the inter-particulate void volume.
b) Tapped Density:
The tapped density is an increased bulk density attained after mechanically tapping a container containing the powder sample.
c) Carr's Index
Carr's Index of any solid is calculated for compressibility of a powder which is based on true density and bulk density.
d) Hausner's Ratio
Hausner ratio is defined as the ratio of a powder's tapped bulk density to its poured (loose) bulk density.
e) Angle of Repose
Angle of repose powder poured from a vessel forms a cone-like pile. The angle of repose- the angle between the slope of the pile and the horizontal correlates with the strength of particle-particle interactions and, therefore, is measured to infer flowability.
FORMULA: ? = tan?¹(h/r)
Where,
h : the height in cm
r : the radius in cm
? : the angle of repose
f) % Ash Value
The ash values usually represent the inorganic residues such as phosphates, carbonates and silicates present in herbal drugs.
Where,
W2: weight of crucible ash
WO: weight of crucible
W1: weight of sample
g) Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (referred to as the solute) to dissolve in solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution. We are going to check solubility of our sample in water, acidic and alkaline solution.
h) Antimicrobial Study
We have to check the antimicrobial property of our sample by suing different antimicrobial agents like E. Coli, S. Aureus & Candida albicans.
4. Procedure:-
a. Cleaning
Clean each ingredient to remove foreign matter, dirt, or debris.Use distilled water or dry brushing depending on the nature of the material.
b. Drying
Dry the ingredients in shade or at 40–50°C in a hot air oven until constant weight is achieved.This prevents loss of volatile constituents (especially for tulsi and cinnamon).
c. Size Reduction
Grind each ingredient separately into fine powder using a pulverizer or grinder.Sieve each powder through 80 sieve to get uniform particle size.
d. Weighing
Weigh all the fine powders according to the predetermined proportion (e.g., as per 100g batch size).
e. Blending
Mix all the sieved powders uniformly using a mortar-pestle or blender.Ensure thorough blending for at least 15–20 minutes to ensure homogeneity.
f. Packaging
Pack the final churna in airtight containers (preferably amber-colored glass jars or food-grade polythene bags).Label with name, batch number, date of manufacture, and expiry date.
5. Evaluation Parameters :
Organoleptic property :
pH: pH of freshly prepered 1% w/v suspension and 10% w/v suspension in distilled water was determined using simple glass electrode pH meter
Microbial test : first collect a sample using sterile tools like swabs or bags, then prepare it by diluting it in sterile liquid or solid media. Next, you incubate the sample with a culture medium to encourage microbial growth, or use a filtration method to isolate and concentrate microbes. Finally, you analyze the results by counting colonies on plates, observing growth in broth, or using more advanced techniques like biochemical tests or microscopy to identify and quantify the microorganisms present.
Ash value : The ash values usually represent the inorganic residues such as phosphates, carbonates and silicates present in herbal drugs
5. Qualitative Test
Test for alkaloids:
Dragendorff’s test: To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of dragendorff’s reagent (Potassium Bismuth iodide solution). An orange-red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. Mayer’s test: To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of Mayer’s reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide solution). Whitish yellow or cream-colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.
Test for saponins:
Take small quantity of alcoholic and aqueous extract separately and add 20 ml of distilled water and shake in agraduated cylinder for 15 minutes lengthwise. A 1cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins.
Test for Tannins:
About 200 mg of the plant extract was boiled with 10 mL of distilled water; and 0.1% Ferric chloride was added to the mixture; which was then observed for blue-black coloration indicating the presence of tannins.
Test for Flavonoids :
200 mg of the plant extract was mixed with 10 mL of ethanol and filtrated. Two mL of the filtrate, concentrated HCl, and magnesium ribbon were mixed. The formation of a pink or red color indicates the presence of flavonoids. Adding 1 mL of distilled water and NaOH to 0.5 mL of crude extract, the formation of a yellowish color indicated the presence of glycosides.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A) Collection Of Sample
Sample is collected from local area of Loha Dist. Nanded 431708
B) Authentication Letter: The sample was authentified by Dr. Marahthe, HOD (botany dept.) of NES Science College , Nanded.
In this pre-formulation study of sample, we observed that, the Batch C (sieve #80) has good flow property and other parameters then can be utilized have final preparation of Antidiabetic Churn.
Solubility:-
Extraction of samples:
Extraction of samples (Syzygium cumini , Emblica officinalis , Fenugreek seeds) by Hot air drying by grinding in D.K. Patil Institute Of Pharmacy loha
Formulation Table (25gm of Formulation):
CONCLUSION :
Based on the research and evaluation, your polyherbal churna formulation offers a promising and natural way to manage a health condition. By combining several medicinal plants, this Churna was designed to be effective while potentially having fewer side effects compared to Modern, synthetic medicines.
REFERENCES
Sontakke Vinayak, Sontakke Vaishnavi, Surnar Rameshwar, Taur Disha, Tidke Satyanarayan, Saiprasad Chavhan, Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Antidiabetic Churna Formulated by Jamun Seeds, Turmeric, and Methi Seeds, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 11, 1163-1177. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17554254
10.5281/zenodo.17554254
