View Article

Abstract

Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires lifelong therapy, which may impose economic burden on patients. The objective of this study was to analyse cost of illness [using direct medical cost] among hypertensive subjects. Materials and method: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada for period of 6 months. 150 hypertensive patients who were on at least one antihypertensive medication, admitted to in-patient department were included for the cost of illness study. Result: According to the study, 54% of hypertensive subjects were above 60- 75 years of age. The average number of drugs per prescription was 9.7 ± 3.78 and majority of total direct cost was attributed to medication and medical supplies cost (44%) followed by laboratory cost (28%). Conclusion: The study concludes that as medication cost was the major contributor to the healthcare expenses, reducing the cost by prescribing drugs by their generic name would not only reduce cost burden on patients, but also improve adherence.

Keywords

Hypertension; Cost of illness; Polypharmacy; Generic drugs

Reference

  1. Adane E, Atnafu A, Aschalew AY. The Cost of Illness of Hypertension and Associated Factors at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2020 Mar 6;12:133–40.
  2. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2020 Apr;16(4):223-37.
  3. Egli Esposti E, Berto P, Ruffo P, Buda S, Degli Esposti L, Sturani A; Pandora Study Group. The PANDORA project: results of the cost of illness analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2001 May;15(5):329-34.
  4. Jo C. Cost-of-illness studies: concepts, scopes, and methods. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2014 Dec;20(4):327-37
  5. Ramanath KV, Biju BT, Ahmed I, Haritha MVV, Kishore KS. Drug Utilization Pattern, Cost of Illness and Cost-Effective Analysis of Antihypertensive Drugs in a Tertiary Hospital- A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. j. biochem. res. 2021 Aug 25;30(4):15–23.
  6. Jo C. Cost-of-illness studies: concepts, scopes, and methods. Clinical and molecular hepatology. 2014 Dec;20(4):327.
  7. Kokiwar PR, Gupta SS, Durge PM. Prevalence of hypertension in a Rural Community of Central India. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2012 June ;60(6):26–29.
  8. Rigaud AS, Forette B. Hypertension in Older Adults. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Scieces. 2001;56(4):217–225.
  9. Gupta S, Kapoor S. Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Levels and Its Association with Obesity Indices. Ethnicity & disease. 2010 Oct 1;20(4):370-5.
  10. Choi HM, Kim HC, Kang DR. Sex differences in hypertension prevalence and control: Analysis of the 2010-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Spracklen CN, editor. PLOS ONE. 2017 May 25;12(5):e0178334.
  11. Sandberg K, Ji H. Sex differences in primary hypertension. Biol Sex Differ. 2012 Mar 14;3(1):7.
  12. Everett B, Zajacova A. Gender Differences in Hypertension and Hypertension Awareness Among Young Adults. Biodemography and Social Biology.2015 Jan 2;61(1):1–17.
  13. Baig M, Gazzaz ZJ, Gari MA, Al-Attallah HG, Al-Jedaani KS, Mesawa AT, Al-Hazmi AA. Prevalence of obesity and hypertension among University students’ and their knowledge and attitude towards risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2015 Jul;31(4):816.
  14. Jiang SZ, Lu W, Zong XF, Ruan HY, Liu Y. Obesity and hypertension. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2016 Oct 1;12(4):2395-9.
  15. Shukrala F, Gabriel T. Assessment of prescribing, dispensing, and patient use pattern of antihypertensive drugs for patients attending outpatient department of Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Jan 17;9:519-23.
  16. Datta S. Utilization study of antihypertensives in a south Indian tertiary care teaching hospital and adherence to standard treatment guidelines. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2016;8(1):33–7.
  17. Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2018 May 1;34(5):575-84.
  18. De Bhailis ÁM, Kalra PA. Hypertension and the kidneys. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2022 May 2;83(5):1-1
  19. Solanki ND, Patel P. drug utilization pattern and pharmacoeconomic analysis of antihypertensive drugs prescribed in secondary care Hospital in Gujarat, India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017 Mar. 1;10(3):120-4.
  20. Shrestha B, Dixit SM. The Assessment of Drug Use Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2018 Oct 30;16(3):279-284.
  21. Satish S, Rose AJ, Shabaraya AR. A study to assess the impact of comorbidities and polypharmacy in nonadherence to antihypertensives. International Journal of Research and Review. 2021; 8(2): 222-227.
  22. Rambhade S, Chakarborty A, Shrivastava A, Patil UK, Rambhade A. A survey on polypharmacy and use of inappropriate medications. Toxicol Int. 2012 Jan;19(1):68-73.
  23. Harshitha J, Satish S, Shabaraya AR. Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence among Hypertensive Patients. IJRAMT 2021 Sep. 25;2(9):92-5.
  24. Preetha G, Manoj S, Thomas A John D, ShabarayaA R. A community based study on the consequence of polypharmacy in the quality of life among geriatric population. International Journal of Research and Review. 2021; 8(5): 202-20.
  25. Shrestha JTM, Tiwari S, Kushwaha DK, Bhattarai P, Shrestha R. Drug Prescription in the Department of Medicine of a Tertiary Care Hospital according to the World Health Organization/International Network for Rational Use of Drugs Core Indicators: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Survey. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2021 Aug 12;59(240):745-748.
  26. Nguyen TP, Nguyen TB, Nguyen TT, Vinh Hac V, Le HH, Schuiling-Veninga C, Postma MJ. Direct costs of hypertensive patients admitted to hospital in Vietnam- a bottom-up micro-costing analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 Oct 28;14:514.

Photo
Shreeraksha K.
Corresponding author

Department of Pharmacy Practice, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore, 575029

Photo
Ramakrishna Shabaraya A.
Co-author

Department of Pharmacy Practice, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore, 575029

Photo
Suchetha Kumari
Co-author

Department of Pharmacy Practice, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore, 575029

Ramakrishna Shabaraya A., Shreeraksha K., Suchetha Kumari, A Prospective Study On Cost Of Illness Among Hypertensive Inpatients At A Tertiary Care Hospital In Dakshina Kannada, Int. J. in Pharm. Sci., 2023, Vol 1, Issue 11, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10061004

More related articles
Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Sodi...
Sujit S. Shinde , Sachitanand B. biradar , Avinash A Bhagat , Mad...
An Extensive Review Study Of Solely Cloned Identic...
TIWARI POOJA, PATEL PRATIXA, MISHRA SATYAM, YADAV RUBI , ...
Herbal Mouthwash For The Management Of Oral Diseas...
Suryakant H. Bokhare, Aishwarya S. Maske, Ravi S. Mohite, Adinath...
Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal and Muscle Relaxant Herbal Bath Bomb Co...
Chetan S. Darne, Monika P. Maske, Pawan A. Gore, Jagdish R. Baheti, ...
Review On Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Lantana Camara Extr...
Khandare Sakshi, Khandale Priti, Khadare Shivraj, Sumit S. Bodhke, ...
Related Articles
Litfulo : Is An Innovative Medication ...
Mayur P. Narode , Shweta R. Agrawal , Pallavi R. Thombare , Nikita R. Kuhile, Omkar M. Kadam, ...
Review On Pharmacovigilance In Dentistry ...
Mallolu Anthony Sanjana Vijay, Samufathima A. I., Suvetha V., Suvetha V., Sarumathi T., Santhiya. K....
Design And Characterisation Of Beta Cyclodextrin Tolnaftate Inclusion Complex Fo...
Nithishkumar.D, A.VASANTHAN.,M.Pharm.,MBA.,, Dr.K.L.SENTHILKUMAR.,M.Pharm.,Ph.D.,MBA.,MA, ...
Organoids As Promising Tools In Therapy...
Dr. Pittu Vishnu Priya, Keshineni Shravani, Pabbathi Sai Divya, AVSSS Gupta, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Sodium Diclofenac Sodium Tablet...
Sujit S. Shinde , Sachitanand B. biradar , Avinash A Bhagat , Madan K. Shinde , ...
More related articles
Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Sodium Diclofenac Sodium Tablet...
Sujit S. Shinde , Sachitanand B. biradar , Avinash A Bhagat , Madan K. Shinde , ...
An Extensive Review Study Of Solely Cloned Identical Antibodies Monoclonal Antib...
TIWARI POOJA, PATEL PRATIXA, MISHRA SATYAM, YADAV RUBI , ...
Herbal Mouthwash For The Management Of Oral Diseases...
Suryakant H. Bokhare, Aishwarya S. Maske, Ravi S. Mohite, Adinath P. Magar, Vishal V. Mane, ...
Formulation And Evaluation Of Fast Dissolving Sodium Diclofenac Sodium Tablet...
Sujit S. Shinde , Sachitanand B. biradar , Avinash A Bhagat , Madan K. Shinde , ...
An Extensive Review Study Of Solely Cloned Identical Antibodies Monoclonal Antib...
TIWARI POOJA, PATEL PRATIXA, MISHRA SATYAM, YADAV RUBI , ...
Herbal Mouthwash For The Management Of Oral Diseases...
Suryakant H. Bokhare, Aishwarya S. Maske, Ravi S. Mohite, Adinath P. Magar, Vishal V. Mane, ...