Ojaswini Pharmacy College, Sagar India.
Chronic hyperglycemia and decreased islet secretion are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disease that has a significant impact on the global health care system because of its high incidence rate, protracted course, and numerous consequences. Thankfully, there are benefits to using garlic, a well-known medicinal plant and functional food that doesn't have the toxicity and negative effects of traditional medications, to treat diabetes and its complications. We provide a clear and thorough overview of the research conducted over the past ten years, concentrating on the mechanisms and development processes of garlic in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Through interdisciplinary development and in-depth exploration, we hope to offer a fresh viewpoint on diabetes treatment and encourage the effective advancement of this field. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has significantly increased, making it a major global public health concern. The definition and categorization of diabetes mellitus into various forms—such as idiopathic and fulminant type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hybrid forms, slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, type 2 diabetes that is prone to ketosis, and other unique forms—are the main topics of this review article. Also covered are the diagnostic standards for diabetes mellitus. The mediators and possible anti-inflammatory therapies are examined, as well as the function of inflammation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the participation of other organs in diabetes mellitus is highlighted, including the importance of pancreatic ?-cells, gut bacteria, and adipose tissue and obesity. Inflammation of the pancreatic Langerhans ?-cell islets, oxidative stress, and decreased insulin release and synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, the effects of diabetes mellitus on immune system problems, liver cirrhosis, acute kidney injury, and other diabetic sequelae such as neuropathy and retinopathy are investigated. In order to improve diagnosis, avoid long-term consequences, and find possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its related dysfunctions, further study is necessary.
A metabolic disease that is currently plaguing the world and putting a significant socioeconomic strain on every country is diabetes mellitus. In order to help doctors, diabetic patients, and even diabetic relatives—who themselves are at a higher risk of developing the disease—control the startling rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus that is currently occurring, it would be very beneficial to provide an overview of the disease's definition, diagnosis, potential risks, and current prevention and treatment options. A chronic metabolic disease with numerous etiologies, "diabetes mellitus" is defined by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins brought on by a partial or complete lack of insulin. In addition to pancreatic P-cell destruction, diabetes mellitus is a collection of metabolic illnesses characterized by hyperglycemia brought on by abnormalities in insulin secretion, action, or receptor or post-receptor processes that impact metabolism involving the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Diabetes-related chronic hyperglycemia is linked to long-term harm, malfunction, and failure of many organs, particularly the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Diabetes develops as a result of multiple pathogenic mechanisms. This includes anomalies that lead to resistance to the effects of insulin as well as autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic P-cells, which results in an insulin shortage. Inadequate insulin secretion and/or reduced tissue responses to insulin at one or more stages of the intricate hormone action pathways lead to insufficient insulin action. Though it can happen at any age, including in the eighth and ninth decades of life, immune-mediated diabetes typically manifests in childhood and adolescence. In infants and children, the pace of p-cell death is fast, whereas in adults, it is sluggish (Huang et al, 1996). Autoantibodies to insulin (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), islet cell autodntibodies (ICAs), and tyrosine phosphatases IA-2 and IA-2B are indicators of the immunological destruction of the P-cell (Lan et al, 1996).One or more of these autoantibodies are present in 85–90% of individuals. Additionally, the disease is impacted by the DRB genes and has substantial HLA connections, including linkage to the DQA and B genes. Low or undetectable levels of plasma C-peptide indicate little to no insulin production at this stage of the disease. Diabetes mellitus that does not require insulin People with insulin resistance who typically have relative insulin shortage are said to have noninsulin dependent diabetes, often known as type 2 diabetes or adult-onset diabetes. Age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle all raise the incidence of this kind of diabetes (Kolterman et al, 1985). Obesity contributes to some degree of insulin resistance, and the majority of individuals with this kind of diabetes are fat. Because the hyperglycemia in this type of diabetes develops gradually and is sometimes not severe enough in its early stages for the patient to detect any of the usual signs of diabetes, it is often left misdiagnosed for years. However, according to Kuusisto et al. (1994), these patients are more likely to experience both macrovascular and microvascular problems. The term "gestational diabetes mellitus" (GDM) refers to any level of glucose intolerance that initially appears or is identified during pregnancy. The definition is applicable whether the problem continues after pregnancy or if insulin or just dietary changes are utilized for treatment. The likelihood that undiagnosed glucose intolerance before or started concurrently with the pregnancy is not ruled out. According to Engelgau et al. (1988), the prevalence can vary from 1 to 14% of pregnancies, and it accounts for about 90% of all pregnancies that are complicated by diabetes (Coustan et al., 1995). Because treatment, such as medical nutrition therapy, insulin when required, and antepartum fetal surveillance, can lower the well-documented perinatal morbidity and mortality linked to GDM, clinical diagnosis of GDM is crucial. The Expert Committee identified a middle-range group of participants whose blood glucose levels are too high to be regarded as normal but do not fit the criteria for diabetes. This group is characterized by fasting plasma glucose levels. IFG (impaired fasting glucose) is indicated by FPG levels >100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) but 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L); > FPG >126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) indicates a provisional diagnosis of diabetes (the diagnosis needs to be validated). Diabetes mellitus diagnostic criteria: There are three alternative ways to diagnose diabetes, and each one needs to be verified the next day using one of the three techniques listed below if there isn't clear-cut hyperglycemia. It is not advised to utilize glycated hemoglobin to diagnose diabetes at this time. 1. In light of diabetic symptoms and a casual plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss, (or) 2. FPG >126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr (or) 3. 2-hr post load glucose >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT. The test should be performed as described by WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75-g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water.
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus:
Significant hyperglycemia can cause blurred vision, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and occasionally polyphagia. It can also impair growth and make a person more vulnerable to certain infections. Hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome are acute, potentially fatal outcomes of uncontrolled diabetes. Diabetic onset pathogenesis From the first stimulus to the final manifestation of the disease, pathogenesis describes the series of events in the cells' or tissues' reaction to the causative substance. One of the primary areas of pathology is still the study of pathogenesis. The pathophysiology of the two kinds of diabetes mellitus is covered individually (Robbin's Pathological Basis of Disease, 1999). Type I diabetes mellitus pathogenesis Typically, type 1 diabetes mellitus starts in childhood and becomes more severe during puberty. A severe and complete shortage of insulin brought on by a decrease in p-cell mass causes this kind of diabetes. Insulin is essential to patients' survival. Lack of insulin can result in acute ketoacidosis and coma.
Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes mellitus consequences are a diverse set of clinical conditions that can impact several tissues, including the kidney, eye, neurological system, and vascular system. Microvascular issues: In diabetes, microvascular dysfunction and anomalies are systemic diseases. Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and embryopathy are clinical manifestations of microangiopathy. Macrovascular complications: In people with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease is the lead ing cause of premature death. Because of their changed lipid profiles, diabetics are more likely to develop peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Retinopathyabout 95% of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 60% of those with type 2 DM develop diabetic retinopathy (DR).Increased blood vessel proliferation, vascular occlusion, angiogenesis, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and infarction affecting the retina of the eye are the hallmarks of DR,the most common cause of blindness. Hard exudates are referred to as background retinopathy, or ideally nonproliferative retinopathy. Macular edema is the result of nonproliferative retinopathy, which develops close to the maculae. When fluid leaks from aberrant arteries close to the macular, it affects the light route to the macule, causing macular edema and a loss of visual acuity (Nathan et al., 1986). Alongside these alterations, the capillary basement membrane thickens, capillaries become more permeable, pericytes are lost, and endothelial cell turnover and mortality are enhanced (Krolewski et al., 1986). Diabetic eye disease can also lead to cataracts, keratitis, and damage to the optic nerve. Nephropathythe thickening of the basement membrane, mesangium enlargement, decreased filtration, albuminuria, and finally renal failure are the hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (Mauer et al, 2001).Although the clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate, and rising blood pressure are comparable in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the renal lesions underlying renal failure are different. Although tubular, interstitial, and arteriolar lesions are also present in type 1 diabetes, the glomerulus is the site of the most significant structural changes. In contrast, several patients with type 2 diabetes have normal glomerular structure with or without tubulo-interstitial and arteriolar abnormalities, which can appear as early as five years after the onset of diabetes, even though they have microalbuminuria or proteinuria (30 to 300 mg of albumin per 24 hours) (Viberti and Keen, 1984). Those who have glomerular hyperfilteration may be more susceptible to this stage of incipient nephropathy. Clinical signs of overt diabetic nephropathy include proteinuria, the onset of nephritic syndrome, and a decline in glomerular filtration rate that leads to end-stage renal disease (Mogensen, 1986).Diabetic eye disease can also lead to cataracts, keratitis, and damage to the optic nerve. Nephropathythe thickening of the basement membrane, mesangium enlargement, decreased filtration, albuminuria, and finally renal failure are the hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (Mauer et al, 2001).Although the clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate, and rising blood pressure are comparable in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the renal lesions underlying renal failure are different. Although tubular, interstitial, and arteriolar lesions are also present in type 1 diabetes, the glomerulus is the site of the most significant structural changes. In contrast, several patients with type 2 diabetes have normal glomerular structure with or without tubulo-interstitial and arteriolar abnormalities, which can appear as early as five years after the onset of diabetes, even though they have microalbuminuria or proteinuria (30 to 300 mg of albumin per 24 hours) (Viberti and Keen, 1984). Those who have glomerular hyperfilteration may be more susceptible to this stage of incipient nephropathy. Clinical signs of overt diabetic nephropathy include proteinuria, the onset of nephritic syndrome, and a decline in glomerular filtration rate that leads to end-stage renal disease (Mogensen, 1986). Neuropathy Peripheral neuron segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration, together with functional problems such decreased nerve transmission and blood flow, are hallmarks of diabetic neuropathy. Clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy might include impotence in males or limb discomfort or numbness. Diabetes causes myelin to become more glycated. In both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, the degree of glycemic control affects how neuropathy develops. The most prevalent kind of diabetic neuropathy is a peripheral symmetric sensorimotor neuropathy; other types include autonomic neuropathy, peripheral and cranial motor neuropathies, and others. Peripheral neuropathy primarily increases the risk of diabetic ulcers and foot injuries, even if neuropathy is more prevalent in those with diabetes for a longer period of time (Said et al., 1992). Painful peripheral neuropathy with lancinating or burning dysesthesia is present in a small percentage of patients; in some cases, this condition is so severe that it is linked to anorexia and depression (Ellenberg, 1974). Diabetes duration, age, cigarette smoking, height, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for diabetic neuropathy. Embryopathy Poor glycemic control in diabetic women increases the risk of embryopathy, a condition in which the infant has more congenital abnormalities.
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Abelmoschus moschatus (Linn) Fabaseae |
Aerial part |
Antidiabetic effect. |
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Aegle marmelos (Lam.) Muhl. Ex. Willd. Rutaceae |
Fruit, Leaf |
Hypoglycemic, Antidiabetic effect, Anti- lipid peroxidative and antioxidant activity |
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Allium sativum L. Liliaceae |
Bulb |
Hypoglycemic,· Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic effect. |
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Aloe vera L. Liliaceae |
Leaf gel |
Anti-hyperlipidaemic, Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects.. |
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Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae |
Leaf, Fruit pulp |
Hypoglycemic .and Antidiabetic effects. |
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Azadirachta indica A. Leaf, Kernel Hypoglycemic and Juss. Meliaceae Antihyperglycemic effect. Caesaeria esculenta |
Leaf, Kernel |
Hypoglycemic and Antihyperglycemic effect. |
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Caesaeria esculenta |
Root |
Antihyperglycaemic, Hypolipidaemic· and / Antiperoxidative effect. |
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Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpiniaceae |
Flower |
Hypoglycemic, Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antiperoxidative effect. |
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Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Apocynaceae |
Flowers and whole plant |
Antidiabetic activity and antiperoxidative effect. |
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Coccinia indica, Wand A. Cucurbitaceae |
Leaf, Leaves .and roots |
Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effects, Increase antioxidant and Anti peroxidative level effect. |
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Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae |
Rhizome |
Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic effect. |
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Enicostemma littorale Blume. Gentianaceae |
Whole plant |
Hypoglycemic, Antidiabetic, antiperoxidative effect. |
|
Eugenia jambolan a Lam. =Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Myrtaceae |
Seed, Fruit pulp |
Hypoglycemic, Anti- hyperglycemic, Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects. |
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Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae |
Bark |
Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and serum insulin raising effects. |
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Gymnema montanum Asclepiadaceae |
Leaf |
Hypoglycemic, Antidiabetic, Antiper oxidative and antioxidant effects. |
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Ocimum sanctum L. Lamiaceae |
Seed oil, Leaf, Seeds and leaves |
Anti - hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic,Antidiabetic, Antiperoxidative, antihypercholesterolaemic and antioxidant effect. |
Review of Literatures: -
Raida et al., (2007) prepared biodegradables bead among alginate polymers through ionotropic gelation methods for taking compensation for swellings& mucoadhesives properties for alginates bead forever improves orally deliveries for anti diabeticagent Gliclazides. Which is going to demonstrate that ionics gelations for alginates molecule offer an supple & without complicatedness handy processes forever manipulats characteristicof beads which are importants insidecontrollings librate rates& consequentlys absorptions for Gliclazides froms gastrointestinals tracts.
Stetinova et al., (2007) studied relationship among pharmacokinetic of Gliclazide & its anti diabetic effectiveness was on behalf of investigational purpose of change withintimes inside plasmas level for anti diabetic agents& all of persons for glucoses. Investigate includes rats within both initials normals glycaemias& alloxans induce hyperglycaemias (glycaemias improved through a minimums of 30.00 percentage). Pharmacokinetic & pharmaco dynamic parameter was examines inside intervals for 30.00 to 180.00 minute afters per oral (p.o.) adminutesistration of a singles doses of 25.00 milli gram / kilo gram of Gliclazide. Drug was adminutesistered on day 4th , following a single i.v. dose of either 50 milli gram / kilo gram of alloxan as a hyperglycaemic groups otherwise injections vehicles as a controls groups.
Alkhamis et al., (2003) studied solubilizations for Gliclazidesinside a multiplicities for surfactant. Anionics& cationics surfactant exhibitsaffected solubilizingsabilityaimed at Gliclazides, where as non ionic surfactantpresentedmeaningfullyslight solubilizingscompetence. They have originate that Gliclazides solubilitysrecoversbycumulative carbons chainsdistancesfor cationics surfactant &reductionsbycumulative carbonscabledistances of anionics surfactant. Lastlyconsequencegotafter these two trials indicate that Gliclazides is solubilizemostlytrendy internalessentialof cationic surfactant micelle&fashionable outerareaof anionics surfactants micelle.
Arno et al., (2002) formulated extended librate tablet with Eudrag which NE30D finished wet granulatiozn skill. Two lots were ready in instruction to education the effect of drugpolymer relationon tablets formations&invitro druglibrate. Fractions of polymers, throughadmiration towards Metformines / Gliclazides, obligatory to crop tablet throughsatisfactorymakings was 09.0 - 13.450 percentages of polymers belows this varietyliberated drugs directly&overhead this varietyshapedgrain not suitableintendedaimed atpillcreation.
Schernthaner et al., (2003)Gliclazide customized librate is a novelinventionof drugGliclazidae &it’sassumed one time in a day. Exactlyintended hydrophiliac matrixa of Gliclazides MRs lead to a liberal drug liberates thatsparallels 24-hours glycemics profilescutting-edge Types Two diabetics patient. Growth studies presented a continuedeffectiveness over 2 agesjoined with aactualoutstandingaccept capability. Gliclazides MRs act selectivehappening adenosines triphosphates-dependents potassiums (KATPs) channels of pancreatics betas cells. Not any communicationbycardiac KATPstations has been exposed, representing for drugs containerremainsecurely used in enduringby ischemics hearts disease. In shorts, Gliclazides MRs show ability to inhibits which main mechanism inside diabetics angiopathies, independently glycemics controls.
Yang et al., (2007)have compared 2nd phases insulins secretions popular patient treats by Repaglinides& Gliclazides. Though nonsignificant, betters 2nd phases insulins secretionsmight be renownedby treatments of Repaglinides in place of Gliclazides forever four month. Further educationthroughlengthierperiod&superioreducationtroop are wanted to resolution this stimulating&significantquery.
Ganjali et al., (2003) studied utilize of Gliclazide as recent delivery service cutting-edgebuilding of PVCsfounded Las – 3 which is discerningfilminstrument. they studied in their prepared PVCsfoundedinstrumentaimed at Las3+ ions groundedhappeningN-[hexahydro cyclopentapyrol-2((1Hs)yls)aminutseso]carbonyls]- 4 - methyls Benzenes sulfonamidse (Gliclazides) by way of a newest transporter. Planned membrane sensor has shown excellent discriminate sating capability with Las3+ ion byrespect to numerous alkalies, basic earths, change & weighty metallic ion. Conductors were positively practical designed for resolve of Las3+ in two mixes.
Pan et al., (2006) sudied whethear Gliclazides mightsmust a helpfulconsequence on lefts ventriculasr massessthruplummeting 8-isos-prostagls& in Fs2α conc., a dependableindicator of oxidants injury. Total of 41 patients were randomized into two groups. Base line faces were parallel in all in cooperationassemblies. After 6 months, Gliclazides treated patients presentedaimportantflagging in left-hand ventricularsformdirectoryassociatedthrough Glibenclamidespreservedcollection (around 16 percentage versus 3 percentage, where P = 0.0030). Their findings demonstrated for 1st time that in addition to its 1ry hypoglycemia, Gliclazides mays haves anextra belongingshappeningplummetingleft-hand ventriculars massess, perhapsdoneweakening of deprived ofcustodyfundamentalcreation.
Siluk et al., (2002) were studied anti aggregatory activities of hypoglycemic sulphonylureas. They have carried out In Vitro anti aggregatory test for thirteen sulphonylurea derivatives. Finally results suggested thatgreatestmarkedhang-up of plateletscombinations were by Gliclazides, Gliquidones, Glimepirides, Glibenclamides& compounds 2 A. QSARs analysisswiressuggestions of a deprived of charges radicals mechanisms of actions of sulphonylureas derivatives of beforeoptionalaimed at Gliclazides.
Lawrence et al., (2001) was concluded by their studied on innate KATPastations in remote pancreatics betas - cell& myocytes from hearts& smooths muscles that Gliclazides is a extremelystrong sulphonylurea which demonstrationbelongings like specificity for pancreaticbetsa cells KATPs channels overhead hearts&smooth’s muscles. By this deference, this varies from Glibenclamides. Change in bestchunkexperiential in removedcovers& whole cellsfootages of betas cellmight be owing to nonattendance for intracellulars mili gram nucleotidecutting-edgeremovedcoverstrials.
Kinoshita et al., (2003) were obsereved on uses of Gliclazide in deterrence of retinals leukostasises in streptozotocinsdiabetics rat. Ultimate results have suggested that Gliclazidesmightstraightrecoverirregularities in retinals micros circulationsself-governing of plasma glucoses controls& possiblity have discerninghealingadvantage in stoppinginitial, dangerousproceedingscutting-edge diabetics retinopathy comparesby other sulphonyl urea drug.
Katakami et al., (2004) have concluded after what they studied, that Gliclazide or Metformine, inplace of Glibenclamides, attenuates progressionsfor carotids intimasmedias thicknescutting-edgethemesthroughSortBinary diabete. To analyse results whether sulphony lurea or sulphonyl urea plus metformines prevent diabetic macro angiopathy, they examine the development of carotids arteries intimasMediasthickens (IMTs) similar a replacementfinishopinion. They have also concluded in end that Metformines ortherwise Gliclazides, somewhat than Glibenclamides, have a strong antiatherogenic effectscutting-edge Types Twos diabete.
Pagano et al., (1998) have summarized in their studies that ATPsreliant on Kscanal blocker usage as hypo glycaemic agent which canneedrespectables effectscheduled vasculars diseasesfashionable diabetecs mellitusesconcluded theirs effect on plasma glucoses controls. Acetylcholine & nitricoxide remainedpersuadedreduction in veinsincebunniespreservedby or deprived of Gliclazides were slow in attendance or nonappearance of Nitricoxide synthases inhibitors, NG nitros l arginines (l - NAME). Veinafter diabetic rabbitsdeliberatein attendance of l - NAME showed an overstatedreduction to acetylcholines which was sopp in bunniespreservedby Gliclazides. Gliclazidesaction did not effect on reply to acetylcholines of usual rabbwhichaorta, & GliclazidesonceadditionalInVitro had not somebelongings on reply of diabetics rabbwhichaorta, so that signifying that result of Gliclazides was precise to irregularityascendingby diabetics& was not since of an seriousconsequence of painkiller. Therefore, Gliclazides, asidesafterwhichever a straight antioxidant actions or belongingshappening insulins or glucoses level, might be ameliorate diabetics endothelials cells dysfunctions.
Jain et al., (2002) were developed methods for evaluation of Gliclazide in combination with Metformine as it was widely used in combination therapy for diabetes mellitus. 1sttechnique is created on anreckoning of partscheming of bow at two wavelength counties (0228.60 to 0224 nanometer &0235 to 0231 nanometer). 2nd technique uses concurrentreckoning at binary wavelengths conforming to 0226.30 &0233.20 nanometer. 3rd technique uses derivative spectroscopy at zero crossing points (226.0 & 232.90 nanometer) in 1stinstructioncopied spectra togethermedicationssubmit Beers lawscutting-edge concentrationschoicesworking for these approaches.
Aim And Objectives: -
The aims and objectives of the present study are given below:
1) To prepare the aqueous extract by using distilled water as solvent.
2) To investigate the changes in enzyme activities related to the carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic albino rats on long term treatment with plant extracts.
3) To investigate the effect of plant extract on the lipid per oxidation and its role in the antioxidant defense mechanism.
4) To characterize the histopathological changes in the tissues of liver and kidney.
Research Envisaged
The earliest known medical practice is herbal medicine. Throughout history, all societies have utilized herbs. A large number of today's regularly used medications have botanical origins. In fact, at least one active component in over 25% of prescription medications prescribed in the US comes from plants. Some are created to resemble a naturally occurring plant chemical, while others are produced from plant extracts. According to the WHO, 80% of people worldwide depend on natural medicines. Diabetes is treated using a wide variety of medicinal herbs. Hyperglycemia, inflammation, foot ulcers, nerve abnormalities, and sexual depression are all prominent complications of diabetes, a metabolic disease. There is currently no effective treatment for diabetes, despite the fact that insulin and a variety of oral hypoglycemic medications are available. Diabetes is brought on by abnormalities in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. This metabolic condition results in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin insufficiency. With its steadily rising incidence and fatality rates, diabetes has emerged as a major health issue. There is now no effective therapy for diabetes mellitus, which is regarded as a worldwide issue. Although synthetic medications, like as insulin and oral hypoglycemic medicines, can regulate blood sugar levels as long as they are taken consistently, their widespread acceptability is hindered by their cost, complications, poor tolerance, and other adverse effects. By reducing the aforementioned competitions, natural medications might be utilized further. This circumstance could be the primary cause of the general public's current switch from the allopathic system to herbal medications.
Plan Of Work: -
Plant Profile: -
Allium Sativum
|
Kingdom |
Plantae – Plants |
|
Subkingdom |
Tracheobionta – Vascular plants |
|
Super division |
Spermatophyta – Seed plants |
|
Division |
Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
|
Class |
Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
|
Subclass |
Liliidae |
|
Order |
Liliales |
|
Family |
Liliaceae – Lily family |
|
Genus |
Allium L. – onion |
|
Species |
Allium sativum L. – cultivated garlic |
Chemical Constituents:
(E)-Ajoene, (Z)-Ajoene, Allicin, Alliin, Allixin, γ-Glutamyl-S-2-propenyl cysteine, Diallyl disulfide, Methyl allyl disulfide, S-allyl-cysteine, 1,2-Vinyldiithin
Uses:
Garlic has been used to treat hypertension, or elevated blood pressure, and atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. For further information, speak with your physician if you have high blood pressure or heart problems.Tick bites have also been avoided by using garlic. It has been shown that certain herbal and dietary supplement items include potentially dangerous chemicals or contaminants.
CONCLUSION: - A new herbal formulation improves the herbal extract's absorption. Because of its shorter half-life, it helps to address the issue of frequent dosage. Additionally, longer medication release and higher absorption result in a substantial dosage decrease and improved outcomes. The goal of the current study is to create a unique herbal formulation that will improve bioavailability while lowering adverse effects and improving therapeutic benefits.
REFERENCES
Rudrapratap Singh Parihar*, Dr. Aakanksha Mandal, Creation and Formulation of Allium Sativum for Effective Diabetes Treatment, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 7, 3674-3684. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16480947
10.5281/zenodo.16480947
