Formulation And Evaluation of Gel Using Herbal Extract of Acalypha Indica with Aloe Vera for the Treatment of Psoriasis

C. Sathish, S. Sarathkumar, R. Santhosh, S. Roshini, D. Renuka, Dr. G. Mariyappan,

doi:10.5281/zenodo.17140072

Research Paper | Open Access
Volume 03 | Issue 09 | Article Id IJPS/250309081

Formulation And Evaluation of Gel Using Herbal Extract of Acalypha Indica with Aloe Vera for the Treatment of Psoriasis
C. Sathish* S. Sarathkumar R. Santhosh S. Roshini D. Renuka Dr. G. Mariyappan
Department of Pharmaceutics, Pallavan Pharmacy College, Kanchipuram-631502.

Abstract

The present research has been undertaken with the aim to formulate and evaluate the herbalgel containing Acalypha indica leaf extract combined with Aloe vera.It becomes an item of global importance in both medicinal and economical purpose. The gel formulation was designed by using aqueous extract of Acalypha indica leaf. Scientific name: Acalypha indica, Family:Euphorbiaceae. The gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934 has given better gel formation than carbopol 940.The gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934, Acalyph aindica leaf extract, Aloe vera extract, Lecithin, Potassium sorbate, Glycerin, distilled water. Then skin pH (6.8-7) was maintained by the addition of Aloe vera extract. The physiological parameters of formulations (pH, viscosity,spreadability, diffusion study, irritancy test, homogeneity, drug content,anti bacterial study, etc.) were determined. The herbal gels showed that formulations containing Acalypha indica leaves extract have better antibacterial activity.

Keywords

Herbal gel, Psoriasis, Anti-inflammatory, Acalyphaindica, Psoriasis treatment

Introduction

It is a common inflammatory skin disorder¹, Psoriasis causes patches of skin to become heavily covered with silvery scales. Both men and women can develop Psoriasis, which is most frequent in those aged 15 to 25².A common T-cell-mediated immunological condition, Psoriasis is characterized by thick, red, and confined plaques with a silver-white scale on top.Drugs have been successfully administered to the human body by a variety of ways, including as the mouth, sublingual, rectal, parental, cutaneous, inward breath, and so on. Applying a medication with specific site to the skin to treat cutaneous problems like breakouts or the cutaneous symptoms of an underlying disease like psoriasis directly while limiting the medication's pharmacological or other effects to the skin's outer layer or inside the skin is known as skin conveyance³. Many adverse effects, including nausea, exhaustion, liver damage, blood cell damage, renal problems, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, bone marrow issues, and an increased risk of skin cancer, areassociated with the synthetic medications used to treat Psoriasis.Medication delivery to the skin offers a powerful and focused treatment for related dermatological conditions.Because it circumvents the first-pass effects, gastrointestinal distress, and metabolic degradation brought on by oral administration, this drug delivery technique has grown in prominence⁴.Herbal gel shave a solid, jelly-like texture and can be either soft and weak or stiff and robust. Skin care, hair care, pain treatment, and other therapeutic applications are some of the uses of herbal gel, a topical solution derived from plant extracts or herbs.Herbal plant like, Acalypha indica, Aloe vera, Neem, etc.The aloe plant is well-known for its therapeutic and aesthetic qualities.Approximately 75% of aloe species are utilized medicinally in the area^5,6.Additionally, the plants can be utilized to make many kinds of unique soaps or other skin care items.However, psoriatic illness can be brought on by bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogens and Staphylococcus aurues.

1.1. Plant Profile

1.1.1 Acalypha Indica

Taxonomic Classification

Table: 1 Taxonomic classification of Acalypha indica

S. No	Scientific name	*Acalypha indica*
1	Family	Euphorbiaceae
2	Genus	Acalypha
3	Kingdom	Plantae
4	Common name	Indian nettle leaves
5	Tamil name	Kuppaimeni

Figure: 1 Acalypha indica

1.1.2. Aloe Vera

Taxonomic Classification

Table: 2 Taxonomic classifications of Aloe vera

S. No	Scientific name	Aloe barbadensis miller
1	Family	Liliaceae
2	Genus	Aloes
3	Kingdom	Plantae
4	Common name	Aloe vera
5	Tamil name	kathalai

Figure: 2 Aloe vera plant

1.2. PHARMACEUTICAL GEL

Topical gels are uniform, semi-solid formulations used to treat and avoid skin disorders.Because gel is hydrophilic, the medication or active ingredient was released rapidly.Gels are usually made from a fluid stage that has been thickened with several substances^7,8.

1.3. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF GEL

• The gel should be inert by nature, transparent, and uniform. It also shouldn't be sticky.

• The gel needs to be stable both chemically and physically.

• The gel should have the ideal viscosity.

• The skin shouldn't become irritated.

• The gel needs to be dependable.

• No other formulation ingredient should interact with the gel.

• The gel shouldn't break easily when shear or force is applied while the container is shaking^7,8.

1.4. ADVANTAGES OF GEL FORMULATIONS

The gel formulation has several important benefits over typical semisolid dosage formulations.

1. Gels are easy to make in comparison to other formulations.

2. Gel is an elegant, non-greasy formula.

3. Gels are biocompatible and environmentally benign.

4. Have extraordinary resilience in the face of adversity^9,10,11.

1.5. DISADVANTAGES OF GEL FORMULATION

Despite the fact that it has certain advantages. Gel compositions may have some disadvantages.

1. Gels work more subtly and last longer.

2. People may become irritated by the gelators or additives.

3. The presence of water raises the possibility of microbial or fungal attack on gel.

4. The solvent loss in the formulation dries to gel.

5. Some gels become unstable due to flocculation^9,10,11.

1.6. ROUTE OF PENETRATION

Drug penetration is impacted when drug molecules come into contact with germs, cellular waste, and other materials on the skin's surface.The drug is delivered to the living tissue via three pathways:

1. Through the follicles of the hair,

2. Continuous stratum corneum between the appendages (hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine, apocrine glands and nails)^9,10,¹¹.

2. MATERIALS

2.1. PLANT COLLECTION

The fresh leaves of Acalypha indica plant were collected from local vendors in kanchipuram district,Tamilnadu , India in the month of November 2024. The plant material were identified and authenticated by central council for research in siddha, Chennai, ministry of AYUSH, government of India, on 24.09.2024. The fresh leaves of Aloe vera plant were collected from local vendors in kanchipuram district,Tamilnadu , India in the month of November 2024. The plant material were identified and authenticated by central council for research in siddha, Chennai, ministry of AYUSH, government of India, on 24.09.2024.

2.2 . METHOD

2.2.1. COLD METHOD

A method of gel formulation in which the gelling agent is dispersed in a suitable solvent at room temperature without the application of heat, followed by the addition of active ingredients, preservatives, and other excipients to achieve a uniform gel consistency.

2.2.2. PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT

The leaves were washed and shade dried andthe powder material placed in thimble
The round bottom flask containing solvent(ethanol) in the ratio of 1:10
The Soxhlet equipped with a condenser and the solvent heated with reflex about 25?
This process yield the active compound and the non soluble portions of the extracted solid remains in the thimble and usually discarded.
This process yield the active compound and the non soluble portions of the extracted solid remains in the thimble and usually discarded.
The chamber was slowly filled with the warm solvent and the solvent running back to the distillation flask with active compound by siphon tube^12,13.

Figure: 3 Soxhlet extraction apparatus

2.2.3. DETERMINATION OF ? MAX

The stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10ml of Acalypha indica extract in 100ml of distilled water. From this solution, 10ml was taken and diluted to 100ml with distilled water. Then the prepared solution was scanned in a wavelength at 265nm using UV spectrophotometer.

2.2.4.DETERMINATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE

The diluted stock solution was taken in the range of 5-25μg/ml in 100ml volumetric flask; the final volume was made by using distilled water. The diluted solutions absorbances were measured at 265nm using UV spectrophotometer.

2.2.5. EXCIPIENTS PROFILE

Ingredients and their uses:

Table: 3 Excipients used

S.no	Ingredient	Use
1.	Carbopol 934	Polymer, gelling agent
2.	Lecithin	solubliser
3.	Potassium sorbate	Preservative
4.	Menthol	Cooling agent
5.	Glycerin	Viscosity thinner
6.	Distilled water	Base

2.2.6. COMPOSITION OF HERBAL GEL

In this formulation following ingredients are as follows:

Table: 4 Composition of herbal gel

S.no	Ingredients	F1	F2	F3
1.	Acalypha indica	0.5gm	1.0gm	1.5gm
2.	Aloe vera	1.0gm	1.0gm	1.0gm
3.	Carbopol 934	1.15gm	1.15gm	1.15gm
4.	lecithin	0.2gm	0.2gm	0.2gm
5.	Potassium sorbate	0.15gm	0.15gm	0.15gm
6.	menthol	0.2gm	0.2gm	0.2gm
7.	glycerin	2ml	2ml	2ml
8.	Distilled water	Q.S.	Q.S.	Q.S.

2.2.7. EQUIPMENT USED

Table: 5 Equipment’s Used

S. No	Equipment	Manufacturer
1.	Homogeniser	Remi motors
2.	Thermometer	Diwakar instruments
3.	Weigh balance machine	Fashion Bizz
4.	Heating mantle	WKM

3. EVALUATION

3.1. Evaluation for Herbal extract:

3.1.1. QUALITATIVE ESTIMATION PRELIMINAR PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

The various chemical tests were performed on Hydroalcoholic extract of Acalypha indica (L.) leaves for the identification of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, terpenoids by using the standard procedures.

3.1.2. CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES

The extract was subjected to chromatographic studies by means of TLC, the chromatogram was developed and recorded using Quercetin.

EVALUATION OF EEAI and AV BY TLC

Sample is prepared by taking 5mg of extract and dissolved in the solvent (1:1). Then on the silica gel coated TLC plate, 10µl of sample is placed and the migration is carried out using suitable solvents for each desired chemical group.

Stationary phase: Silica gel

Mobile phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: Methanol (2.5:7:0.25:0.25)

The colour of the compound can be detected by visualizing in UV florescence chamber in 254nm and 365nm. The colour of the spots is recorded.

3.1.3. FOURIER TRANSFORMER-INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY(FTIR)ANALYSIS

The FT-IR spectroscopy was used for analysis of drug, mixture of drug and excipients. The drug alone and mixture of drug and excipients was taken and IR spectra of drug in KBr pellets at moderate scanning speed between 4000-400cm-1 was carried out using FTIR.

3.1.4. Determination of calibration curve:

The diluted stock solution was taken in the range of 2-5µm/ml in 100ml volumetric flask,the final volume was made by using distilled water. The diluted solutions absorbances were measured at 265nm using UV spectrophotometer.

3.2.EVALUATION OF HERBAL GEL

3.2.1.HOMOGENEITY

The homogeneity of the formulation has been examined. It was done through touch and appearance. Visual inspection was used to check the homogeneity of the improved gel.

3.2.2. MEASUREMENT OF pH

The pH of the herbal gel was measured with the help of digital pH meter.herbal gel 0.5g has been dissolved in 50ml of distilled water and stored for 2hrs.The measurement of pH of each formulation was determined.

3.2.3.RHEOLOGICAL STUDY

The measurement of viscosity of the herbal gel were carried out with Brook field Viscometer. The readings of formulation were taken.

3.2.4. IRRITANCY TEST

A small amount of gel was applied on the marked area of the skin and irritation on the skin is observed in 24hr interval.

3.2.5. WASHABILITY

The gel was applied on the hand and washed in running water.

3.2.6. SPREADABILITY

On a glass plate of 10×5cm, 350mg gel was taken and another plate of same sized was dropped from a distance of 5cm. After 1 minute the diameter of the circle spread was measured^12,13.

3.2.7. DRUG CONTENT

About 1gm of gel was accurately weighed and transferred to 100ml volumetric flask to which about 70ml distilled water was added. After mixing the volume was made up to 100ml distilled water. A appropriate filter paper was used to filter the substance. A 1 ml aliquot was pipetted out of the filtrate.The extract was estimated spectrophotometrically by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 265nm.

3.2.8. IN-VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDY

The diffusion studies of the prepared gels was carried out in franz diffusion cell for studying the dissolution release of gels through a cellophane membrane. Gel sample (1gm) was taken in cellophane membrane and the diffusion studies carried out at 37±°c using distilled water as dissolution medium. 5 ml of each sample was replaced with equal volume of dissolution medium. The samples were analyzed for the drug content by using UV-visible spectrophotometer.

3.2.9. ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY

The test organisms were supplied by the department of microbiologyGovernment Hospital for thoracic Medicine in Tambaram sanatorium, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram- positive (Staphylococcus aureus)^14,15 bacterial strains were used in the study, The organisms were sub-cultured on Muller Hinton Agar medium and incubated at 37°C for 24hrs, then the sensitivity was measured and noted.

3 RESULT AND DISSCUSION

3.1. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Acalypha India and aloe vera gel LEAVES:

Hydro-alcoholic extract of acalypha indica leaves and aloe vera gel were subjected to quantitative chemical analysis. The various chemical tests are performed on this extract for the identification of phytochemicals and secondary metabolites and the results are shown in the table.

Table: 6 Results for phytochemical tests

S. No	Compounds	Result
S. No	Compounds	*Acalypha indica* extract	*Aloe vera gel*
1	carbohydrates	-	-
2	Alkaloids	+	-
3	Flavonoids	+	+
4	Steroids	+	-
5	Cardiac glycosides	+	-
6	phenols	+	-
7	Tannis	+	+
8	Amino acid	-	-
9	Terpenoids	-	+
10	Saponins	-	+

CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY:

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed in the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extracts of the powdered leaves. The spots obtained from the extract were examined under daylight and ultraviolet light (Figure ). The resolution factor was calculated by using the formula Rf = distance traveled by solute/distance traveled by solvent (table ).

EVALUATION OF EEAI AND AV BY TLC:

Table: 7 Results for TLC

Mobile phase	Sample	Detector	Observation	Rf value	Result
Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: Methanol (2.5:7:0.25:0.25)	EEAI	Iodine vapour	Brown colour spots	0.87	Presence of flavanoids
	AV	Iodine vapour	Faint yellow colour spots	0.90	Presence of glycoproteins

3.2. FT-IR FOR ACALYPHA INDICA

Fourier transformer-infrared red spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis

Figure: 6 FT-IR for Acalypha indica

Table: 8 Interpetation of Acalypha indica

Wavenumber (cm?¹)	Functional Group	Possible Bond Assignment
3322.79	Alcohols, Phenols	O-H Stretch (Hydrogen-bonded)
2973.51	Alkanes	C-H Stretch
2885.10	Alkanes	C-H Stretch
1651.23	Carbonyl Compounds (Ketones, Aldehydes, Amides)	C=O Stretch
1380.12	Alkanes	C-H Bending
1086.60	Alcohols, Ethers	C-O Stretch
1044.69	Alcohols, Ethers	C-O Stretch
879.47	Aromatics	C-H Out-of-plane Bending
673.43	Aromatics, Halogen Compounds	C-Cl or C-Br Stretch

3.3. FT-IR FOR ALOE VERA GEL

Figure: 7 FT-IR for Aloe vera

Table: 9 Interpetation of Aloe vera

Wavenumber (cm?¹)	Functional Group	Vibration type
3200-3600	O-H stretch	Hydrogen-bonded
2800-3000	C-H Stretch	Aliphatic (sp³)C-H
1720-1750	C=O Stretch	Carbonyl (ester/acetyl)
1600-1650	COO^- Stretch	Carbonyl (ester/acetyl)
1200-1300	C-O-C Stretch	Ether linkage
900-1150	C-O-C Stretch	Glycosidic bonds

3.4. DETERMINATION OF ? MAX

The Acalypha indica extract absorption spectrum was scanned between 200 to400nm.

Calibration curve of Acalypha indica extract.

3.4.1. DETERMINATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE FOR ACALYPHA INDICA

Figure: 8 Absorption spectrum of Acalypha indica

The λmax of Acalypha indica extract was determined by scanning the prepared solution in the wavelength range of 200-400 nm. The maximum wavelength was found to be 265nm. The calibration curve of Acalypha indica extract was constructed by dissolving the drug in distilled water.

Table: 10 various Absorbances of Acalypha indica

Concentration(µg/ml)	Absorbance at 265nm
0	0
5	0.113
10	0.223
15	0.314
20	0.418
25	0.511

Figure:9 Calibration curve of Acalypha indica

3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE FOR ALOE VERA GEL

Figure:10 Absorption spectrum of Aloe vera gel

The λmax of aloe vera gel was determined by scanning the prepared solution in the wavelength range of 270-425 nm. The maximum wavelength was found to be 276nm. The calibration curve of aloe vera gel was constructed by dissolving the gel in distilled water.

Table:11 various Absorbances of Aloe vera

Concentration(µg/ml)	Absorbance at 276nm
0	0
2	0.056
4	0.124
6	0.183
8	0.234
10	0.318

Figure:11 Calibration curve of Aloe vera

3.5. DRUG CONTENT

The drug content of the three formulations was found to be

Figure:12 Absorption spectrum of Herbal gel 1

Figure:13 Absorption spectrum of Herbal gel 2

Figure:14 Absorption spectrum of Herbal gel 3

Table:12 Interpatation table for drug content

Parameter	F1 Spectrum	F2 Spectrum	F3 Spectrum	Interpretation
Instrument Used	JASCO UV-VIS V-730	JASCO UV-VIS V-730	JASCO UV-VIS V-730	Same instrument ensures consistent results.
Wavelength Range (nm)	200 – 800	200 – 800	200 – 800	Full UV-Visible range covered.
λmax (Peak Absorbance Wavelength)	~270-310 nm	~280–320 nm	~300-350 nm	Indicates conjugated systems/aromatic compounds.
Absorbance Intensity (Peak)	~0.25	~0.30	~0.35	Suggests F3 has the highest concentration or a stronger chromophore
Data Interval (nm)	0.2 nm	0.2 nm	0.2 nm	High resolution for peak detection.
Scan Speed	400 nm/min	400 nm/min	400 nm/min	Standard UV-Vis analysis speed.
Possible Functional	π-π* transitions (conjugated compounds,	π-π* transitions (conjugated compounds,	π-π* transitions (conjugated compounds,	Presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids or phenolics.

3.6.IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE

The drug release of the formulation was found to be

Table:13 Result for Drug release

Formulation	Drug Release
	Absorbance
	1hr	2hr	3hr	4hr	5hr	6hr	7hr	8hr
F1	0.04	0.05	0.1	0.14	0.15	0.18	0.28	0.30
F2	0.06	0.08	0.16	0.19	0.25	0.26	0.28	0.38
F3	0.07	0.09	0.18	0.23	0.27	0.32	0.37	0.42

Figure:18 In-vitro drug diffusion profile

3.7. ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Results of anti-bacterial activity

The anti-microbial activities of Acalypha indica formulation against the microorganism were examined in the present study, and the potency was assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zone and zone diameter is compared with gentamycin. Results are given in

The anti-bacterial activity was of the gel was found to be

3.7.1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Table:14 Result for Zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus Aureus

Formulation	Zone Of Inhibition
F1	14mm
F2	16mm
F3	18mm

Figure:19

3.7.2. KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

Table:15 Petri Dish

Formulation	Zone Of Inhibition
F1	14mm
F2	17mm
F3	21mm

3.8. ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES

The organoleptic formulation was found to be

Table:16 Result for Organoleptic properties

Formulation	Colour	Appearance	Odour
F1	Light green	Smooth, Good	Pleasant
F2	Light green	Smooth, Good	Pleasant
F3	Light green	Smooth, Good	Pleasant

Figure:23 Formulated Herbal gel

3.9. pH MEASUREMENT:

The pH of the formulation was found to be

Table:17 Result for Ph

Formulation	Ph Measurement
F1	6.43
F2	6.40
F3	6.43

3.10. IRRITANCY TEST:

The irritation of the formulation was found to be

Table:18 Result for Irritancy test

Formulation	Irritation
F1	No irritation
F2	No irritation
F3	No irritation

3.11. HOMOGENEITY:

The homogeneity of the formulation was found to be

Table:19 Result for Homogeneity

Formulation	Homogeneity
F1	Good
F2	Good
F3	Good

3.12. SPREADABILITY:

The Spreadability of the formulation was found to be

Table:20 Result for Spreadability

Formulation	Spreadability
F1	(4.5 cm) Good
F2	(4.3cm) Good
F3	(4.7 cm) Good

3.13. WASHABILITY:

The washability of the formulation was found to be

Table:21 Result for Washability

Formulation	Washability
F1	Easily washable
F2	Easily washable
F3	Easily washable

3.14. VISCOSITY:

The viscosity of the formulations was found to be

Table:22 Result for Viscosity

Formulation	Viscosity (CP)
F1	12697
F2	13497
F3	17996

SUMMARY

• Due to customer concerns about eco-friendly products, pharmaceutical companies have invested in the research and development of new products, particularly in the herbal category. However, creating herbal medications requires a formulator's experience and competence and poses several technical difficulties. Additionally, there were restrictions on the usage of natural medications.

• The product might alter chemically and physically throughout this time.

• The primary causes of the formulation's instability are temperature and storage conditions.

• Acalypha indica extract (0.5g, 1.0g, and 1.5g) and Aloe vera gel (1.0g) were added in varying amounts to three different herbal gel compositions.

• The following are the evaluation parameters for the F3 formulation: pH 6.43, Light green color, nice odor, no Skin irritation, Good Washability , Good Spreadability (4.7cm), Viscosity (17996 cP), Drug content (Higher concentration), Diffusion study (Higher drug release), and Anti-bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus-18mm and Klebsiella pneumonia-21mm) .

CONCLUSSION

• It was successfully possible to generate three herbal gel formulations with different concentrations of active ingredients.

Using carbopol as a substrate, the extract of Acalypha Indica was transformed into gel. Acalypha Indica and Aloe vera gel have numerous therapeutic properties.

• In vitro drug release, homogeneity, drug content, pH, viscosity, spredability, organoleptic characteristics and skin irritation test all showed positive findings.

• S. aureus and K. pneumonia was susceptible to the antibacterial action of the herbal gel.

• The usage of the herbal gel in the treatment of psoriasis can be inferred.

• When comparing the three formulations, it is found that formulation F3 yields better results.
Based on evaluation criteria, the best formulation is selected.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Management, Principal, Vice Principal, and HOD, of Pallavan Pharmacy College, Kanchipuram for their support to carry out the research work.

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