Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.
Fungal infections, ranging from common superficial conditions to severe invasive diseases, are a growing global health concern. These infections are caused by diverse fungi entering the human body via contact, inhalation of spores, or contaminated food. While most fungal infections are mild, certain species can cause life-threatening illnesses, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Antifungal agents play a vital role in treating these infections by targeting fungal pathogens while minimizing harm to the host. However, the rise in antifungal resistance, coupled with limited therapeutic options, poses significant challenges. This paper examines the mechanisms of antifungal action, the current antifungal agents, and their clinical applications. It highlights the hurdles in antifungal treatment, such as resistance development and side effects, which necessitate the exploration of novel therapies. Advances in research are crucial to develop safer and more effective antifungal strategies to combat these infections. The discussion underscores the importance of innovation in antifungal therapy to address the increasing prevalence and resistance issues, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This overview emphasizes the urgent need for a deeper understanding of antifungal medications and their therapeutic potential in addressing the growing burden of fungal infections globally.
Fungal infections, ranging from superficial conditions such as athlete’s foot and ringworm to invasive, life-threatening diseases like systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis, have become an increasingly significant concern in global health. Fungi, a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, can cause infections in humans through direct contact, inhalation of airborne spores, or the ingestion of contaminated food.[1] Although the majority of fungal infections are benign, certain species, especially those affecting immunocompromised individuals, can lead to severe, life-threatening conditions.[2] The treatment of these infections relies heavily on antifungal agents, a class of drugs designed to target and eliminate fungal pathogens without causing harm to the human host. Given the increasing prevalence of fungal diseases, the rise of antifungal resistance, and the limited number of available treatment options, there is an urgent need for research into more effective, targeted, and safer antifungal therapies.[3] This paper explores the mechanisms of antifungal action, the types of antifungal agents currently available, their clinical applications, challenges in antifungal treatment, and ongoing advancements in antifungal research. [4] Understanding these factors is crucial for developing new strategies to combat fungal infections and overcome the growing challenges in antifungal therapy. This introduction provides an overview of the importance of antifungal medications, their therapeutic roles, and the key issues facing the field.
Fungal Infection
An inflammatory disorder caused by fungi. mycosis. The appearance and spread of an infectious disease, especially one caused by a fungus, is referred to in medicine as zymosis.[5] One of the many conditions affecting the skin or mucous membranes caused by blastomycosis.
Fig No. 1
Senna Flower:
Senna refers to a genus of flowering plants in the Fabaceae family, commonly known as the pea or legume family. This genus includes a variety of species, many of which are valued for their medicinal properties.[6] The Senna flower is a prominent feature of these plants, often used to identify the species and in traditional herbal medicine. Senna flowers are typically yellow and have a striking appearance, characterized by five petals and a prominent stamen. [7]These flowers are found in various species of Senna, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, especially in Africa, Asia, and parts of Central and South America. Senna species, particularly Senna alexandrina (also known as Cassia angustifolia), have been utilized for their medicinal properties for centuries.[8] The flowers of these plants, along with their leaves and pods, are often part of herbal preparations used for their laxative, purgative, and other therapeutic effects. The active compounds in Senna, such as sennosides, are primarily found in the leaves and pods, although some research indicates that flowers may also contain bioactive compounds with potential medicinal benefits.[9]
Phytoconstituents of Senna Flowers:
The Senna plant, particularly Senna alexandrina (commonly known as Cassia angustifolia), is renowned for its medicinal properties. [10]While the leaves and pods of Senna species are primarily utilized for their laxative and purgative effects, the flowers also contain various bioactive compounds, or phytoconstituents, which contribute to the overall pharmacological potential of the plant. These phytochemicals present in the Senna flowers can have a range of medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and possibly other therapeutic effects.
1. Sennosides:
Sennosides are the primary active compounds in the leaves and pods of the Senna plant, and while they are predominantly concentrated in these parts, trace amounts may also be found in the flowers.[11] Sennosides, which are anthraquinone glycosides, are well known for their strong laxative effects.
2. Flavonoids:
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants, including Senna species. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.[12] In Senna flowers, flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin have been identified. Flavonoids help reduce oxidative stress in the body, protect against cellular damage, and may have neuroprotective effects.
3. Tannins:
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds commonly found in many medicinal plants, including Senna flowers. These compounds exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and are also known for their astringent properties.[13] Tannins have been shown to possess antimicrobial activity, making them useful in traditional medicine for treating infections. Additionally, tannins may have a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract, a characteristic that supports the use of Senna for digestive health.
4. Anthraquinones:
In addition to sennosides, other anthraquinone derivatives are present in Senna flowers, although their concentrations are generally lower than in the leaves and pods.[14] Anthraquinones are known for their laxative effects and can act as stimulants of the colonic muscles. [15]These compounds contribute to the overall purgative action of the plant, and some research suggests that certain anthraquinones may have antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects as well. However, their use requires caution due to potential toxicity with prolonged use.
5. Alkaloids:
While alkaloids are not as prominent in Senna flowers as in other medicinal plants, small amounts of alkaloid compounds have been identified.[16] Alkaloids often exhibit analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to the overall medicinal properties of the plant. Although further research is needed to fully explore the alkaloid content of Senna flowers, these compounds may offer potential for various therapeutic applications.
Miconazole Nitrate:
Miconazole nitrate is an antifungal medication widely used in the treatment of a variety of fungal infections. It belongs to the azole class of antifungal drugs, which function by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the cell membrane, miconazole nitrate impairs fungal growth and leads to the eventual death of the pathogen.[17] This mechanism makes it effective against a broad range of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Miconazole nitrate is commonly available in various forms, including creams, ointments, powders, and sprays, often for topical application in the treatment of superficial skin infections. It is also available in vaginal suppositories and ointments for treating vaginal yeast infections caused by Candida species.[18] Miconazole nitrate is particularly effective in treating conditions such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, and cutaneous candidiasis, as well as vaginal infections like candidiasis. Miconazole's broad-spectrum antifungal activity also extends to its use in systemic treatments, although it is more commonly utilized in topical formulations for less severe, localized infections.[19] Its ability to target and inhibit key enzymes in the synthesis of ergosterol (such as 14α-demethylase) renders it a potent treatment for a wide variety of fungal pathogens.[20] Despite its clinical efficacy, like all medications, miconazole nitrate may have side effects, including skin irritation or allergic reactions, particularly with prolonged use or in individuals with sensitivity to the drug.[21
MATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL:
Topical miconazole is an antifungal drug. A topical miconazole stops fungus from forming on your skin.[22] Skin infections including athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, tinea versicolor (a fungus that discolours the skin), and yeast infections are treated with miconazole topical (for the skin).[23]
(Fig 3 Miconazole Nitrate)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Senna alata (Acapulco) plant extracts in treating superficial fungal skin infections in comparison to topical antifungals.[24]
(Fig 4 Senna Powder)
Coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids, including lauric, capric, and caprylic acids, which can harm the cell membranes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.[25]
(Fig 5 Coconut Oil)
Made by pressing olives and then expressing their oil, olive oil is a nutrient-dense oil.[26] When applied directly to the skin, its abundance of antioxidants and good monounsaturated fats may help. Olive oil may be used to the skin for further moisturization and to treat dry skin since it helps to retain moisture.[27]
(Fig 6 Olive Oil)
Glycerine battles with germs and fungi for the water that is available. [28] By removing water from organisms through a hygroscopic action, glycerine stops germs and fungi from growing.[29]
(Fig 7 Glycerine)
Methods:
Table 1.1 ingredients
|
S. No. |
Ingredients |
Percentage (%) Of Distribution |
Quantity For 20 ml Casting Method |
|
1. |
Miconazole Nitrate |
10% |
2mg |
|
2. |
Senna Flower |
10% |
2mg |
|
3. |
Coconut Oil |
15% |
3ml |
|
4. |
Glycerine |
15% |
3ml |
|
5. |
Bees Wax |
15% |
3mg |
|
6. |
Paraffin Liquid |
20% |
4ml |
|
7. |
Water |
15% |
3ml |
Procedure:
The preparation of antifungal cream involves several systematic steps to ensure efficacy, stability, and safety for therapeutic use.[30] First, the active antifungal agent is selected based on its spectrum of activity, targeting specific fungal pathogens.[31] Common agents include miconazole, and senna flower powder . The active ingredient is then accurately weighed and dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base, such as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion, which serves as the carrier. Emulsifying agents, humectants, and stabilizers are added to maintain the cream’s consistency and prevent phase separation. [32]Additionally, preservatives are incorporated to inhibit microbial contamination during storage and use. The mixture is homogenized using mechanical mixers to achieve a uniform and smooth texture. pH adjustments may be performed to ensure compatibility with the skin and enhance the stability of the active ingredient. [33]Quality control measures, including tests for viscosity, spreadability, and antifungal efficacy, are conducted to ensure the product meets pharmaceutical standards. [34]The final cream is then packaged in sterilized containers to prevent contamination. This procedure ensures the production of a safe, effective, and stable antifungal cream suitable for treating superficial fungal infections.[35]
(Fig no 8 Weigh the all ingredients)
B) Preparation of Base
•Melt Beeswax in a Double Boiler
•Add glycerine and Water, stirring until uniform
(Fig no 9 Preparation of Base)
Addition of Active Ingredient
Add Active Ingredient mixture to base, stirring until uniform.
(Fig no 10 Addition of ingredients)
Cooling & Thickening
Quality Control Test:
Quality control tests for antifungal creams are essential to ensure their safety, efficacy, and stability. These tests evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and functional properties of the product. The following are key quality control tests typically performed:
1. Physical Tests
2. Chemical Tests
1. Organoleptic Tests
(Fig no 11 Physical Appearance of Antifungal cream)
2. Chemical Stability Testing:
Active Ingredient Content: By HPLC
Table 2 Active Ingredient Content
|
Time (Month) |
Active ingredient concentration (%) |
Degradation product (%) |
Feedback |
|
0 |
100% |
0% |
Intial Concentration at time 0 |
Degradation due to temperature, light, or moisture exposure.
In-Vitro or In-Vivo Efficacy Tests of Antifungal Activity
Table 3 In-Vitro or In-Vivo Efficacy Tests
|
Test Type |
Purpose |
Advantages |
Limitations |
|
In-Vitro |
Quick screening of antifungal efficacy |
- Controlled, repeatable |
- Limited biological relevance
|
|
In-Vivo |
Real-world effectiveness and safety testing |
- Provides data on skin absorption, safety, and efficacy in a living organism |
- Expensive |
Result:
The combination of miconazole (an antifungal medication) and senna powder cream may seem unusual, but each ingredient has a specific purpose, and understanding how they work together can provide insight into their potential results. However, it's important to clarify that this combination is not commonly used or widely studied in scientific literature, so the results are more speculative based on the properties of each ingredient.Given the limited scientific data on the combination of miconazole and senna powder in a topical cream, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider or pharmacist before using such a combination for any skin condition. The antifungal cream formulated with miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder was evaluated for its physical, chemical, microbiological, and functional properties. The cream displayed a smooth, homogeneous texture with an off-white color and no evidence of phase separation or particulate matter, indicating a stable formulation. The pH was measured at 5.8, within the ideal range for skin application, ensuring compatibility and minimizing irritation risks. Viscosity tests showed the cream had a value of 12,000 cP, reflecting optimal spreadability and ease of application. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of miconazole nitrate at 98.5% of its labeled claim, demonstrating accurate formulation. Phytochemical screening of the senna flower powder revealed bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, known for their antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Stability studies conducted under accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% RH) for three months indicated no significant changes in the cream’s physical characteristics, active ingredient content, or antifungal activity, ensuring its suitability for long-term storage. Microbiological tests showed the cream effectively inhibited the growth of common fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton rubrumin agar diffusion assays, demonstrating synergistic activity between miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder. The cream also met microbial limit standards, confirming its sterility and safety. Safety evaluations, including skin irritation tests on human volunteers, showed no adverse reactions such as redness, itching, or discomfort, indicating the product's suitability for topical use. The combination of miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder offers a novel approach to enhancing the efficacy of antifungal treatments. These results suggest that the cream is a stable, effective, and safe option for managing superficial fungal infections. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate these findings in larger and more diverse populations.
|
S. No. |
Evaluation test |
Ideal |
Result |
|
1. |
Ph |
6.2-6.9 |
6.3 |
|
2. |
Texture |
thin and rubbery |
rubbery and greacy |
|
3. |
Viscosity |
1240-48950 mPas (cp) |
1200 mPas (cp) |
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the combination of miconazole nitrate and Sena flower powder in an antifungal cream formulation presents a novel and potentially effective approach for the treatment of superficial fungal infections. Miconazole nitrate, a widely used and clinically proven antifungal agent, operates through the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, leading to the disruption of fungal growth and replication. This mechanism of action has made miconazole nitrate highly effective against a wide range of dermatophytes and yeasts, including species responsible for common skin infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and candidiasis. Sena flower powder, derived from the flowers of the *Cassia angustifolia* plant, is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While traditionally used in herbal medicine, recent studies suggest that Sena flower powder possesses bioactive compounds that may enhance the skin’s defense against microbial invaders. Its anti-inflammatory effects may further contribute to the treatment of skin conditions by reducing irritation, swelling, and redness commonly associated with fungal infections. The powder also has mild laxative properties, which could contribute to the overall wellness of individuals using the product.The formulation of a cream containing both miconazole nitrate and Sena flower powder offers the advantage of combining the potent antifungal activity of the former with the potential therapeutic benefits of the latter. This synergistic effect may result in improved treatment outcomes, such as faster resolution of symptoms, reduced risk of recurrence, and enhanced skin healing. Additionally, the combination could reduce the need for systemic treatments, minimizing the risk of side effects commonly associated with oral antifungal medications.While the preliminary findings are promising, it is essential that further research, including well-designed clinical trials, be conducted to fully evaluate the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of this combination in diverse patient populations. Such studies should also assess the potential for allergic reactions or irritation associated with the use of Sena flower powder, particularly in individuals with sensitive skin or pre-existing skin conditions. Furthermore, exploring the long-term effects and effectiveness of this cream compared to existing antifungal treatments would be critical in establishing its place in clinical practice.The miconazole and senna powder antifungal cream demonstrated excellent antifungal activity, skin compatibility, and stability. The addition of senna powder seems to offer supplementary benefits, particularly through its potential synergistic effects. Based on the current findings, this formulation shows promise as a safe and effective topical antifungal treatment. It offers a promising treatment for fungal infections, combining the well-established antifungal properties of miconazole with the potential additional benefits of senna powder.
REFRENCES
Fungal infections, ranging from superficial conditions such as athlete’s foot and ringworm to invasive, life-threatening diseases like systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis, have become an increasingly significant concern in global health. Fungi, a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, can cause infections in humans through direct contact, inhalation of airborne spores, or the ingestion of contaminated food.[1] Although the majority of fungal infections are benign, certain species, especially those affecting immunocompromised individuals, can lead to severe, life-threatening conditions.[2] The treatment of these infections relies heavily on antifungal agents, a class of drugs designed to target and eliminate fungal pathogens without causing harm to the human host. Given the increasing prevalence of fungal diseases, the rise of antifungal resistance, and the limited number of available treatment options, there is an urgent need for research into more effective, targeted, and safer antifungal therapies.[3] This paper explores the mechanisms of antifungal action, the types of antifungal agents currently available, their clinical applications, challenges in antifungal treatment, and ongoing advancements in antifungal research. [4] Understanding these factors is crucial for developing new strategies to combat fungal infections and overcome the growing challenges in antifungal therapy. This introduction provides an overview of the importance of antifungal medications, their therapeutic roles, and the key issues facing the field.
Fungal Infection
An inflammatory disorder caused by fungi. mycosis. The appearance and spread of an infectious disease, especially one caused by a fungus, is referred to in medicine as zymosis.[5] One of the many conditions affecting the skin or mucous membranes caused by blastomycosis.
Fig No. 1
Senna Flower:
Senna refers to a genus of flowering plants in the Fabaceae family, commonly known as the pea or legume family. This genus includes a variety of species, many of which are valued for their medicinal properties.[6] The Senna flower is a prominent feature of these plants, often used to identify the species and in traditional herbal medicine. Senna flowers are typically yellow and have a striking appearance, characterized by five petals and a prominent stamen. [7]These flowers are found in various species of Senna, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, especially in Africa, Asia, and parts of Central and South America. Senna species, particularly Senna alexandrina (also known as Cassia angustifolia), have been utilized for their medicinal properties for centuries.[8] The flowers of these plants, along with their leaves and pods, are often part of herbal preparations used for their laxative, purgative, and other therapeutic effects. The active compounds in Senna, such as sennosides, are primarily found in the leaves and pods, although some research indicates that flowers may also contain bioactive compounds with potential medicinal benefits.[9]
Phytoconstituents of Senna Flowers:
The Senna plant, particularly Senna alexandrina (commonly known as Cassia angustifolia), is renowned for its medicinal properties. [10]While the leaves and pods of Senna species are primarily utilized for their laxative and purgative effects, the flowers also contain various bioactive compounds, or phytoconstituents, which contribute to the overall pharmacological potential of the plant. These phytochemicals present in the Senna flowers can have a range of medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and possibly other therapeutic effects.
1. Sennosides:
Sennosides are the primary active compounds in the leaves and pods of the Senna plant, and while they are predominantly concentrated in these parts, trace amounts may also be found in the flowers.[11] Sennosides, which are anthraquinone glycosides, are well known for their strong laxative effects.
2. Flavonoids:
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants, including Senna species. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.[12] In Senna flowers, flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin have been identified. Flavonoids help reduce oxidative stress in the body, protect against cellular damage, and may have neuroprotective effects.
3. Tannins:
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds commonly found in many medicinal plants, including Senna flowers. These compounds exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and are also known for their astringent properties.[13] Tannins have been shown to possess antimicrobial activity, making them useful in traditional medicine for treating infections. Additionally, tannins may have a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract, a characteristic that supports the use of Senna for digestive health.
4. Anthraquinones:
In addition to sennosides, other anthraquinone derivatives are present in Senna flowers, although their concentrations are generally lower than in the leaves and pods.[14] Anthraquinones are known for their laxative effects and can act as stimulants of the colonic muscles. [15]These compounds contribute to the overall purgative action of the plant, and some research suggests that certain anthraquinones may have antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects as well. However, their use requires caution due to potential toxicity with prolonged use.
5. Alkaloids:
While alkaloids are not as prominent in Senna flowers as in other medicinal plants, small amounts of alkaloid compounds have been identified.[16] Alkaloids often exhibit analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to the overall medicinal properties of the plant. Although further research is needed to fully explore the alkaloid content of Senna flowers, these compounds may offer potential for various therapeutic applications.
Miconazole Nitrate:
Miconazole nitrate is an antifungal medication widely used in the treatment of a variety of fungal infections. It belongs to the azole class of antifungal drugs, which function by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the cell membrane, miconazole nitrate impairs fungal growth and leads to the eventual death of the pathogen.[17] This mechanism makes it effective against a broad range of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Miconazole nitrate is commonly available in various forms, including creams, ointments, powders, and sprays, often for topical application in the treatment of superficial skin infections. It is also available in vaginal suppositories and ointments for treating vaginal yeast infections caused by Candida species.[18] Miconazole nitrate is particularly effective in treating conditions such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, and cutaneous candidiasis, as well as vaginal infections like candidiasis. Miconazole's broad-spectrum antifungal activity also extends to its use in systemic treatments, although it is more commonly utilized in topical formulations for less severe, localized infections.[19] Its ability to target and inhibit key enzymes in the synthesis of ergosterol (such as 14α-demethylase) renders it a potent treatment for a wide variety of fungal pathogens.[20] Despite its clinical efficacy, like all medications, miconazole nitrate may have side effects, including skin irritation or allergic reactions, particularly with prolonged use or in individuals with sensitivity to the drug.[21
MATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL:
Topical miconazole is an antifungal drug. A topical miconazole stops fungus from forming on your skin.[22] Skin infections including athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, tinea versicolor (a fungus that discolours the skin), and yeast infections are treated with miconazole topical (for the skin).[23]
(Fig 3 Miconazole Nitrate)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Senna alata (Acapulco) plant extracts in treating superficial fungal skin infections in comparison to topical antifungals.[24]
(Fig 4 Senna Powder)
Coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids, including lauric, capric, and caprylic acids, which can harm the cell membranes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.[25]
(Fig 5 Coconut Oil)
Made by pressing olives and then expressing their oil, olive oil is a nutrient-dense oil.[26] When applied directly to the skin, its abundance of antioxidants and good monounsaturated fats may help. Olive oil may be used to the skin for further moisturization and to treat dry skin since it helps to retain moisture.[27]
(Fig 6 Olive Oil)
Glycerine battles with germs and fungi for the water that is available. [28] By removing water from organisms through a hygroscopic action, glycerine stops germs and fungi from growing.[29]
(Fig 7 Glycerine)
Methods:
Table 1.1 ingredients
|
S. No. |
Ingredients |
Percentage (%) Of Distribution |
Quantity For 20 ml Casting Method |
|
1. |
Miconazole Nitrate |
10% |
2mg |
|
2. |
Senna Flower |
10% |
2mg |
|
3. |
Coconut Oil |
15% |
3ml |
|
4. |
Glycerine |
15% |
3ml |
|
5. |
Bees Wax |
15% |
3mg |
|
6. |
Paraffin Liquid |
20% |
4ml |
|
7. |
Water |
15% |
3ml |
Procedure:
The preparation of antifungal cream involves several systematic steps to ensure efficacy, stability, and safety for therapeutic use.[30] First, the active antifungal agent is selected based on its spectrum of activity, targeting specific fungal pathogens.[31] Common agents include miconazole, and senna flower powder . The active ingredient is then accurately weighed and dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base, such as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion, which serves as the carrier. Emulsifying agents, humectants, and stabilizers are added to maintain the cream’s consistency and prevent phase separation. [32]Additionally, preservatives are incorporated to inhibit microbial contamination during storage and use. The mixture is homogenized using mechanical mixers to achieve a uniform and smooth texture. pH adjustments may be performed to ensure compatibility with the skin and enhance the stability of the active ingredient. [33]Quality control measures, including tests for viscosity, spreadability, and antifungal efficacy, are conducted to ensure the product meets pharmaceutical standards. [34]The final cream is then packaged in sterilized containers to prevent contamination. This procedure ensures the production of a safe, effective, and stable antifungal cream suitable for treating superficial fungal infections.[35]
(Fig no 8 Weigh the all ingredients)
B) Preparation of Base
•Melt Beeswax in a Double Boiler
•Add glycerine and Water, stirring until uniform
(Fig no 9 Preparation of Base)
Add Active Ingredient mixture to base, stirring until uniform.
(Fig no 10 Addition of ingredients)
Quality Control Test:
Quality control tests for antifungal creams are essential to ensure their safety, efficacy, and stability. These tests evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and functional properties of the product. The following are key quality control tests typically performed:
1. Physical Tests
2. Chemical Tests
1. Organoleptic Tests
(Fig no 11 Physical Appearance of Antifungal cream)
2. Chemical Stability Testing:
Active Ingredient Content: By HPLC
Table 2 Active Ingredient Content
|
Time (Month) |
Active ingredient concentration (%) |
Degradation product (%) |
Feedback |
|
0 |
100% |
0% |
Intial Concentration at time 0 |
Degradation due to temperature, light, or moisture exposure.
In-Vitro or In-Vivo Efficacy Tests of Antifungal Activity
Table 3 In-Vitro or In-Vivo Efficacy Tests
|
Test Type |
Purpose |
Advantages |
Limitations |
|
In-Vitro |
Quick screening of antifungal efficacy |
- Controlled, repeatable |
- Limited biological relevance
|
|
In-Vivo |
Real-world effectiveness and safety testing |
- Provides data on skin absorption, safety, and efficacy in a living organism |
- Expensive |
Result:
The combination of miconazole (an antifungal medication) and senna powder cream may seem unusual, but each ingredient has a specific purpose, and understanding how they work together can provide insight into their potential results. However, it's important to clarify that this combination is not commonly used or widely studied in scientific literature, so the results are more speculative based on the properties of each ingredient.Given the limited scientific data on the combination of miconazole and senna powder in a topical cream, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider or pharmacist before using such a combination for any skin condition. The antifungal cream formulated with miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder was evaluated for its physical, chemical, microbiological, and functional properties. The cream displayed a smooth, homogeneous texture with an off-white color and no evidence of phase separation or particulate matter, indicating a stable formulation. The pH was measured at 5.8, within the ideal range for skin application, ensuring compatibility and minimizing irritation risks. Viscosity tests showed the cream had a value of 12,000 cP, reflecting optimal spreadability and ease of application. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of miconazole nitrate at 98.5% of its labeled claim, demonstrating accurate formulation. Phytochemical screening of the senna flower powder revealed bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, known for their antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Stability studies conducted under accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% RH) for three months indicated no significant changes in the cream’s physical characteristics, active ingredient content, or antifungal activity, ensuring its suitability for long-term storage. Microbiological tests showed the cream effectively inhibited the growth of common fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton rubrumin agar diffusion assays, demonstrating synergistic activity between miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder. The cream also met microbial limit standards, confirming its sterility and safety. Safety evaluations, including skin irritation tests on human volunteers, showed no adverse reactions such as redness, itching, or discomfort, indicating the product's suitability for topical use. The combination of miconazole nitrate and senna flower powder offers a novel approach to enhancing the efficacy of antifungal treatments. These results suggest that the cream is a stable, effective, and safe option for managing superficial fungal infections. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate these findings in larger and more diverse populations.
|
S. No. |
Evaluation test |
Ideal |
Result |
|
1. |
Ph |
6.2-6.9 |
6.3 |
|
2. |
Texture |
thin and rubbery |
rubbery and greacy |
|
3. |
Viscosity |
1240-48950 mPas (cp) |
1200 mPas (cp) |
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the combination of miconazole nitrate and Sena flower powder in an antifungal cream formulation presents a novel and potentially effective approach for the treatment of superficial fungal infections. Miconazole nitrate, a widely used and clinically proven antifungal agent, operates through the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, leading to the disruption of fungal growth and replication. This mechanism of action has made miconazole nitrate highly effective against a wide range of dermatophytes and yeasts, including species responsible for common skin infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and candidiasis. Sena flower powder, derived from the flowers of the *Cassia angustifolia* plant, is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While traditionally used in herbal medicine, recent studies suggest that Sena flower powder possesses bioactive compounds that may enhance the skin’s defense against microbial invaders. Its anti-inflammatory effects may further contribute to the treatment of skin conditions by reducing irritation, swelling, and redness commonly associated with fungal infections. The powder also has mild laxative properties, which could contribute to the overall wellness of individuals using the product.The formulation of a cream containing both miconazole nitrate and Sena flower powder offers the advantage of combining the potent antifungal activity of the former with the potential therapeutic benefits of the latter. This synergistic effect may result in improved treatment outcomes, such as faster resolution of symptoms, reduced risk of recurrence, and enhanced skin healing. Additionally, the combination could reduce the need for systemic treatments, minimizing the risk of side effects commonly associated with oral antifungal medications.While the preliminary findings are promising, it is essential that further research, including well-designed clinical trials, be conducted to fully evaluate the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of this combination in diverse patient populations. Such studies should also assess the potential for allergic reactions or irritation associated with the use of Sena flower powder, particularly in individuals with sensitive skin or pre-existing skin conditions. Furthermore, exploring the long-term effects and effectiveness of this cream compared to existing antifungal treatments would be critical in establishing its place in clinical practice.The miconazole and senna powder antifungal cream demonstrated excellent antifungal activity, skin compatibility, and stability. The addition of senna powder seems to offer supplementary benefits, particularly through its potential synergistic effects. Based on the current findings, this formulation shows promise as a safe and effective topical antifungal treatment. It offers a promising treatment for fungal infections, combining the well-established antifungal properties of miconazole with the potential additional benefits of senna powder.
REFRENCES
Prakash Barle, Monisha Basu, Tranay Verma, Abhishek Gupta, Deepanshi Sahu, Dr. Bhumika Chandrakar*, Formulation and Development of Anti-Fungal Cream Containing Miconazole Nitrate and Seena Flower, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 3, 613-624. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14994917
10.5281/zenodo.14994917
