A Formulation and Comparative Study of Lemon Grass Tea with Herbal Green Tea Reagarding to Diabetes Mellitus Type-2

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion which leads to increase in blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes which is associated with obesity and genetic factors. Symptoms includes in diabetis mellitus type 2 are urination, fatigue, blurred vision and thirstiness. Long term complications can leads to affect various organs. Increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, etc. Management of diabetes mellitus type2 typically involves changes in lifestyle like diet, exercise and along with to control bloodsugar levels. If the detection and intervention are earlier then it is crucial for improving the results and maintain life quality. In diabetis mellitus green tea mainly shows potential benefits because of the presence of various biologically active compounds such as polyphenols, particularly cathechin, flavons, etc. Green tea shows potential in enhancing insulin sensitivity and also improving glucose metabolism. Various research suggests that the consumption of green tea and daily basis can leads to lower fasting blood sugar levels and also reduced the risk of developing diabetes- related complications. Green tea also show additional properties like antioxidant which helpsto reduce oxidative stress which mainly increases in diabetic patients. Consumption of green tea in daily diet is effective in managing blood sugar levels and promoting overall health in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type 2.

WHAT IS GREEN TEA?

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, which arenot fermented or oxidized like black or oolong teas. Green tea has a light, fresh, and grassy flavour, and it contains various bioactive compounds, such as catechins. flavonoids, and caffeine. Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, especially in Asia, where it has been consumed for thousands of years for its health and cultural benefits.

HISTORY OF GREEN TEA-

Green tea origin from traced back to ancient china, the first recorded in the shennong bencaojing , a book of herbal medicine written around the 3rd centure BC. Green tea used as the medicine but later became a drink of choice of the elite and the monkswho appreciated its taste and its effect on the body and mind. Green tea spread so many countries such as japan , korea , vietnam and morocco through trade and cultural exchange and its region developed its own style , tradition and productionof green tea.

THE AYURVEDA DOSHAS – VATA, KAPHA, PITTA

The Classfication Of Ayurveda Doshas Are Of Three Types

1. VATA
2. KAPHA
3. PITTA

1. VATA - People With Predominant Vata Are Characterized By Stout, Black, Cold, Inactive Personalities. It Is Predominant Constitution Are Said To Be Lean And Agile. They Are Also Belived To Be Creative And Highly Moody. Thus Ayurveda Recommends Foods That Go Well With There Constitution Like Warm And Moist Foods Like Bananas, Eggs, And Dairy.
2. KAPHA - dominated people are said to have thick bones and slow metabolism they act as asupport system for others. People with predominant kapha are characterized by well build, good complexioned, well behaved personalities.
3. PITTA-pitta dominated people are said to be muscular, strong and more likely to be community leaders. the food that goes well with their constitution is light, sweet and cold, like fruits and oats.

DIABETES MELLITUS-

A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucosein the blood.

Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar (glucose)in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.

SYMPTOMS-

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly. In fact, you can be living with type 2diabetes for years and not know it. When symptoms are present, they may include:

• Increased thirst.
• Frequent urination.
• Increased hunger.
• Unintended weight loss.
• Fatigue.
• Blurred vision.
• Slow-healing sores.
• Frequent infections.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
• Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck.

CAUSES-

Insulin produced a hormone by special cell that cell called as beta cells .the pancreas is below and behind the stomach insulin is needed to move glucose into cells Inside the cellsglucose are stored lateral used for energy. When you have type 2 diabetes, your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to insulin hence it's called as insulin resistance As a result, glucose does not get into these cellsto be stored for energy. When the sugar level can not enter the cell a high level of sugar are binds with up in theblood this is called as hyperglycemia the body are cannot be able to used a glucose for energy these are symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

FIG NO 1: Type 2 diabetes

Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin As a result, the cells don't takein enough sugar. The pancreas can't make enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.

RISK FACTORS-

Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:

• Weight-Being overweight or obese is a main risk.
• Fat distribution- Storing fat mainly in the abdomen rather than the hips and thighs indicates a greater risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in men with a waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centi-meters) and in women with a waist measurement above 35 inches (88.9 centi-meters).
• Inactivity- The less active a person is, the greater the risk. Physical activity helps controlweight, uses up glucose as energy and makes cells more sensitive to insulin.
• Family history- An individual's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if a parent or sibling hastype 2 diabetes.
• Race and ethnicity- Although it's unclear why, people of certain races and ethnicities —including Black,

Hispanic, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Islanders — are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than white people are.

• Blood lipid levels-An increased risk is associated with low levels of high-densitylipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol the "good" cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides.
• Age- The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after age 35.
• Prediabetes- Prediabetes is a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes oftenprogresses to type 2 diabetes.
• Pregnancy-related risks- The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher in people whohad gestational diabetes when they were pregnant and in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome- Having polycystic ovary syndrome a condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity increasesthe risk of diabetes.

COMPLICATION-

Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyesand kidneys. Also, factors that increase the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other seriousdiseases. Managing diabetes and controlling blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:

• Heart and blood vessel disease-Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of heartdisease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels, a condition calledatherosclerosis.
• Nerve damage in limbs- This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. That may result in tingling, numbness, burning, painor eventual loss of feeling that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.
• Other nerve damage- Damage to nerves of the heart can contribute to irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
• Kidney disease- Diabetes may lead to chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidneydisease that can't be reversed. That may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Eye damage- Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye diseases, such as cataracts andglaucoma, and may damage the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness.
• Skin conditions- Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems, including bacterialand fungal infections.
• Slow healing- Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections, which mayheal poorly. Severe damage might require toe, foot or leg amputation.
• Hearing impairment-Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
• Sleep apnea-Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people living with type 2 diabetes.Obesity may be the main contributing factor to both conditions.
• Dementia- Type 2 diabetes seems to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and otherdisorders that cause dementia. Poor control of blood sugar is linked to a more rapid decline in memory and other thinking skills.

PREVENTION-

Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you've received a diagnosis ofprediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow or stop the progression to diabetes.

• A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE INCLUDES-

Eating healthy foods- Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focuson fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

Getting active- Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobicactivity, such as a brisk walk, bicycling, running or swimming.

Losing weight- If you are overweight, losing a modest amount of weight and keeping itoff may delay the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may reduce the risk of diabetes.

Avoiding long stretches of inactivity- Sitting still for long periods of time can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Try to get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least afew minutes.

DIAGNOSIS-

Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed using the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This bloodtest indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Results are interpreted as follows:

Below 5.7% is normal.

5.7% to 6.4% is diagnosed as prediabetes.

6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

If the A1C test isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that interfere with an A1Ctest, your health care provider may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:

• Random blood sugar test-

Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams of sugar per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles of sugar per liter (mmol/L) of blood. Regardless of whenyou last ate, a level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially if you also have symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and extreme thirst.

• Fasting blood sugar test-

A blood sample is taken after you haven't eaten overnight. Results are interpreted as follows:

Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is considered healthy.

100to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is diagnosed as prediabetes.

126mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests is diagnosed as diabetes.

• Oral glucose tolerance test-

This test is less commonly used than the others, except during pregnancy. You'll need to not eat for a certain amount of time and then drink asugary liquid at your health care provider's office. Blood sugar levels then are tested periodically for two hours. Results are interpreted as follows:

Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) after two hours is considered healthy.

140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) is diagnosed as prediabetes.200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher after two hours suggests diabetes.

• Screening-

The American Diabetes Association recommends routine screening with diagnostic tests for type 2 diabetes in all adults age 35 or older and in the following groups.

People younger than 35 who are overweight or obese and have one or more risk factorsassociated with diabetes.

Women who have had gestational diabetes.

People who have been diagnosed with prediabetes.

Children who are overweight or obese and who have a family history of type 2 diabetes orother risk factors.

TREATMEANT-

Management of type 2 diabetes includes:

• Healthy eating.
• Regular exercise.
• Weight loss.
• Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy.
• Blood sugar monitoring.

These steps make it more likely that blood sugar will stay in a healthy range. And they mayhelp to delay or prevent complications.

HEALTHY EATING-

There's no specific diabetes diet. However, it's important to center your diet around:

• A regular schedule for meals and healthy snacks.
• Smaller portion sizes.
• More high-fiber foods, such as fruits, nonstarchy vegetables and whole grains.
• Fewer refined grains, starchy vegetables and sweets.
• Modest servings of low-fat dairy, low-fat meats and fish.
• Healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or canola oil.
• Fewer calories.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY-

Exercise is important for losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight. It also helps withmanaging blood sugar.

Talk to your health care provider before starting or changing yourexercise program to ensure that activities are safe for you.

WEIGHT LOSS-

Weight loss results in better control of blood sugar levels, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure. If you're overweight, you may begin to see improvements in these factorsafter losing as little as 5% of your body weight. However, the more weight you lose, the greater the benefit to your health. In some cases, losing up to 15% of body weight may berecommended. Your health care provider or dietitian can help you set appropriate weight-loss goals andencourage lifestyle changes to help you achieve them.

MONITORING YOUR BLOOD SUGAR-

Your health care provider will advise you on how often to check your blood sugar level to make sure you remain within your target range. You may, for example, need to check it oncea day and before or after exercise. If you take insulin, you may need to check your blood sugar multiple times a day. Monitoring is usually done with a small, at-home device called a blood glucose meter, whichmeasures the amount of sugar in a drop of blood. Keep a record of your measurements to share with your health care team.

INSULIN THERAPY-

Some people who have type 2 diabetes need insulin therapy. In the past, insulin therapy wasused as a last resort, but today it may be prescribed sooner if blood sugar targets aren't met with lifestyle changes and other medicines. Different types of insulin vary on how quickly they begin to work and how long they have aneffect. Long-acting insulin, for example, is designed to work overnight or throughout the dayto keep blood sugar levels stable. Short- acting insulin generally is used at mealtime.

WEIGHT-LOSS SURGERY-

Weight-loss surgery changes the shape and function of the digestive system. This surgery may help you lose weight and manage type 2 diabetes and other conditions related to obesity.There are several surgical procedures. All of them help people lose weight by limiting how much food they can eat. Some procedures also limit the amount of nutrients the body can absorb.

PREGNANCY-

People living with type 2 diabetes often need to change their treatment plan during pregnancy and follow a diet that controls carbohydrates. Many people need insulin therapyduring pregnancy. They also may need to stop other treatments, such as blood pressure medicines.

HIGH BLOOD SUGAR-

This condition also is called hyperglycemia. Eating certain foods or too much food, being sick, or not taking medications at the right time can cause high blood sugar.Symptoms include:

• • Frequent urination.
  • Increased thirst.
  • Dry mouth.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Fatigue.
  • Headache.

HERBAL AGENTS-

Green tea contains several bio-active compounds that may be beneficial for managing Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. These herbal agents include:

1. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG):

This is the most potent catechin in green tea. EGCG has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose levels, and enhance fatmetabolism. It may also help in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with T2DM.

2. Catechins:

Aside from EGCG, other catechins like epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate(ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC) have antioxidant properties. These compounds help lower blood sugar levels and protect pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for insulinproduction.

3. L-theanine:

This amino acid may improve insulin function and support glucose regulationby enhancing the body’s response to insuline.

4. Polyphenols:

Green tea is rich in polyphenols, which have antioxidant and anti- inflammatory effects. These compounds can help manage glucose metabolism and reduce therisk of complications associated with diabetes.

5. Caffeine:

While in moderate amounts, caffeine can improve energy expenditure and fatoxidation, aiding in weight management—a crucial factor in controlling T2DM. Overall, regular consumption of green tea may help in improving glucose control, insulin sensitivity, and managing body weight, which are all essential aspects of managing Type 2Diabetes.

COMPARAVTIVE STUDY OF LEAMON GRASS TEA OR GREEN TEA-

COMPOSITION AND KEY INGREDIENTS-

TASTE AND AROMA-

• • INGREDIENTS USED IN HERBAL GREEN TEA- GREEN TEA-

• • • SYNONYMS- Camellia sinens.
    • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- Herbal tea are made from mixture of dried leaves, seeds andflowers of tea plants.
    • CHEMICAL CONISTITUENTS- Catechins,caffine,theoflavins,gallic acid,etc
    • USES- Green tea’s antioxidents helps to protect skin damage.Polyphenols and catechins may help to control blood sugar level.Green tea help in weight loss.

GINGER-

• • • • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- Zingiber Officnale.
      • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- Phenolic compounds ,Terpenes, Volatile oils.
      • USES-Treating nausea and indigestion, Reducing inflammation and improve blood sugar level.

CLOVE-

• • • • • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- Eugenia caryophyllata
        • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- Eugenol is the major compound about 50% present in cloveremaining 10-40% consist of eugenyl acetate, beta caryophyllene.
        • USES- Antibacterial properties , clove contains antioxidants that helps to fight free radicalswhich can damage cells and leads to diabets.

TULSI-

• • • • • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE-Tulsi consist of the fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum specieslike Ocimum sanctum,etc.
        • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- Essential oils , phytochemicals , other compounds.
        • USES- Balanced blood sugar level , used in patients of diabets melitus type 2 , reducedinflammations.

CINNAMON-

• • • • • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- The bark of tropical evergreen trees of Ceylon cinnamon.
        • CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- Cinnamaldehyde , Eugenol , Cinnamic acid, cinnamate.
        • USES- Cinnamon contains antioxidants that helps in treatment of diabetes Cinnamon helps to regulats blood sugar level and also lower cholesterol level.

CARDAMOM-

• • • • • BIOLOGICAL SOURCE - Cardamon comes from the seeds of the plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum.
        • CHEMICAL CONSITITUENTS- Essential oils , monoterpens , minerals and other compounds.
        • USES- It lower blood pressure, weight management , showes antiinflammatory propertiesand oral health.

PROCEDURE-

To make a 100 gm batch of herbal green tea blend using green tea leaves and other spices/herbs like cinnamon, cardamom, clove, ginger, and tulsi, here's a well-balanced recipe you can

follow:

Herbal Green Tea Blend (100 grams total)

• INGREDIENTS-
  • Green tea leaves – 50 g
  • Dried tulsi leaves – 20 g
  • Dried ginger pieces or powder – 10 g
  • Cinnamon sticks (crushed) – 7 g
  • Green cardamom pods (lightly crushed) – 6 g
  • Cloves – 4 g
  • Optional (for aroma/taste):
  • Dried lemongrass – 3 g
  • Black pepper – 1 g
• INSTRUCTIONS-

1. Dry Ingredients (if needed):

If you're using fresh ingredients (like ginger or tulsi), dry them completely in a shaded, well- ventilated area or oven-dry at low temperature (~50–60°C) until crisp.

2. Grind/Crush:

Lightly crush the cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, and ginger if they’re in large pieces — this helps release flavor, but avoid powdering them too finely.

3. Mixing:

In a clean, dry bowl, mix all the ingredients thoroughly to ensure even distribution.

4. Storing:

Store the mix in an airtight glass jar or food-safe pouch. Keep it in a cool, dark place to preserve aroma and potency.

• • HOW TO BREW-

Use 1 tsp (about 2g) of this blend per cup of hot water.

Steep for 3–5 minutes, strain, and enjoy with honey or lemon if desired. Would you like a printable label or packaging idea for this tea too?

Front label (approx.3X3 inches)

• • TITLE: Herbal green tea blend.
  • REFRESHING: Healing , Aromatic.
  • TAGLINE: With Green Tea, Tulsi, Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamon, & Clove. Net Weight: 100g

Brew Time: 3-5 mins Serving size: 1tsp per cup

Back Label (approx. 3X3 inches)

• • PROCEDURE-

Green tea leaves, dried tulsi leaves, dried ginger, cinnamon, bark, green cardamon pods, cloves (Optional: lemongrass, black pepper)

• • BREWING INSTRUCTIONS-

Boil water and let it cool slightly (not boiling hot). Add 1tsp of tea blend per cup.

Steep for 3-5 minutes.

Strain and enjoy. Add honey or lemon if desired.

• • STORAGE-

Store in an air-tight container in a cool, dry place away from sunlight. Best Before: [write date-usually 6-9 months from blend date]

RESULT-