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  • Investigation For Phytochemical And Antibacterial Properties Of Arial Part Extracts From Portulaca Oleracea Linn. (Purslane) Against
  • Photo Indranil Chatterjee* 1 Photo Nibadita Garain 2 Photo Arnab Maji 3

  • 1Associate Professor, Department Of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India 
    2Assistant Professor, Department Of Pharmacology, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India
    3B.Pharm, Department Of Pharmacy, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India
    4Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department Of Pharmaceutical Technology,Jis University,West Bengal,India
     

Abstract

Bacteria as etiological agents have been reported to cause many diseases and have increased the rate of mortality globally. Their resistance to conventional medicine has made medicinal plants a credible alternative in the management of diseases caused by bacterial infection. This work was designed to identify secondary metabolites present in arial part extracts of ethno-medicinally utilised Portulaca oleracea L. and evaluate their antibacterial activities. The arial parts of P. oleracea L. were obtained and phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests and the antibacterial activity of extracts was evaluated using agar well diffusion method whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated by micro-dilution method. The screening was assessed against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, which are responsible for the transmission of common diseases. Phytochemical screening of P. oleracea L. showed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. All extracts showed a high level of minimum inhibition concentration against the pathogens except K. pneumoniae, M. luteus and P. aeruginosa. Generally, the antibacterial activity of extracts increased with decrease in polarity as compared with ciprofloxacin. The mean (± s.d.) values were significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range tests with p < 0.05. Portulaca oleracea L. has been identified for the first time as a good antibacterial agent, which corroborates the ethno-medicinal uses of the plant.

Keywords

Bacteria, Etiological agents, Portulaca oleracea L., Antibacterial activities

Introduction

The utilize of plants as pharmaceutical originates before composed human history. It is evaluated that around 80% of individuals living in immature and creating nations depend on plant as a source of essential healthcare (Ajala, Olusola & Odeku 2020; Ojah, Moronkola & Osamudiamen 2020; Ojah & Kachi 2020; Rafiu, Sonibare & Adesanya 2019). Roughly half of medications in the world are determined from common items and more than a quarter of the medicines apportioned every year in the Joined together States were at first inferred from plants. It was moreover detailed that 80% of the world’s populace specifically or by implication use home grown pharmaceutical for the treatment or anticipation of infections (Newman, Cragg & Snader 2000). A wide assortment of phyto-constituents perform fundamental organic, pharmacological, and physiological capacities. Inquire about has appeared that at slightest 12 000 bioactive compounds have been confined in later times (Dosumu et al. 2019; Motaleb 2010). Phytochemicals intervene their impact on the human body through forms comparable to those caught on in routine drugs, hence plant medications are not as it were as successful as standard drugs but too posture side impacts. Plants parts such as roots, takes off, stem bark and seeds have a few dynamic components that are of helpful esteem and consequently valuable in the treatment of infections such as cancer, coronary heart illness, diabetes and irresistible malady. Numerous of the home grown drugs that demonstrated to be viable have been consolidated into present day medication (Motaleb 2010). Restorative plants give a riches of antimicrobial specialists, which can be utilized as an interchange source of anti-microbials (Malik et al. 2011; Walter et al. 2011; Prasannabalaji et al. 2012). Auxiliary metabolites in plants act as antibacterial operator that is used as treatment or prophylactics against a few diseases caused by microscopic organisms (Nasrullah et al. 2012). In the final few decades, most pathogenic microbes created resistance to numerous anti-microbials and this is a major risk to human wellbeing. Restorative plants are sources of different atoms, numerous of which show antimicrobial properties, which secure human body from pathogenic diseases. Hence, it is vital to characterise diverse restorative plants for their antibacterial potential (Bajpai et al. 2005; Wojdylo, Oszmianski & Czemerys 2007). A huge number of antibacterial specialists inferred from conventional restorative plants are accessible for treating different maladies caused by microorganisms (Jain 1994). Plants for the most part, create phytochemicals that have antibacterial action. In the final few a long time, numerous bacterial living beings have proceeded to appear expanding multidrug resistance to a few antibacterial specialists (Njenga & Mugo 2020). In spite of the fact that hundreds of plant species have been tried for antibacterial properties, the endless larger part have not been enough assessed (Balandrin et al. 1985; Muthusamy et al. 2013).

Portulaca oleracea L.  commonly known as purslane is a warm-climate herbaceous juicy yearly plant with a catholic dispersion having a place to Portulacaceae family. It is commonly known as purslane (Joined together States and Australia), rigla (Egypt), pigweed (Britain), pourpier (France) and Ma-Chi-Xian (China) (Elkhayat, Ibrahim & Aziz 2008). It is disseminated broadly in the tropical and subtropical ranges of the world, counting numerous parts of the Joined together States and is eaten broadly as a potherb and is included to soups and servings of mixed greens around the Mediterranean and tropical Asian nations (Palaniswamy, Book of scriptures & McAvoy 2002). This plant might have begun in Asia and is presently omnipresent in Africa and the Mediterranean locale (Masoodi et al. 2011). Portulaca oleracea too gives a source of wholesome benefits owing to its wealthy omega-3 greasy acids and antioxidant properties (Palaniswamy, McAvoy & Book of scriptures 2001). The plant contains numerous naturally dynamic compounds, which are dependable for the wide application of the plant in medication. The plant has been detailed as a wealthy source of phytoconstituents, such as oxalic acids, alkaloids, omega-3 greasy acids, coumarins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides (Ezekwe et al. 1999). Unrefined extricates of P. oleracea have been found to have strong wound-healing properties (Rashed, Afifi & Disi 2003). The plant has culinary property used in the planning of servings of mixed greens, soups and pickles. It has been utilized in people medication in numerous nations as febrifuge, sterile and vermifuge (Lee et al. 2012.). It shows a wide run of pharmacological impacts such as antiulcerogenic (Karimi, Hosseinzadeh & Ettehad 2004), anti-inflammatory (Chan, Islam & Kamil 2000), antioxidant (Rashed et al. 2003), and wound- mending (Xu, Yu & Chen 2006) properties. It is recorded by the World Wellbeing Organization as one of the most utilized restorative plants, and it has been given the term ‘Global Panacea’ (Chen, Wang & Wang 2009). The Chinese fables depicted it as ‘vegetable for long life’ and it has been utilized for thousands of a long time in conventional Chinese medication (Jin et al. 2013; Li, Wu & Chen 2013). It is cold in nature and acrid in taste and is utilized to cool the blood, stanch dying, clear warm and resolve poisons. The dried ethereal portion of this plant is utilized for the treatment of fever, loose bowels, the runs, carbuncle, dermatitis, and hematochezia (Li et al. 2013; Zhao et al. 2014). In spite of the fact that conventional pharmaceutical has been acknowledged by a few populaces of the world, however more noteworthy rate still depend on normal cures to illnesses caused by microbes. Portulaca oleracea is of impressive significance to the nourishment industry and moreover has a wide range of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, and anticancer exercises, which are related with its different chemical constituents, counting flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, greasy acids, terpenoids, sterols, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Scientific classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Order: Caryophyllales

Family: Portulacaceae

Genus: Portulaca Species: P. oleracea

Binomial name: Portulaca oleracea L.

       
            Picture1.png
       
    Figure 1: P. oleracea.

P. oleracea Plant Profile:

The plant may reach 40 centimetres (16 inches) in tallness. It has smooth, ruddy, generally prostrate stems, and the clears out, which may be substitute or inverse, are clustered at stem joints and closes. The yellow blossoms have five normal parts and are up to 6 millimeters (1Ú4 inch) wide. Depending upon precipitation, the blossoms show up at any time amid the year. The blossoms open independently at the center of the leaf cluster for as it were a few hours on sunny mornings. The modest seeds are shaped in a unit that opens when the seeds develop. Purslane has a taproot with stringy auxiliary roots and can endure destitute soil and dry season. The natural products are numerous- seeded capsules. The seed set is impressive; one plant can create up to 193,000 seeds. The seeds sprout ideally at a temperature over 25 °C; they are light germinators, with indeed a soil cover of 5 mm having a negative impact on germination.

Table 1: Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Purslane, raw


       
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Raw purslane is 93% water, 3?rbohydrates, 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, purslane supplies 20 calories, and rich amounts (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin E (81% DV) and vitamin C (25% DV), with moderate content (11–19% DV) of several dietary minerals (table). Purslane is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid (A P Simopoulos 2013). Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytoconstituents present in arial part extracts of P. oleracea. L.

MATERIALS & METHODS:

Collection of Plant Materials and Authentication.

Plant of P. oleracea L.  were collected from Rampurhat, Birbhum India. P. oleracea herbarium specimen was authenticated by Dr. Vijay Kumar Mastakar, Scientist in- charge, Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden Botanical Survey of India, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah: 711103.

Plant preparation and extraction.

The arial parts of the plant were air-dried at a temperature below 40°C and pulverised using a laboratory milling machine into fine powder after which a total of 500 g each of the ground powder were extracted successively in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol by maceration using 5 L each of respective solvents (volume per volume [v/v]). The extract was concentrated using a water bath and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The dried extract was reduced to powder using a laboratory mill and then sieved with a 250-?m mesh sieve.

Pytochemical screening.

Phytochemical examinations were carried out for all the extracts using standard qualitative tests.

Quantitative Estimation of Phytochemicals.

a. Test for steroid

  1. Liebermann- Burchard testAbout 0.2 g of extract was dissolved in chloroform and few drops of acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid were added to the chloroform solution. Violet blue and finally green colour was formed indicating the presence of steroids (Harborne 1998; Talukdar et al. 2010).
  2. Salkowski test- About 0.2 g of extract was dissolved in chloroform and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid were added to the solution. A reddish colour in the upper chloroform layer was observed indicating the presence of steroids (Kumar et al. 2007).

b. Test for alkaloids

  1. Dragendroff’s test- About 0.2 g of the extract was warmed with 2% H2SO4 for 2 min. It was filtered and few drops of Dragendroff’s reagent were added. Orange red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids (Egwaikhide & Gimba 2007).
  2. Mayer’s test- To a few milliliters of filtrate, a few drops of Mayer’s reagent were added by the side of the tube. A creamy white precipitate confirms the presence of alkaloids (Narasimhan et al. 2012).

c. Test for flavonoid

  1. Shinoda test- To 3 mL of 5 mg of methanolic extract, a piece of magnesium ribbon was added and 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Pink-red or red colouration of the solution indicates the presence of flavonoids (Ajala et al. 2020).
  2. NaOH test- About 0.5 g of extract was treated with 10% NaOH solution; formation of intense yellow colour indicates the presence of flavonoid (Sawant & Godghate et al. 2013).

d.  Test for phenolic compounds

The extract (500 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water. To this, a few drops of neutral 5?rric chloride solution were added. A dark green colour indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (Mir, Sawheny & Jassal 2013).

e. Test for glycoside

  1. Kellar–Kiliani test- A total of 2 mL of filtrate was added to 1 mL of glacial acetic acid, 1 mL ferric chloride and 1 mL concentrated sulphuric acid. Green-blue colouration of solution confirms the presence of glycosides (Chhetri et al. 2008; Parekh & Chanda 2007).

f. Test for tannins

To 0.5 mL of extract solution 1 mL of water and 1–2 drops of ferric chloride solution were added. Blue colour was observed for gallic tannins and green-black for catecholic tannins (Talukdar et al. 2010).

g. Test for saponins

i. Frothing test or foam test- A total of 0.5 mL of filtrate was added to 5 mL of distilled water and shaken properly. Persistence of frothing on the solution confirmed the presence of saponins (Victor & Chidi 2009).

h. Test for carbohydrates

  1. Molisch’s test- Few drops of Molisch’s reagent were added to each of the portion dissolved in distilled water, this was then followed by addition of 1 mL of concentrated H2SO4 by the side of the test tube. The mixture was then allowed to stand for 2 min and then diluted with 5 mL of distilled water. Formation of a red or dull violet colour at the interphase of the two layers was a positive test (Sofowora 1993).
  2. Fehling’s test- About 0.5 g each of the extract was dissolved in distilled water and filtered. The filtrate was heated with 5 mL of equal volumes of Fehling’s solution A and B. Formation of a red precipitate of cuprous oxide was an indication of the presence of reducing sugars (Sofowora 1993).

Test organisms

The antibacterial activities of the extract were determined using the agar well diffusion method of Balouiri, Sadiki and Ibnsouda (2016). The bacteria isolates used include Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 167), Shigella dysenteriae (ATCC 13313), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), which are responsible for the transmission of common diseases. They were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, CDL, Kolkata, India. All the isolates were checked for purity and maintained in nutrient agar.

Antibacterial screening procedure

The antibacterial activities of the extracts were tested against the selected strains using agar well diffusion method as described by Mbata, Debiao and Saikia (2008). An amount of 20 mL of sterilized nutrient agar medium was poured into each sterile Petri dish and allowed to solidify. The test bacteria cultures were standardised to 0.5% McFarland standard (NCCLS 1993) and evenly spread over the appropriate media with the aid of a swab stick. Then wells of 6 mm were made in the medium using a sterile cork borer (Bhargav et al. 2016). Concentrations of sample solutions were prepared followed by appropriate dilutions to the required concentration (10 mg/mL). These concentrations (at 0.1 mL) were transferred into separate wells, followed by the incubation of the plates at 35 °C for 24 h. After the incubation period, the zones of growth inhibition (ZI) were observed and measured using transparent ruler (Mbata, Debiao, & Saikia, 2008). Each test was repeated three times to ensure reproducibility. The mean of the triplicate tests ± their standard error of mean (SEM) was calculated and recorded as the diameter of zone of inhibition. Standard sensitivity discs of selected antibiotics ciprofloxacin, was used as positive control. Active plant extracts showing visible zones of inhibition were further tested at lower concentrations to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth microdilution method in 96-well microtitre plate (Essawi & Srour 2000; Janet & John 2007). The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by subculture of the preparations that have shown no evidence of growth in the MIC determination assay. These subcultures were made in nutrient agar plates (Grierson & Afolayan 1999; Muthusamy et al. 2013).

Statistical analysis

The experiments were conducted three times and all determinations were performed in triplicates (n = 3) and results were expressed as mean ± s.d. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with GraphPad Prism statistical software package, version 8. Duncan’s new multiple range test were applied to the result at 0.05 level of significance (p < 0>

RESULTS:

Table 2: Phytochemical constituents of the roots of Portulaca oleracea.


       
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Note: All the results are mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). The mean (± s.d.) values are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0>

Table 3: Antibacterial activity (mg/mL) of arial part extracts of Portulaca oleracea based on zones of inhibition.


       
            Picture4.png
       
    

Note: All the results are mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). The mean (± s.d.) values are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0>

Table 4: Minimum inhibitory concentration in mg/mL of arial part extracts from P. oleracea


       
            Picture5.png
       
    

Note: All results are mean ±s.d. (n = 3). The mean (±s.d.) values are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test. *, p < 0>

Table 5: Minimum bactericidal concentration in mg/mL of root extracts from P. oleracea


       
            Picture6.png
       
    

Note: All results are mean ±s.d. (n = 3). The mean (±s.d.) values are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test. *, p < 0>

DISCUSSION:

The present study identified secondary metabolites present in root hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol extracts of P. oleracea using standard methods (Trease & Evans 2002). Phytochemical screening on root extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins (Table 2). The presence of these useful phytochemicals could be responsible for the observed antibacterial activities and can be seen as a potential source of antibiotic drugs. In general, the accumulation and concentration of secondary metabolites are responsible for the antibacterial activity of a plant (Tim-Cushnie & Andrew 2005). Flavonoids possess antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity (Cowan 1999). Tannins are known for their astringent property and antimicrobial activity. Alkaloids are good antibacterial drugs whilst saponins possess antibacterial and anticandidal activity as reported in literature (Maatalah et al. 2012; Ramanathan et al. 2013; Tim-Cushnie, Benjamart & Andrew 2014). Antibacterial screening on root hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol extracts of P. oleracea exhibited good activity against the tested organisms from the zones of inhibition obtained (Table 3). The inhibitory effect was compared with standard antibiotic drugs ciprofloxacin at 10 mg/mL. The significant activity of methanol extract was maximum against E. cloacae (24 ± 0.3 mm) followed by B. subtilis (23 ± 0.6 mm). Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli had 22 ± 0.4 mm as zone of inhibition. Streptococcus agalactiae had zone of inhibition of 21 ± 0.4 mm when exposed to the extracts. Salmonella typhi and S. dysenteriae had the least zones of inhibition (20 ± 0.7 mm). Enterobacter cloacae had the highest zone of inhibition in the ethyl acetate extract (31 ± 0.4 mm) whilst the least activity was observed in S. dysenteriae (22 ± 0.4 mm). Enterobacter cloacae had the highest zone of inhibition in the chloroform extract (31 ± 0.4 mm) whilst the least activity was observed in S. dysenteriae (22 ± 0.4 mm). Streptococcus agalactiae had the highest inhibition in the hexane extract (28 ± 0.5 mm) whilst S. dysenteriae had the least activity (23 ± 0.2 mm). Klebsiella pneumoniae, M. luteus and P. aeruginosa had zero activity in all extracts tested. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole, standard antibiotic drugs had the highest zones of inhibition (mm) against all organisms tested; [(S. aureus, 35 ± 0.2 mm), (B. subtilis, 37 ± 0.2 mm), (K. pneumoniae, 30 ± 0.2 mm), (S. agalactiae, 32 ± 0.3 mm), (S. typhi, 41 ± 0.2 mm), (S. dysenteriae, 40 ± 0.5 mm), (E. coli, 39 ± 0.4 mm) and (E. cloacae, 35 ± 0.2 mm)]. The MIC and MBC of extracts were determined in mg/mL as presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The MIC (mg/mL) revealed that the standard antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin had the highest activity with MIC values; [(S. aureus, 0.100 ± 0.1), (B. subtilis, 0.080 ± 0.2), (K. pneumoniae, 0.140 ± 0.1), (S. agalactiae, 0.120 ± 0.3), (S. typhi, 0.050 ± 0.1), (S. dysenteriae, 0.052 ± 0.2), (E. coli, 0.054 ± 0.1), and (E. cloacae, 0.065 ± 0.2)]. Also, MBC in mg/mL revealed that the standard antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin had the highest activity with MBC values; [(S. aureus, 0.050 ± 0.3), (B. subtilis, 0.050 ± 0.2), (K. Pneumoniae, 0.100 ± 0.1), (S. agalactiae, 0.100 ± 0.2), (S. typhi, 0.010 ± 0.4), (S. dysenteriae, 0.010 ± 0.2), (E. coli, 0.010 ± 0.2), and (E. cloacae, 0.050 ± 0.1)]. The MIC and MBC revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts from P. oleracea had the highest antibacterial activity compared with ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. Generally, the antibacterial activity of extracts increased with decrease in polarity in the order hexane < chloroform>

CONCLUSION:

The root of P. oleracea L.  was collected to investigate its phytoconstituents and antibacterial potentials, with the goal of establishing the presence of bioactive constituents responsible for the medicinal applications of the plant. The study revealed antibacterial phytochemicals present in root extracts of P. oleracea L. , which support its vast utilisation in ethno-medicine. Our study suggests that P. oleracea L.  could be a potential source for antibacterial drug discovery.

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  31. Masoodi, M.H., Ahmad, B., Mir, S.R., Zargar, B.A. & Tabasum, N., 2011, ‘Portulaca oleracea L.  A review’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(1), 3044–3048.
  32. Mbata, T.I., Debiao, L. & Saikia, A., 2008, ‘Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on Listeria minocytogenes’, International Journal of Microbiology 7(1), 1571–1573.
  33. Mbata, T.I., Debiao, L. & Saikia, A., 2008, ‘Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on Listeria minocytogenes’, International Journal of Microbiology 7(1), 1571–1573.
  34. Mir, M.A., Sawheny, S.S. & Jassal, M.M.S., 2013, ‘Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of Taraxacum officinale,’ Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmocology 2(1), 001–005.
  35. Motaleb, M.A., 2010, Approaches to conservation of medicinal plants and traditional Knowledge: A focus on the Chittagong Hill Tracts, IUCN, Dhaka.
  36. Muthusamy, R., Karthiga, V., Lavanya, K., Deboral, P. & Bernala, W., 2013, ‘Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Tridax procumbens’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Bio Sciences 3(1), 521–524.
  37. Narasimhan, R. & Mohan, A., 2012, ‘Phytochemical Screening of Sesamum Indicum seed Extract’, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(4), 1298–1308.
  38. Nasrullah, S.R.K., Ikram, M., Nisar, M. & Khan, I., 2012, ‘Screening of antibacterial activity of medicinal plants’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 14(2), 25–29.
  39. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), 1993, Dilution antimicrobial susceptibility for bacteria that group aerobically? Third edition: Approved standards, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard Document M7-A3, Villanova, PA.
  40. Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. & Snader, K.M., 2000, ‘The influence of natural products upon drug discovery’, National Product Reports 17(3), 215–234.
  41. Njenga, P.K. & Mugo, S.M., 2020, ‘Chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities of Ixora scheffleri subspecies keniensis essential oil’, Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 4(1), a58. https://doi. org/10.4102/jomped.v4i1.58
  42. Ojah, E.O. & Kachi, J.B., 2020, ‘Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from stem Bark of Icacina Trichantha Oliv. (Icacinaceae)’, Journal of Chemistry, Environmental Science and its Applications 7(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.15415/jce.2020.71002
  43. Ojah, E.O., Moronkola, D.O. & Osamudiamen, P.M., 2020, ‘Antioxidant assessment of characterised essential oils from Calophyllum inophyllum Linn using 2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide methods’ Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 4(1), a83. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v4i1.83
  44. Palaniswamy, U.R., Bible, B.B. & McAvoy, R.J., 2002, ‘Effect of nitrate: Ammonium nitrogen ratio on oxalate levels of purslane’, Trends in New Crops and New Uses 11(5), 453– 455.
  45. Palaniswamy, U.R., McAvoy, R.J. & Bible, B.B., 2001, ‘Stage of harvest and polyunsaturated essential fatty acid concentrations in purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) leaves’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(7), 3490–3493. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0102113
  46. Parekh, J. & Chanda, S.V., 2007, ‘In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants’, Turkish Journal of Biology 31, 53–58.
  47. Prasannabalaji, N., Muralitharan, G., Sivanandan, R.N., Kumaran, S. & Pugazhvendan, S.R., 2012, ‘Antibacterial activities of some Indian traditional plant extracts’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 14(1), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2222-1808(12)60168- 6
  48. Rafiu, B.O., Sonibare, A.M. & Adesanya, E.O., 2019, ‘Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant studies of Lannea egregia Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) stem bark’, Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 3(1), a62. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v3i1.62
  49. Ramanathan, R., Baby, R., Bhuvaneswarri, R. & Dhandapani, R., 2013, ‘Antimicrobial activities of Canthium parviflorum (lam.) and Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov’, International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy 4(9), 205–209.
  50. Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. & Disi, A.M., 2003, ‘Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.  (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88(2–3), 131–136. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378- 8741(03)00194-6
  51. Sawant, R.S. & Godghate, A., 2013, ‘Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of leaves of
  52. Triday Procumbens Linn.,’ International Journal of Science, Environment 2(3), 388–394.
  53. Shihabudeen, M.H., Priscilla, D.H. & Thirumurugan, K., 2010, ‘Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of selected Ind. folk med. plants’, International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research 1(10), 430–434.
  54. Silva, R.A., Liberio, S.A., Amaral, F.M., Nascimento, F.R.N., Torres, L.M.B., Neto, V.M. et al., 2016, ‘Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. flowers in comparison to bark and leaves extracts’, Journal of Biosciences
  55. and Medicine 4(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.44012
  56. Sofowora, A., 1993, ‘Screening plants for bioactive agents’, in Medicinal plants and traditional medicinal in Africa, 2nd edn., pp. 134–156, Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan.
  57. Talukda, A.D., Choudhury, M.D., Chakraborty, M. & Dutta, B.K., 2010, ‘Phytochemical screening and TLC profiling of plant extracts of Cyathea gigantea (Wall. Ex. Hook.) Haltt. And Cyathea brunoniana. Wall. ex. Hook.’ Assam University Journal of Science and Technology 5, 70–74.
  58. Tim-Cushnie, T.P. & Andrew, J.L., 2005, ‘Antimicrobial activities of flavonoids’, Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26(5), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002
  59. Tim-Cushnie, T.P., Benjamart, C. & Andrew, J.L., 2014, ‘Alkaloids: An overview of their anti-bacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities’, Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 44(5), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001
  60. Trease, G.E. & Evans, W.C., 2002, Pharmacognosy, vol. 15, pp. 333–337, WB Saunders Publishers, London.
  61. Victor, N.O. & Chidi, O., 2009. ‘Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants’, African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 3(15), 228–223.
  62. Walter, C., Shinwari, Z.K., Afzal, I. & Malik, R.N., 2011, ‘Antibacterial activity in herbal products used in Pakistan’, Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(1), 155–162.
  63. Wojdylo, A., Oszmianski, J. & Czemerys, R., 2007, ‘Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs’, Food Chemistry 105(3), 940–949. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
  64. Xu, X., Yu, L. & Chen, G., 2006, ‘Determination of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L.  by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection’, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 41(2), 493–499. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.013
  65. Zhao, C.Q., Zhou, Y., Ping, J. & Xu, L.M., 2014, ‘Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of liver diseases: Progress, challenges and opportunities’, Journal of Integrative Medicine 12(5), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60039-X

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  32. Mbata, T.I., Debiao, L. & Saikia, A., 2008, ‘Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on Listeria minocytogenes’, International Journal of Microbiology 7(1), 1571–1573.
  33. Mbata, T.I., Debiao, L. & Saikia, A., 2008, ‘Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on Listeria minocytogenes’, International Journal of Microbiology 7(1), 1571–1573.
  34. Mir, M.A., Sawheny, S.S. & Jassal, M.M.S., 2013, ‘Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of Taraxacum officinale,’ Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmocology 2(1), 001–005.
  35. Motaleb, M.A., 2010, Approaches to conservation of medicinal plants and traditional Knowledge: A focus on the Chittagong Hill Tracts, IUCN, Dhaka.
  36. Muthusamy, R., Karthiga, V., Lavanya, K., Deboral, P. & Bernala, W., 2013, ‘Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Tridax procumbens’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Bio Sciences 3(1), 521–524.
  37. Narasimhan, R. & Mohan, A., 2012, ‘Phytochemical Screening of Sesamum Indicum seed Extract’, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(4), 1298–1308.
  38. Nasrullah, S.R.K., Ikram, M., Nisar, M. & Khan, I., 2012, ‘Screening of antibacterial activity of medicinal plants’, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 14(2), 25–29.
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  41. Njenga, P.K. & Mugo, S.M., 2020, ‘Chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities of Ixora scheffleri subspecies keniensis essential oil’, Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 4(1), a58. https://doi. org/10.4102/jomped.v4i1.58
  42. Ojah, E.O. & Kachi, J.B., 2020, ‘Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from stem Bark of Icacina Trichantha Oliv. (Icacinaceae)’, Journal of Chemistry, Environmental Science and its Applications 7(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.15415/jce.2020.71002
  43. Ojah, E.O., Moronkola, D.O. & Osamudiamen, P.M., 2020, ‘Antioxidant assessment of characterised essential oils from Calophyllum inophyllum Linn using 2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide methods’ Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 4(1), a83. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v4i1.83
  44. Palaniswamy, U.R., Bible, B.B. & McAvoy, R.J., 2002, ‘Effect of nitrate: Ammonium nitrogen ratio on oxalate levels of purslane’, Trends in New Crops and New Uses 11(5), 453– 455.
  45. Palaniswamy, U.R., McAvoy, R.J. & Bible, B.B., 2001, ‘Stage of harvest and polyunsaturated essential fatty acid concentrations in purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) leaves’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(7), 3490–3493. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0102113
  46. Parekh, J. & Chanda, S.V., 2007, ‘In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants’, Turkish Journal of Biology 31, 53–58.
  47. Prasannabalaji, N., Muralitharan, G., Sivanandan, R.N., Kumaran, S. & Pugazhvendan, S.R., 2012, ‘Antibacterial activities of some Indian traditional plant extracts’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 14(1), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2222-1808(12)60168- 6
  48. Rafiu, B.O., Sonibare, A.M. & Adesanya, E.O., 2019, ‘Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant studies of Lannea egregia Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) stem bark’, Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development 3(1), a62. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v3i1.62
  49. Ramanathan, R., Baby, R., Bhuvaneswarri, R. & Dhandapani, R., 2013, ‘Antimicrobial activities of Canthium parviflorum (lam.) and Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov’, International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy 4(9), 205–209.
  50. Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. & Disi, A.M., 2003, ‘Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.  (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88(2–3), 131–136. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378- 8741(03)00194-6
  51. Sawant, R.S. & Godghate, A., 2013, ‘Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of leaves of
  52. Triday Procumbens Linn.,’ International Journal of Science, Environment 2(3), 388–394.
  53. Shihabudeen, M.H., Priscilla, D.H. & Thirumurugan, K., 2010, ‘Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of selected Ind. folk med. plants’, International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research 1(10), 430–434.
  54. Silva, R.A., Liberio, S.A., Amaral, F.M., Nascimento, F.R.N., Torres, L.M.B., Neto, V.M. et al., 2016, ‘Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. flowers in comparison to bark and leaves extracts’, Journal of Biosciences
  55. and Medicine 4(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.44012
  56. Sofowora, A., 1993, ‘Screening plants for bioactive agents’, in Medicinal plants and traditional medicinal in Africa, 2nd edn., pp. 134–156, Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan.
  57. Talukda, A.D., Choudhury, M.D., Chakraborty, M. & Dutta, B.K., 2010, ‘Phytochemical screening and TLC profiling of plant extracts of Cyathea gigantea (Wall. Ex. Hook.) Haltt. And Cyathea brunoniana. Wall. ex. Hook.’ Assam University Journal of Science and Technology 5, 70–74.
  58. Tim-Cushnie, T.P. & Andrew, J.L., 2005, ‘Antimicrobial activities of flavonoids’, Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26(5), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002
  59. Tim-Cushnie, T.P., Benjamart, C. & Andrew, J.L., 2014, ‘Alkaloids: An overview of their anti-bacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities’, Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 44(5), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001
  60. Trease, G.E. & Evans, W.C., 2002, Pharmacognosy, vol. 15, pp. 333–337, WB Saunders Publishers, London.
  61. Victor, N.O. & Chidi, O., 2009. ‘Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants’, African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 3(15), 228–223.
  62. Walter, C., Shinwari, Z.K., Afzal, I. & Malik, R.N., 2011, ‘Antibacterial activity in herbal products used in Pakistan’, Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(1), 155–162.
  63. Wojdylo, A., Oszmianski, J. & Czemerys, R., 2007, ‘Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs’, Food Chemistry 105(3), 940–949. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
  64. Xu, X., Yu, L. & Chen, G., 2006, ‘Determination of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L.  by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection’, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 41(2), 493–499. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.013
  65. Zhao, C.Q., Zhou, Y., Ping, J. & Xu, L.M., 2014, ‘Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of liver diseases: Progress, challenges and opportunities’, Journal of Integrative Medicine 12(5), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60039-X

Photo
Indranil Chatterjee
Corresponding author

Associate Professor, Department Of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India

Photo
Nibadita Garain
Co-author

Assistant Professor, Department Of Pharmacology, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India

Photo
Arnab Maji
Co-author

B.Pharm, Department Of Pharmacy, Birbhum Pharmacy School,West Bengal,India

Indranil Chatterjee , Nibadita Garain, Arnab Maji, Suchetan Sarkar , Investigation For Phytochemical And Antibacterial Properties Of Arial Part Extracts From Portulaca Oleracea Linn. (Purslane) Against Management Of Pathogenic Diseases, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 6, 1246-1259. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12166066

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