Formulation And Evaluation of a Perfume Combining Hibiscus And Passion Flower For Unique Fragrance Innovation

The word "perfume" originates from the Latin term "perfume". The practice of using perfume can be traced back to ancient cultures such as the Egyptians, Arabs, Carthaginians, Chinese, Greeks, Hindus, Israelites, and Romans. Although aromatic bodily fluids are often labeled as perfume, authentic perfumes are specifically defined as extracts or essences that consist of oil distilled in alcohol. [1] Perfume is a composition of fragrant substances, essential oils, fixatives, and solvents intended to create a pleasing scent. The word 'perfume' originates from the Latin term 'perfume'. The practice of using perfume can be traced back to ancient cultures, such as the Egyptians, Arabs, Carthaginians, Chinese, Greeks, Hindus, Israelites, and Romans. While scented bodily fluids are often labeled as perfume, authentic perfumes are specifically defined as extracts or essences that contain oil distilled in alcohol, with their classification determined by the ratios of aromatic compounds utilized. In contemporary society, the application of perfume has become vital for individuals of all genders, enhancing self-assurance and leaving a favorable impression in daily interactions. [2] Perfumes consist of a liquid blend of aromatic substances dissolved in an appropriate solvent, typically ethyl alcohol. They are generally applied to the skin or clothing to release their fragrance through vaporization, allowing the scent to permeate the surrounding area. Thus, the vaporization of the perfume signifies its presence, while the rate of vaporization indicates the speed at which the fragrance components are released from the liquid solution. Key performance factors for perfumes include impact, longevity, diffusion, and volume. Longevity refers to the duration the fragrance remains detectable after application, measuring how long the scent persists near the source of evaporation. [3]

1. 1. Notes in perfume

Is likened to music, consisting of three distinct sets of notes that together create a harmonious fragrance. These notes are meticulously crafted with an understanding of the perfume's evaporation process. The three categories of notes include

a. Top notes

b. Middle notes

c. Base notes

Each category serves a specific function.[4]

1.2 Benefits of perfume

The advantages of fragrance include enhancing self-assurance, uplifting mood, evoking memories, increasing attractiveness, fostering relaxation, expressing individuality, and leaving a memorable impact. [5]

1.3 History of Perfume

The word 'perfume' originates from the Latin term 'perfumum'. While aromatic bodily fluids are generally labeled as perfume, authentic perfumes are specifically defined as extracts or essences that consist of oil distilled in alcohol. Archaeological findings of perfume containers indicate its historical usage. The late 19th century saw advancements in organic chemistry that broadened the spectrum of scents through enhanced purification of plant aromas and the advent of synthetic compounds, which now prevail in the industry. A genuine perfume must comprise a minimum of 22% essential oils. Perfumers combine various oils, each possessing a distinct fragrance, to formulate new scents. Companies such as IFF employ thousands of individuals to create numerous compounds, primarily for flavors and fragrances. [6]

2. Plant Profile

1. 1. Hibiscus flower

Taxonomic Classification

Common Name: Hibiscus

Scientific Name: Hibiscus spp.

Family: Malvaceae

Fig No. 2.1 Hibiscus flower

Origin: Found in tropical and subtropical areas

Description: The plant is believed to have originated in tropical Asia, with its cultivation in China, Japan, and the Pacific islands occurring for a similarly extended period; it is widely accepted that its roots trace back to South China. [7]

In medicine, the red flowered variety was preferred.  Roots and leaves, were anodyne and emmenagogue. They were used to regulate menstruation and stimulate blood circulation. Leaves were also used as abortifacient and to stimulate expulsion of placenta after childbirth. Flower were used for regulation of  menstrual cycle, for liver disorders, high blood pressure as antitussive, in stomach pain, for eye problems, as abortifacient and as an aphrodisiac. Young leaves and flowers were used in headache. Decoction of leaves, root and fruits were helpful in treatments of arthritis, boils and coughs. Fruits were employed externally in cases of sprains, wounds and ulcers [8]

2.2 Passion flower

Scientific Classification

Common Name - Passion Flower or Passion Vine

Scientific Name - Passiflora spp.

Family - Passifloraceae;

Origin - Tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas.

Fig No. 2.2 Passion flower

Description: A collection of passion flowers, encompassing wild species, cultivars, varieties, and registered hybrids, was created at the Research Unit for Floriculture and Ornamental Species (CRA-FSO) to gather genetic resources accessible to both researchers and flower cultivators. [9] The genus Passiflora (tribe Passiflorae, family Passifloraceae) consists of 8 subgenera and more than 560 species of vines, lianas and small trees widespread in central and South America. Some species were already known in the Aztec culture for their medicinal properties, other species were diffused among the Native Americans for the sweet taste of their fruits (passion fruits) [10]

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD

1. Prepare the flowers:

• Measure 10 grams of passion flower and 10 grams of hibiscus flowers.

• Rinse them delicately in cool water.

2. Infuse the flowers:

• Place the flowers in a glass jar and pour 40 milliliters of distilled water over them.

• Secure the lid and allow the flowers to steep for 24 hours at room temperature.

• Strain the infused water using cheesecloth to eliminate plant material.

3. Extract and enhance the fragrance:

• Incorporate 50 milliliters of ethanol into the strained flower infusion.

• Seal the jar and store it in a cool, dark location for 5 to 7 days, gently shaking it once daily.

• After the infusion period, strain again to remove any residual particles.

4. Blend and amplify the perfume:

• Introduce 10 drops of essential oils to strengthen the aroma.

• Add 5 drops of fixative oils.

• Mix in 1 tablespoon of glycerin to preserve the fragrance.

5. Maturation and storage:

• Transfer the liquid into a 100-milliliter dark glass spray bottle to protect it from light exposure.

• Allow the perfume to mature for 2 to 4 weeks for a balanced scent.

• Shake gently before application and spray lightly onto the skin or clothing. [11]

4. Evaluation Parameter

? Color: Inspect the perfume in a clear container under natural lighting. Anticipated color: Light pink to pale yellow (may vary based on concentration and solvent utilized). Any change in color over time may suggest instability or oxidation.

? Aroma: Apply the perfume to a scent strip or skin. Analyze the aroma in phases: Top Note (first 15 minutes): A light, fresh hibiscus scent. Heart Note (15 minutes to 1 hour): A floral-fruity essence of passion flower. Base Note (beyond 1 hour): Any residual scent from fixatives or added essential oils. Evaluate the overall harmony, balance, and attractiveness.

? Appearance: Assess the liquid for transparency and consistency. It should be devoid of suspended particles or cloudiness. A homogeneous mixture indicates correct formulation and solubilization.

2. Physical Assessment

? pH Measurement: Utilize pH indicator paper or a pH meter. Immerse into a small sample of the perfume.

? Spot Testing: Apply 1–2 sprays to the wrist or back of the hand from a short distance. Allow it to settle for 30 seconds to 1 minute. Assess for: Absence of visible spots or residue (indicating proper evaporation). No discoloration on the skin (ensuring it will not stain). Absence of a greasy or oily film (indicating a balanced formulation)

? Sensory Test: Engage a panel of 3–5 individuals to assess: Odour intensity: Rate from weak to strong. Odour quality: Evaluate pleasantness, freshness, and uniqueness. Duration: Measure how long the fragrance remains detectable on the skin or strip. Results can be organized using a 5-point or 10-point scale.

Fig No. 3 pH test.                                               Fig No. 4 Skin irritancy test

? Skin Irritancy Test: Apply a small quantity of perfume to the inner forearm. Allow it to remain undisturbed for 24 hours. Observe for signs of

1. Redness

2. Itching

3. Swelling

4. Rash

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 RESULT

The product exhibits a light yellow hue accompanied by a floral fragrance, indicating an and attractive sensory profile. Its clarity and uniformity suggest a well-crafted formulation free from visible particles. With a pH level of 5.7, it closely aligns with the natural pH of the skin, rendering it appropriate for frequent use. The skin irritancy test revealed no signs of irritation, redness, or negative reactions, and the spot test confirmed no staining. In summary, the product is deemed safe, non-irritating, and offers a refreshing and distinctive sensory experience.

Table No. 5.1 Results and various evolution parameters