A brief study on phytochemical and pharmacological profile of calotropis gigantea

Abstract

The main point is that we may access a variety of life-saving medications, either in modified synthetic form or directly in extract form. Calotropis gigantea is a huge, gregarious shrub with many branches and young branches covered in white, cottony hairs. It has been used as a medicinal plant and a key source of pharmaceuticals since ancient times. It has milky latex in it. Commonly referred to as "milkweed," this plant is native to China, Malaysia, and India and is found practically everywhere in the world. It has long been utilized in the Siddha, Ayurvedic, and Unani medical systems. A variety of illnesses may be treated with the help of this plant's parts, including its roots, bark, latex, leaves, and flowers. Among the many isolated compounds found in this medicinal plant are alkaloids, tannins, resins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and many chemical compounds such as giganteol, ? and ? calotropeol, ?-amyrin, giganteol, and isogiganteol. In addition to these chemical compounds, C. gigantea has some pharmacological activity, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound healing, and hypoglycemic propertie.

Keywords

Introduction

Fig: - Calotropis gigantean plant.

Vernacular Classification: -

Scientific Classification: -

Taxonomical Classification:

Morphology: -

Calotropone
       
           
       

Isorhamnetin

Chemical structures of various chemical constituents isolated from C. gigantea.
       
           
       

Fig. Medicinal properties of C.gigantea Linn.

Pharmacological Activities: -

1. Anti-inflammatory activity:

Several experimental animal models were used to assess Calotropis gigantea's anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory properties of chloroform, n-butanol, ethanol, and distilled water extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves were examined. Using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method, this activity was contrasted with that of the common medication, paracetamol. Either a stronger malic enzyme or the filarial worm Setaria digitata: specific drug-and herbal extract properties and effects are indicated by the calotropis gigantea alkaloid fraction's residual anti-inflammatory activity. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory action is assessed using a model of chronic inflammation caused by adjuvant-induced arthritis and a model of acute inflammation caused by carrageenin-induced kaolin-induced rat paw oedema and cotton-pellets granuloma.Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties were demonstrated against the albumin denaturation approach.

2. Anticancer activity:

Anhydrosophoradiol-3-acetate (A3A), an isolated chemical found in Calotropis gigantea flowers, kills viable tumor cells and reduces body weight growth. A3A's ability to effectively suppress EAC growth in vivo has been shown to improve cancer-induced complications.

3. Antitusive activity:

Calotropis gigantean leaf extract has antitussive properties since it contains alkaloids and glycosides.

4. Antidiarrheal activity :

The anti-diarrheal properties of Calotropis gigantean aerial component hydroalcoholic (50:50) extract were evaluated in a rat model of castor oil-induced diarrhea. The gastrointestine transit rate was determined by dividing the proportion of the longest distance traveled by the charcoal by the total length of the small intestine. The weight and volume of intestinal content caused by castor oil were measure dusing the enterpoling method. The extract significantly reduced the frequency of fecal dropping and fecal output at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (interaperitoneal dose). Additionally, the extract greatly decreased the weight and volume of intestinal material.

5. Analgesic activity:

Alcohol extract from Calotropis gigantea flowers was administered orally, and its analgesic effects were evaluated in mice utilizing thermal and chemical methods. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, a 20.97% reduction in the number of writhes was seen at doses of 250 mg/kg, respectively.
The hot plate method extended the time spent licking the paws. Thirty minutes after the dose was given, the analgesic effect became apparent, and ninety minutes later, it peaked. The analgesic potential of dry latex (DL) derived from C. gigantea was evaluated in this study. The effect of DL at a dose of 415 mg/kg against acetic acid-induced writhing was more noticeable than that of an oral dose of aspirin (100 mg/kg). DL (830 mg/kg) produced a modest analgesic effect in the tail-flick assay that was similar to that of aspirin.

6. Wound healing activity:

Studies on the activity of wound healing using animal models are many. Utilizing an excision and incision wound model, Calotropis gigantea latex was first applied to albino rats. When comparing the latex-treated animal to the control, which was 76.22% with framycetin sulphate cream (1%) as a standard, the latter showed an 83.42% reduction in wound area.

7. Hair growing Activity:

The purpose of Calotropis gigantea with Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRSF) and polyherbal formulation (HCF) was to determine the effects of the two plants on the commencement and encouragement of hair development in albino rats. The findings and observations of the study were contrasted with those of Minoxidil. Compared to other treatments, Calotropis gigantea had reduced potential hair growth activity.

8. CNS Activity:

Calotropis gigantea extract exhibits a variety of neuropharmacological activities, including sedative and hypnotic, antidepressant, antianxiety, analgesic, and more, because it contains the flavonoids chrysin and apigenin. The C. gigantea extract enhances collateral branching, axonal and dendritic length, quantity, and branching orders, even in this kind of activity.

9. Anti-venom Activity:

Antivenom action against viper russell snake venom is provided by Calotropis gigantea plant extract. Calotropis gigantea methanolic extract has beneficial effects that counteract the venom's different actions, including mortality, oedema formation, necrotizing, and hemorrhagic activity.The deadly effects of 2LD50 and 3LD50 venom were substantially mitigated in mice by oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg. The plant extract effectively neutralized the 2LD50 and 3LD50 of venom in in vitro experiments at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Methanolic extract from viper venom had an effect on oedema at 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes.

10. Anti-malaria:

Calotropis gigantea extract exhibits antimalarial action against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. This plant has outstanding anti-malarial action because it exhibits anti-plasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum.

Traditional Uses of Calotropis Gigantea:- 

1. In Ayurveda: Paralysis, swellings, and intermittent fevers are all treated with the leaves of the C. gigantea plant.Flowers can be used to treat fever, inflammation, helminthic infections, anorexia, asthma, and catarrh. The root bark of the plant is used to treat skin diseases, intestinal worms, helminth infections, and ascites.

 2. In Siddha: - The leaves of C. gigantea are utilized for the treatment of dangerous snake bites, periodic fever, vatha illnesses, intestinal worms and ulcers.The roots of this plant are crushed completely and then firmly rubbed over the bite area. The latex of this plant can be used to treat gonococcal arthritis, swellings, dental problems, rat bites, and other rheumatic conditions. Using flowers to treat bronchial asthma

 3. In Unani: In the Unani system, root bark powder has traditionally been used to treat dysentery and diarrhea. The plant's root helps with dyspepsia and has carminative properties.

CONCLUSION:

Calotropis gigantea is a potential plant with various healing principles and economic values. It is generally assigned through all over the India, which is use as traditional medicine, ornamental, fuel, fibre, auxiliary plant, mosquito controlling etc. and the various part of this plant viz. root, leaves, root bark, milk, flower are used ethnomedicinally as a remedy for various diseases for human beings. Though Calotropis gigantea has various medicinal applications, but still in future the phytochemicals and unknown compound of this plant need to be standardized and characterization of new potent molecule that suppress various pathological disorders and development of new class of drug therapies for the betterment of health of human beings.

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